| Revision as of 01:13, 23 April 2013 editDn4595 (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users, Pending changes reviewers, Rollbackers5,850 editsm Reverted edits by 125.255.85.18 (talk) to last revision by Graham87 (HG)← Previous edit | Revision as of 01:20, 23 April 2013 edit undo125.255.85.18 (talk) ←Replaced content with 'Jacky has HIV he is giving free prostitution service. He wants to infect everyone!!'Tag: possible vandalismNext edit → | ||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| Jacky has HIV he is giving free prostitution service. He wants to infect everyone!! | |||
| {{About|the history of ] and ] in Australia|a history of the disease worldwide|AIDS pandemic}} | |||
| ] | |||
| The history of '''HIV/AIDS in Australia''' is distinctive. Australia was a country which recognised and responded to the ] relatively swiftly, with one of the most successful disease prevention and ] education programs in the world. As a result, despite ] gaining an early hold in at-risk groups, the country achieved and has maintained a low rate of HIV infection. | |||
| ==HIV/AIDS in Australia== | |||
| The first recorded case of ] in Australia was in Sydney in October 1982, and the first Australian death from AIDS occurred in Melbourne in July 1983.<ref name="26 years of HIV/AIDS">{{cite web |work=World AIDS Day Australia |url=http://www.worldaidsday.org.au/internet/wad/publishing.nsf/Content/26-years |title=26 years of HIV/AIDS |accessdate=September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Bowtell |page=15}}</ref> | |||
| Spurred to action both by the emergence of the disease amongst their social networks and by public hysteria and vilification, ] and ] communities and organisations were instrumental in the rapid creation of AIDS councils (though their names varied). These were formed in South Australia, Victoria and Western Australia in 1983, and in New South Wales, Queensland, Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory in 1985 (a full list is under ''External Links'' at the end of this article).<ref name="26 years of HIV/AIDS"/><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Queensland Association for Healthy Communities |url=http://www.qahc.org.au/vision |title=Vision & History |accessdate=September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=AIDS Council of South Australia |url=http://www.acsa.org.au/History.html |title=ACSA History |accessdate=September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Western Australian AIDS Council |url=http://www.waaids.com/aboutus/history.html |title=History |accessdate=September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Tasmanian Council on AIDS, Hepatitis and Related Diseases |url=http://www.tascahrd.org.au/index2.htm |title=Welcome to TasCAHRD |accessdate=September 2007}}</ref> The state and territory AIDS councils, together with other key organisations representing at-risk groups, are gathered under the umbrella organisation the ].<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Australian Federation of AIDS Organisations |url=http://www.afao.org.au/view_articles.asp?pxa=ve&pxs=83&pxsc=120&pxsgc=&id=419 |title=List of members |accessdate=September 2007}}</ref> | |||
| Non-governmental organisations formed swiftly and have remained prominent in addressing AIDS in Australia. The most notable include the AIDS Trust of Australia, formed in 1987,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=AIDS Trust of Australia |url=http://www.aidstrust.com.au/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogsection&id=4&Itemid=26 |title=About the Trust |accessdate=October 2007}}</ref> and the Bobby Goldsmith Foundation, formed around 1984. The ] Foundation is Australia's oldest HIV/AIDS charity.<ref name="message from the president">{{cite web |publisher=Bobby Goldsmith Foundation |url=http://www.bgf.org.au/1_3_presidents_message.html |title=Message from the President |accessdate=October 2007}}</ref> The Foundation is named in honour of Bobby Goldsmith, one of Australia's early victims of the disease, who was an athlete and active gay community member, who won 17 medals in swimming at the first ], in San Francisco in 1982.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Bobby Goldsmith Foundation |url=http://www.bgf.org.au/1_2_who_was_bobby.html |title=Who was Bobby Goldsmith? |accessdate=October 2007}}</ref> The Foundation had its origins in a network of friends who organised care for Goldsmith to allow him to live independently during his illness, until his death in June 1984. This approach to supporting care and independent living in the community is the basis of the Foundation's work, but is also an approach reflected in the activities and priorities of many HIV/AIDS organisations in Australia. | |||
| In 1985 ] was ostracised since she had contracted HIV/AIDS caused by a transfusion of infected blood.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.eurekastreet.com.au/articles/0310sendziuk.html |title=Denying the Grim Reaper: Australian Responses to AIDS |author=Sendziuk, Paul |work=Eureka Street |accessdate=January 2009}}</ref> The family moved to New Zealand where she died at the age of 11. | |||
| ==Australian responses to HIV/AIDS== | |||
| The Australian health policy response to HIV/AIDS has been characterised as emerging from the grassroots rather than top-down, and as involving a high degree of partnership between government and non-government stakeholders.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bowtell |pages=18, 21}}</ref> The capacity of these groups to respond early and effectively was instrumental in lowering infection rates before government-funded prevention programs were operational.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bowtell |page=31}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Plummer |first1=D |last2=Irwin |first2=L |title=Grassroots activities, national initiatives and HIV prevention: clues to explain Australia's dramatic early success in controlling the HIV epidemic |journal=International Journal of STD & AIDS |volume=17 |number=12 |month=December |year=2006 |pages=787–793 }}</ref> The response of both governments and NGOs was also based on recognition that social action would be central to controlling the disease epidemic.<ref>{{cite book |first1=Susan |last1=Kippax |first2=R.W |last2=Connell |first3=G.W |last3=Dowsett |first4=June |last4=Crawford |title=Sustaining safe sex: gay communities respond to AIDS |publisher=Routledge Falmer (Taylor & Francis) |location=London |year=1993 |page=1}}</ref> | |||
| In 1987, a famous ] was launched, including television advertisements that featured the ] rolling a ] ball toward a group of people standing in the place of the pins. These advertisements garnered a lot of attention: controversial when released, and continuing to be regarded as effective as well as pioneering television advertising.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/10/05/1033538811932.html |title=Top ads? The creators have their say |work=The Age |date=6 October 2002 |accessdate=September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Altman |first=D |authorlink=Dennis Altman |title=The most political of diseases |work=AIDS in Australia |editor1-last=Timewell |editor1-first=E |editor2-last=Minichiello |editor2-first=V |editor3-last=Plummer |editor3-first=D |publisher=Prentice Hall |year=1992 |isbn= }}</ref> | |||
| <!-- Deleted image removed: ] --> | |||
| The willingness of the Australian government to use mainstream media to deliver a blunt message through advertising was credited as contributing to Australia's success in managing HIV.<ref>{{cite news |work=ABC News |location=Australia |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/04/05/1890228.htm |title=20 years after Grim Reaper ad, AIDS fight continues |accessdate=September 2007 }}</ref> However the campaign also contributed to stigma for those living with the disease,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=AVERT |url=http://www.avert.org/aidsstigma.htm |title=HIV and AIDS discrimination and stigma |accessdate=September 2007}}</ref> particularly in the gay community, an impact one of the advertising scheme's architects later regretted.<ref>{{cite journal |work=B & T |date=1 October 2002 |url=http://www.bandt.com.au/news/a0/0c0113a0.asp |title=Grim Reaper's demonic impact on gay community |accessdate=September 2007}}</ref> | |||
| Australian Governments began in the mid-1980s to pilot or support programs involving ] for intravenous drug users. These remain occasionally controversial, but are reported to have been crucial in keeping the ] of the disease low, as well as being extremely cost-effective.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bowtell |page=27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |work=Australian National Council on AIDS, Hepatitis C and Related Diseases |year=2000 |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/content/BF779AA5E45815C6CA25712400081717/$File/review.pdf |format=PDF |title=Needle & Syringe Programs: a Review of the Evidence |accessdate=29 August 2008}}</ref> | |||
| HIV/AIDS quickly became a more severe problem for several countries in the region around Australia, notably ] and ], than it was within Australia itself. This led Australian governments and non-government organisations to place an increasing emphasis on international initiatives, particularly aimed at limiting the spread of the disease. In 2000, the Australian government introduced a $200 million HIV/AIDS prevention program that was targeted at south-east Asia.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade |work=Advancing the National Interest: Australia's Foreign and Trade Policy White Paper |url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/ani/chapter_10.html |title=Projecting Australia and its Values |year=2003 |accessdate=September 2007}}</ref> In 2004, this was increased to $600 million over the six years to 2010 for the government's international HIV/AIDS response program, called ''Meeting the Challenge''.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bowtell |page=10}}</ref> Australian non-government organisations such as the AIDS Trust are also involved in international efforts to combat the illness.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=The AIDS Trust |url=http://www.aidstrust.com.au/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogsection&id=11&Itemid=34 |title=Our Projects: Hope For Children – Cambodia |accessdate=October 2007}}</ref> | |||
| ===HIV/AIDS and Australian Law=== | |||
| In response to the risks of HIV transmission, some governments (e.g. Denmark) passed legislation designed specifically to criminalise intentional transmission of HIV.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=The Global Network of People Living with HIV/AIDS Europe and The Terrence Higgins Trust |url=http://www.gnpplus.net/criminalisation/index.shtml |title=Criminalisation of HIV transmission in Europe |year=2005 |accessdate=September 2007}}</ref> | |||
| ===Convictions=== | |||
| Australia has not enacted specific laws and there have been only a small number of prosecutions under existing state laws, with four convictions recorded between 2004 and 2006.<ref name="'HIV on Trial'">{{cite journal |first=Sally |last=Cameron |url=http://www.afao.org.au/view_articles.asp?pxa=ve&pxs=103&pxsc=127&pxsgc=139&id=620 |title=HIV on Trial |journal=HIV Australia |volume=5 |number=4 |year=2007 |accessdate=September 2007}}</ref> | |||
| The case of Andre Chad Parenzee, convicted in 2006 and unsuccessfully appealed in 2007, secured widespread media attention as a result of expert testimony given by a Western Australian medical physicist ].<ref name="'HIV on Trial'"/><ref>{{cite news |first=Jeremy |last=Roberts |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,21151217-23289,00.html |title=HIV experts line up to refute denier |work=The Australian |date=1 February 2007 |accessdate=September 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |publisher=National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) |url=http://nhmrc.gov.au/news/media/rel07/hiv_aids.htm |title=NHMRC says link between HIV and AIDS "overwhelming" |date=4 May 2007 |accessdate=September 2007}}</ref> | |||
| In February 2008, Hector Smith, aged 41, a ] in the ], an HIV-positive person, pleaded guilty in the ACT ] to providing a commercial sexual service while knowing he was infected with a ] (STD) and failing to register as a ].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.news.com.au/story/0,23599,23174950-421,00.html |title=An HIV-positive male prostitute has admitted to potentially spreading the deadly virus |first=Kate |last=Corbett |work=News.com.au |date=7 February 2008 |accessdate=10 February 2008}}</ref> Under ACT law it is illegal to provide or receive commercial sexual services if the person knows, or could reasonably be expected to know, that he or she is infected with a sexually transmitted infection (STI). In January 2009 Melbourne man Michael Neal was jailed for 18 years (with a minimum term of thirteen years, nine months) for deliberately infecting and trying to infect sexual partners with HIV without their knowledge, despite multiple warnings from the Victorian Department of Human Services.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://au.news.yahoo.com/a/-/latest/5265787/man-jailed-trying-spread-hiv/ |title=Man jailed for trying to spread HIV |work=Yahoo! News |date=6 January 2009 |accessdate=19 January 2009}}</ref> | |||
| ===Discrimination=== | |||
| Australian governments have made it illegal to discriminate against a person on the grounds of their health status, including having HIV/AIDS;<ref>{{cite journal |last=Bowtell |page=19 }}</ref> for example, see {{Cite Legislation AU|Cwlth|act||Disability Discrimination Act, 1992 }}. However HIV positive individuals may still be denied immigration visas on the grounds that their treatment takes up limited resources and is a burden for taxpayers.<ref name="swb">{{Cite news |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/foi/sponsored-workers-bumping-up-hiv-bill/story-fn8r0e18-1226418332003 |title=Sponsored workers bumping up HIV bill |author=Sean Parnell |accessdate=24 February 2013 |date=6 July 2012 |newspaper=The Australian |publisher=News Limited }}</ref> | |||
| ===Case law=== | |||
| Australia was one of the first countries to screen all blood donors for HIV ],<ref name="26 years of HIV/AIDS"/> with screening in place for all ] since March 1985.<ref>Victorian Department of Human Services, |accessdate=September 2007</ref> This was not before infection was spread through contaminated blood, resulting in legal cases in the 1980s around whether screening had been appropriately implemented. One issue highlighted in the course of those actions was the challenge of medical litigation under ]. A medical condition such as HIV that can lie latent or undiagnosed for a long period of time may only emerge after the time period for litigation has elapsed, preventing examination of ].<ref>''Dwan v. Farquhar'', 1 Qd. R. 234, 1988</ref> Concerns about the integrity of the blood supply resurfaced following a case of the contraction of HIV by transfusion in Victoria in 1999. This led to the introduction of new blood screening tests, which also improved screening in relation to ].<ref>{{cite press release |publisher=Australian Health Ministers |url=http://health.gov.au/internet/main/publishing.nsf/Content/health-mediarel-yr1999-mw-hmc1.htm |title=Health Ministers agree to new blood screening test |date=4 August 1999 |accessdate=29 August 2008}}</ref> | |||
| ===Ongoing research and awareness-raising efforts=== | |||
| The ], one of the largest street parades and gay and lesbian events in the world,<ref>{{cite web |publisher=New Mardi Gras |url=http://www.mardigras.org.au/internal.cfm?sub=History&nav=About%20us |title=About us – History |accessdate=September 2007}}</ref> has HIV/AIDS as a significant theme, and is one of a number of pathways through which the non-government sector in Australia continues to address the disease.<ref>{{cite book |last=Altman |year=2001 |page=83}}</ref> | |||
| Australian researchers have been active in HIV/AIDS research since the early 1980s.<ref>See for example the of participants in the National Centre in HIV Epidemiology & Clinical Research dating back to 1983.</ref> The most prominent research organisation is the Kirby Institute (formerly National Centre in HIV Epidemiology & Clinical Research), based at the ], regarded as a leading research institution internationally, and a recipient of one of the first grants of the ] outside the United States.<ref>{{cite news|title=Top class research fails to get local support|last=Lebihan|first=Rachel|date=16–17 April 2011|work=Weekend Australian Financial Review|page=31|accessdate=18 April 2011}}</ref> The Centre focusses on epidemiology, clinical research and clinical trials.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nchecr.unsw.edu.au/ |title=National Centre in HIV Epidemiology & Clinical Research |accessdate=September 2007}}</ref> It also prepares the annual national surveillance reports on the disease. In 2006 the Centre received just under {{AUD}}4 million in Commonwealth government funding, as well as several million dollars of funding from both public and pharmaceutical industry sources.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=National Centre in HIV Epidemiology & Clinical Research |url=http://notes.med.unsw.edu.au/nchecrweb.nsf/resources/AR_06/$file/06_annrep.pdf |format=PDF |title=Annual Report |year=2006 |accessdate=September 2007}}</ref> Three other research centres are also directly Commonwealth funded to investigate different facets of HIV/AIDS: the National Centre in HIV Social Research (NCHSR); the Australian Centre for HIV and Hepatitis Virology Research (ACH<sup>2</sup>) (formerly the National Centre for HIV Virology Research); and the Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society (ARCSHS). | |||
| ==HIV/AIDS in Australia since 2000== | |||
| ] | |||
| As at December 2005, there had been 22,361 diagnosed HIV infections and 6,668 deaths following AIDS in Australia, and just over 15,000 people were living with HIV/AIDS including a low but growing proportion of women.<ref>{{cite web |first=Ann |last=McDonald |url=http://www.nchecr.unsw.edu.au/NCHECRweb.nsf/resources/SurvReports_4/$file/06_ansurvrp_rev.pdf |format=PDF |title=HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis & Sexually Transmissible Infections in Australia Annual Surveillance Report |publisher=National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research |year=2006 |accessdate=September 2007 |page=9}}</ref> Survival time for people with HIV has improved over time, in part through the introduction of ].<ref>{{cite journal |first1=Yueming |last1=Li, |first2=Ann M |last2=McDonald |first3=Gregory J |last3=Dore |first4=John M |last4=Kaldor |title=Improving survival following AIDS in Australia, 1991–1996 |work=AIDS |volume=14 |number=15 |pages=2349–2354, 2000 }}</ref> | |||
| While the spread of the disease has been limited with some success, HIV/AIDS continues to present challenges in Australia. The ] Foundation reports that nearly a third of people with HIV/AIDS in ] (the state with the largest infected population) are living below the poverty line.<ref name="message from the president"/> Living with HIV/AIDS is associated with significant changes in employment and accommodation circumstances.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=D |last1=Ezzy |first2=R |last2=De Visser |first3=I |last3=Grubb |first4=D |last4=McConachy |title=Employment, accommodation, finances and combination therapy: the social consequences of living with HIV/AIDS in Australia |journal=AIDS Care |volume=10 |number=2 |year=1998 |pages=189–199}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |first1=D |last1=Ezzy |first2=R |last2=De Visser |first3=M |last3=Bartos |title=Poverty, disease progression and employment among people living with HIV/AIDS in Australia |journal=AIDS Care |volume=11 |number=4 |year=1999 |pages=405–414 }}</ref> | |||
| After the initial success in limiting the spread of HIV, infection rates began to rise again in Australia, though they remained low by global standards. After dropping to 656 new reported cases in 2000, the rate rose to 930 in 2005.<ref name="nchecr.unsw.edu.au">{{cite web |first=Ann |last=McDonald |url=http://www.nchecr.unsw.edu.au/NCHECRweb.nsf/resources/SurvReports_4/$file/06_ansurvrp_rev.pdf |format=PDF |title=HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis & Sexually Transmissible Infections in Australia Annual Surveillance Report |publisher=National Centre in HIV Epidemiology and Clinical Research |year=2006 |accessdate=September 2007}}</ref> Transmission continued to be predominantly through sexual contact between men, in contrast to many high-prevalence countries in which it was increasingly spread through heterosexual sex.<ref name="nchecr.unsw.edu.au"/><ref>{{cite book |last=Altman |year=2001 |page=78}}</ref> Indeed, the majority of new Australian cases of HIV/AIDS resulting from heterosexual contact have arisen through contact with a partner from a high-prevalence country (particularly from sub-Saharan Africa or parts of south-east Asia).<ref>{{cite journal |first=Ann |last=McDonald |url=http://www.afao.org.au/view_articles.asp?pxa=ve&pxs=103&pxsc=127&pxsgc=138&id=619 |title=HIV infection attributed to heterosexual contact in Australia, 1996 – 2005 |journal=HIV Australia |volume=5 |number=4 |year=2007 |accessdate=September 2007}}</ref> | |||
| The new trend toward an increase in HIV infections prompted the government to indicate it was considering a return to highly visible advertising.<ref>{{cite news |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |agency=AAP |date=5 April 2007 |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/National/Grim-AIDS-ads-needed-again-experts/2007/04/05/1175366367007.html |title=Govt considering funding AIDS campaign |accessdate=September 2007}}</ref> Reflecting this concern with the rise in new cases, Australia's fifth National HIV/AIDS Strategy (for the period 2005–2008) was titled ''Revitalising Australia’s Response'', and placed an emphasis on education and the prevention of transmission.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Department of Health and Ageing |url=http://www.health.gov.au/internet/main/Publishing.nsf/Content/health-pubhlth-strateg-hiv_hepc-hiv-index.htm#strategy |title=The National HIV/AIDS Strategy 2005–2008: Revitalising Australia’s Response |accessdate=29 August 2008}}</ref> | |||
| On 19 October 2010, '']'' reported that 21,171 Australians have HIV, with 1,050 new cases diagnosed in 2009. ''The Sydney Morning Herald'' also reported that 63% of Australians living with HIV were men who have sex with men, and 3% were injecting drug users.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/lifestyle/wellbeing/hiv-rate-rising-but-other-infections-less-common-20101018-16qxf.html |title=HIV rate rising but other infections less common |author=Benson, Kate |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=19 October 2010 |accessdate=19 October 2010}}</ref> | |||
| On 17 October 2012, '']'' reported that up to 35,000 Australians have HIV, with 1,137 new cases diagnosed in 2011. The Kirby Institute data shows 72% of people diagnosed from 2007-2011 were men who had sex with men, while heterosexual contact accounted for 16% and 2% from injecting drug use.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/news/hiv-cases-in-australia-is-on-the-rise/story-e6frg6n6-1226497432701 |title=HIV cases in Australia is on the rise |author=Evelyn Yamine|work=The Daily Telegraph |date=17 October 2012 |accessdate=22 October 2012}}</ref> | |||
| ==Bibliography== | |||
| *{{cite book |first=Dennis |last=Altman |authorlink=Dennis Altman |title=Global Sex |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |year=2001 |pages=216 |isbn=0-226-01606-4 }} | |||
| *{{cite journal |first=William |last=Bowtell |title=Australia’s Response to HIV/AIDS 1982–2005 |publisher=Lowy Institute for International Policy |month=May |year=2005 |url=http://www.lowyinstitute.org/HIVAIDSProject.asp |format=PDF; requires download |work=HIV/AIDS Project }} | |||
| ==References== | |||
| {{reflist|2}} | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| Australian government official information source on HIV/AIDS: | |||
| * | |||
| The AIDS councils and their peak representative body: | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| The four Commonwealth government-funded research centres: | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| Other HIV/AIDS organisations: | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * at the State Library of Queensland. He revisits Australia's successes in containing HIV/AIDS and introduces the idea of a renewed threat on our doorstep which could destabilise the Asia-Pacific region. | |||
| *The , at YouTube, retrieved September 2007. | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| HIV/AIDS initiatives in Australia: | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| {{Oceania in topic|HIV/AIDS in}} | |||
| {{AIDS}} | |||
| {{DEFAULTSORT:Hiv Aids In Australia}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
Revision as of 01:20, 23 April 2013
Jacky has HIV he is giving free prostitution service. He wants to infect everyone!!