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Braniewo
Collegium Hosianum - defensive walls
Coat of arms
Country	Poland
Voivodeship	Warmian-Masurian
County	Braniewo County
Gmina	Braniewo (urban gmina)
Established	13th century
Town rights	1284
Government
• Mayor	Henryk Mroziński
Area
• Total	12.36 km (4.77 sq mi)
Population
• Total	17,875
• Density	1,400/km (3,700/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code	14-500
Area code	+48 55
Car plates	NBR
Website	http://www.braniewo.pl/

Braniewo (Template:Audio-de; former Template:Lang-pl, Template:Lang-lt) is a town in northeastern Poland, in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, with a population of 18,068 (2004). It is the capital of Braniewo County.

Geographical location

Braniewo is located approximately 35 kilometers north-east of Elbląg and 55 kilomweters south-west of Kaliningrad on the Pasłęka River, about five kilometers from the Vistula Lagoon.

History

According to Goldbeck, the town Braunsberg has been named after Bruno von Schauenburg (c. 1205–1281), Bishop of Olomouc (1245–1281), who had accompanied king Ottokar II of Bohemia in 1254 and 1267, when the king participated in the crusade of the Teutonic Knights in Prussia. Bruno von Schauenburg is also known as the founder of the village of Brušperk in Bohemia, the German name of which is Braunsberg too. It has also been suggested that the name Brausnberg might have been deduced from the name of the settlement Brusebergue (`camp of the prussians´). Reliable historical documents on the town are availble since 1278.

In 1243 the settlement, together with the surrounding region of Warmia, was given by the Order to the newly created Bishopric of Warmia, whose bishop built his cathedral in the town and made it his chief residence. Braunsberg was granted town privileges based on those of Lübeck in 1254, but was destroyed and depopulated in the second uprising of native Prussians in 1261. It was rebuilt in a new location in 1273 and settled by newcomers from Lübeck. In 1284 Braunsberg was given a new town charter, again based on the laws of Lübeck. However, the next bishop, Heinrich Fleming (1278–1300) transferred the chapter from Braunsberg to Frauenburg (Frombork) where it remained until the 20th century.

In 1296 a Franciscan abbey was built in Braunsberg, and in 1342 a "new town" (still called Neustadt or Nowe Miasto) was added. Braunsberg became a prosperous member of the Hanseatic League. The town remained a part of the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights until 1466, when as a consequence of the Second Peace of Thorn ending the Thirteen Years' War, it passed to the Kingdom of Poland as part of the new autonomous province of Royal Prussia. In 1487 it withstood a siege by Polish troops during the War of the Priests.

During the reign of Duke Albert in the neighboring Duchy of Prussia, a large part of Braunsberg's populace converted to Lutheran Protestantism. Albert sought to unite Warmia with Ducal Prussia, causing the Catholics of the town to swear allegiance to the king of Poland in return for aid against Protestant Prussia. In 1526 a Polish royal commission released Braunsberg's burghers from the oath to the Polish king and handed the town back to Prince-Bishop Mauritius Ferber. Braunsberg swore allegiance to the Prince-Bishops of Warmia, but had to denounce all Lutheran teachings and hand over Lutheran writings.

The town suffered from warfare and the church tower was not rebuilt until 1544, when Prince-Bishop Johannes Dantiscus ordered 20 zentner copper from Anton Fugger in Augsburg. It could only be paid off slowly with yearly payments of 100 marks. For many years Braunsberg was not able to directly attend Hanseatic meetings; it was not until 1557 that representatives attended session in Lübeck again.

Braunsberg was occupied by Sweden for several years during the Livonian War.

During Prince-Bishop Stanislaus Hosius' government, Lutheran teachings again became popular in Braunsberg. They were suppressed when Hosius brought in the Jesuits and founded the Collegium Hosianum gymnasium. The Jesuit theologian Antonius Possevinus was instrumental in enlarging the Collegium Hosianum to receive Swedes. A priest seminary was added in 1564. Pope Gregory XIII later added a papal mission seminary for northern and eastern European countries. Regina Protmann, a native of Braunsberg, founded the Saint Catherine Order of Sisters in the town, recognized by the church in 1583. The Jesuit theologian Antonius Possevinus was instrumental in enlarging the Collegium Hosianum in the 1580s to educate Swedes and Ruthenians there as well in order to counter the widespread Protestant movement.

The ethnically German, politically Polish, and primarily Catholic town was annexed by the mostly Protestant Kingdom of Prussia in 1772 during the First Partition of Poland and made part of the province of East Prussia the following year. Braunsberg obtained its first railway connection in 1852. In 1871 it became part of the newly established German Empire during the Prussian-led unification of Germany.

Next to Königsberg, Braunsberg was the leading academic center of the Prussian region. In 1912 the Jesuit college became the State Academy of Braunsberg (Template:Lang-de).

During World War II, Braunsberg was occupied by the Soviet Red Army following the Braunsberg Offensive Operation (13 March 1945 - 22 March 1945) following the elimination of the German Heiligenbeil Pocket, and suffered heavy destruction due to fighting and subsequent looting. The German inhabitants of the town were either evacuated before the Red Army arrived, killed during the fighting, or expelled westward after the war by the Poles. It was placed under administration of the People's Republic of Poland according to the Potsdam Conference in 1945. The town of Braunberg was then renamed to Braniewo by Polish authorities..

In 2001 the St. Catherine Church, built in 1346, destroyed in 1945, and rebuilt after 1979, was declared a Basilica Minor (Bazylika Mniejsza). This Gothic Hall church was built on a site, which held a previous wooden Church of St. Catherine since 1280. Prince-Bishop Lucas Watzenrode of Warmia had added extensively to the building.

Number of inhabitants by year

Political timeline

• 1240 first mentioned as part of the Monastic State of the Teutonic Order
• 1254 Lübeck law rights granted
• 1466 Second Peace of Thorn (1466): became part of the Prince-Bishopric of Warmia and Royal Prussia in Poland
• 1772 First partition of Poland: became part of the Kingdom of Prussia
• 1871 German Empire founded: automatically part of it
• 1945 Occupation by Soviet Red Army, then became part of Poland

Notable residents

• Stanislaus Hosius (1504–1579), prince-bishop
• Regina Protmann (1522–1613), charity pioneer
• August Willich (1810–1878), politician and general
• Karl Weierstrass (1815–1897), mathematician
• Gustavus von Tempsky (1828–1868), adventurer, newspaper correspondent and soldier
• Elimar Klebs (1852–1918), historian
• Konrad Zuse and his family, since 1912
• Heinz Marquardt (1922-2003), Luftwaffe pilot
• Rainer Barzel (1924–2006), politician
• Hartmut Bagger (born 1938), general

International relations

Twin towns — sister cities

Braniewo is twinned with:

• Zelenogradsk, Russia
• Münster, Germany

Literature

• Handbuch der historischen Stätten: Ost und Westpreußen, Kröner, Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-520-31701-X, pp. 14–15 (in German).

References

1. ^ Johann Friedrich Goldbeck: Volständige Topographie des Königreichs Preussen, Vol. 1: Topographie von Ost-Preussen, Königsberg and Leipzig 1785, pp. 20–21.
2. August Eduard Preuß: Preußische Landes- und Volkskunde oder Beschreibung von Preußen, Königsberg 1835, pp. 467–468, no. 81.
3. Der Große Brockhaus. 15th edition, vol. 3, Leipzig 1929, p. 275-276.

External links

• Municipal website Template:Pl icon
• City business page Template:Pl icon
• History of Braniewo (including modern and pre-1945 photographs) Template:Pl icon
• Local community website Template:Pl icon
• Map of Braniewo Template:Pl icon
• Street plan Template:Pl icon
• Braunsberg/Ostpreussen Kreisgemeinschaft Template:De icon
• Braunsberg im Wandel der Jahrhunderte Template:De icon

54°23′N 19°49′E / 54.383°N 19.817°E / 54.383; 19.817

v t e Gminas of Braniewo County
Seat	Braniewo (urban gmina)
Urban-rural gminas	Gmina Frombork Gmina Pieniężno
Rural gminas	Gmina Braniewo Gmina Lelkowo Gmina Płoskinia Gmina Wilczęta

• Cities and towns in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship
• Braniewo County