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Jarmann M1884
Cross section of the M1884
Type	bolt action repeating rifle
Specifications
Mass	4.5 kg (10 lb)
Length	Unknown

The Norwegian Jarmann M1884 was among the first bolt action repeating rifles to be adopted in the Western world. Its adoption, and subsequent modifications, turned the Norwegian Army from a fighting force armed with single-shot black powder weapons into a force armed with modern repeating weapons firing smokeless ammunition. Several thousands were manufactured to equip both Norwegian and Swedish forces in the 1880s. The design is unique, and was the brainchild of Norwegian engineer Jacob Smith Jarmann. After the design had been phased out of the Norwegian Army, a number of the weapons were rebuilt as harpoon guns.

Description

Jacob Smith Jarmann designed his first breech-loading rifle firing cardboard cartridges—in 1838, but this was turned down by the armed forces at the time. The logic was that a rifle capable of firing 13 shots a minute would be impossible to resupply with enough ammunition. In the 1870s, he stepped down from the daily running of his workshop to work on his newly invented bolt-action rifle. According to the patent, three particulars were considered new and unique with the action he had developed:

• The extractor, which not only pulled the spent round out of the breech, but also served to limit the bolt's rearward motion.
• The design of the rotating bolt handle, which served to lock the bolt to the receiver in the forward position.
• The way the extractor was secured to the body of the bolt.

Another interesting oddity is that the Jarmann action does not have a separate ejector, but instead relies on the fact that the extractor pushes the spent round down onto the elevator. The resulting friction was enough to safely eject the round from the receiver.

The design was first tested by a joint Norwegian-Swedish rifle committee. Their first tests were favorable but highlighted the desirability of a repeating weapon, that is, a weapon with a magazine. Several magazine-fed prototype rifles were built—Ole Herman Johannes Krag, the designer of the Krag-Petersson and the Krag-Jørgensen repeating rifles, designed two different magazines for the Jarmann rifle: one virtually identical to the magazine used on the Krag-Petersson, one which was the forerunner for the magazine he used on the Krag-Jørgensen. Jacob Smith Jarmann himself also made several prototypes, mainly with tubular magazines under the barrel or detachable magazines mounted sideways over the bolt. The latter was considered unusable in the field, and in the end a tubular magazine was selected for the weapon. The magazine is similar to the Kropatschek tubular magazine and might be inspired by it, although it is just as possible that the magazine is inspired by the magazine of the Krag-Petersson.

Despite being a trailblazer with its then-pioneering design, the Jarmann M1884 cannot be considered successful. The combination of tubular magazine and centerfire ammunition has been referred to as too excitable, especially when used with pointed bullets. Also, the balance of the weapon changed with every shot fired. However, both of these issues are common with all firearms using tubular magazines.

The first Jarmann design was firmly a single-shot weapon, and Jacob Smith Jarmann was reportedly at first unwilling to design a magazine for it. This may explain why the magazine and bolt do not always work well together.

The sights on the Jarmann M1884, as first issued, were graduated to a distance of 2,400 m (2,620 yd), and the original issue ammunition had a muzzle velocity of about 485 to 500 m/s. At first the ammunition used paper-wrapped lead bullets but soon changed to a steel jacketed bullet. During production, the sights were modified, so that M1884s with serial numbers higher than 4330 also had a combat sight; by folding the sight arm fully forward a v-notch was revealed. This combat sight was graduated to 430 m (470 yd), since the path taken by the bullet did not rise over 1,80 meter (6 ft) at this distance. The M1884 with this final form of sight was also equipped with a sidemounted volley sight, intended for indirect volley fire over long distances. To be effective an entire company would have to fire at the same time, which would ensure that at least some of the bullets found their targets. The volley sight was used at distances beyond 1,600 meter (about one mile).

Ammunition

The aforementioned Norwegian-Swedish committee also designed the 10.15 x 61R cartridge that various prototypes and also the service weapon were chambered for. Originally a black powder round with a paper-wrapped lead bullet, it was later loaded with smokeless powder and a full metal jacket bullet. More than 5 million cartridges were manufactured for the M1884, in addition to several thousand speciality cartridges. The following different variations on the 10.15 x 61R cartridge has been identified:

• 10.15 Ball, rounded tip, lead bullet wrapped in paper, black powder (possibly just used for tests)
• 10.15 Ball, flat tip, lead bullet wrapped in paper, black powder
• 10.15 Ball, flat tip, full metal jacket, smokeless powder
• 10.15 Gallery, round lead bullet (for use indoor / short ranges)
• 10.15 Gallery, same as above but with a ring crimped around the neck of the case
• 10.15 Blank, unpainted wooden 'bullet', smooth case
• 10.15 Blank, same as above but with six long ridges pressed into the case
• 10.15 Blank, same as above but with six long and six short ridges pressed into the case
• 10.15 Dummy, red wooden 'bullet' going all the way to the bottom of the case, six long and six short ridges pressed into the case, and two rings crimped around the neck of the case.
• 10.15 Dummy, as above but with just the six long ridges and rings around the neck.
• 10.15 Dummy, as above but with brown wooden 'bullet' and two rings crimped around the neck of the case (tests only).
• 10.15 Harpoon round, a blank round crimped shut, used only in the M28 harpoon gun.
• 10.15 Harpoon round, as above but closed with a crimped lid.

Accuracy

The Jarmann rifle was a remarkably accurate rifle for its time. In 1886, the joint Norwegian-Swedish rifle committee, which had selected the Jarmann, created a list of the ballistic properties of all the rifles tested. It is clear from the list that the Jarmann M1884 was significantly better than the other rifles tested, although in part this must be due to the higher muzzle velocity of the Jarmann.

The 10.15 mm bullet fired by the Jarmann was fully enfilading (the path of the bullet would pass through a man-sized target) all the way out to 438 metres (479 yd), and at a range of 600 metres (660 yd) it did not spread more than 61 centimeters (24 in) with uncoated lead bullets and 46 cm (18 in) with jacketed bullets. This compared very favorably to the Remington M1867, then the Norwegian standard weapon, which was enfilading out to 300 metres (330 yd) and had a spread at 600 metres of 96 cm (38 in).

In comparison, the tested Gras rifle displayed a spread of 89 cm (35 in) and the tested Mauser rifle (presumable a Gewehr 71) had a spread of 80 cm (31.5 in), both at 600 metres (660 yd).

Service

Despite the problems with the weapon, no fewer than 30,000 were manufactured for the Norwegian armed forces in the decade between its adoption in 1884 and the adoption of the Krag-Jørgensen in 1894. A further 1,500 were manufactured for the Swedish Navy in the same period. In Norwegian service, it replaced the Remington M1867 and the last few kammerladers still in use.

When the weapon was elected and first issued, the military considered it a very good weapon. It had a good rate of fire and had less than half the spread of the Remington M1867 at 600 m (46 versus 96 cm). It was, however, eclipsed by the radical development of firearms at the time. Within a decade it was phased out and replaced by the Krag-Jørgensen rifle. Even though it was phased out, several second-line units were issued the weapon in 1905, when war was considered imminent between Norway and Sweden.

Towards the end of their use in the armed forces, the original gunpowder cartridges were replaced by cartridges filled with smokeless powder. Despite the increase in muzzle velocity, the sights were not altered, thus radically decreasing the accuracy of the rifle.

Fate of the Jarmanns

Jarmann M1884s in their original condition are now extremely rare. During the 1920s and 1930s, a number of the surplus rifles was either sold to civilians or rebuilt into M28 harpoon guns.

From the mid 1920s and until the German invasion of Norway, it was possible for civilians to buy surplus Jarmann rifles for about a quarter of what a brand new Krag-Jørgensen would cost. Despite the reasonable price, it appears that very few were actually sold. Attempts were also made to sell the rifles and ammunition abroad. In 1929, about 5,000 rifles were sold to a German firm, but the fate of these Jarmanns is unknown. In 1936 King Ibn Saud from Saudi Arabia initiated talks to buy 20,000 Jarmanns with ammunition for his police force, but the request was turned down by the Norwegian parliament, who claimed that the sale of such outdated weapons would reflect badly upon Norway. In 1938 a private investor - Trygve G. Hygen, a former captain in the Norwegian Army - caused a minor international incident when he offered to sell Jarmann rifles to Ceylon. The British Consulate general complained to the Norwegian government, pointing out that Ceylon was British and they wanted full control of all weapons sold there. The Norwegian government reprimanded Hygen, and the offer was withdrawn. Attempts were also made by Hygen to sell Jarmanns to Lithuania, Cuba, Nicaragua, Bulgaria, Italy and the Netherlands, but without any takers.

It is reported that the Germans melted down the last remaining Jarmann rifles in military warehouses during the Nazi occupation, since they were "too obsolete to be of interest, too modern to have lying around". It is quite possible that as many as 21,000 Jarmanns were destroyed in this fashion.

M28 Harpoon gun

Between the wars, several Norwegian gunsmiths attempted to create harpoon guns, intended for the dual purpose of hunting seals and shooting rescue lines to boats in distress. Seeing a ready market, and having access to the several thousand Jarmann in storage, Kongsberg Våpenfabrikk designed a harpoon gun referred to as the M28. As part of the rebuild, the magazine was removed, the handguard and barrel shortened and the repeating mechanism removed. In addition, a heavy rubber shoulderpad was added to reduce the recoil, which must have been considerable. The rifle could still fire the ordinary 10.15 x 61R cartridge after the conversion. A box could be mounted under the handguard containing up to 300 metres (1000 ft) of thin rope. Kongsberg manufactured the M28 harpoon gun until 1952, when they started using the Mauser 98 mechanism in a new harpoon gun called M52. The sources indicate that around 1,911 Jarmann rifles were modified to M28s, about half of them after World War II.

The M28 was advertised as being suitable for use for hunting and rescue work, as well as for general shooting of lines. The advertisement reproduced here specifically mentions its suitability for firefighters, people erecting telephone lines and general construction work. The M28 was seen as suitable for hunting Northern bluefin tuna, seals, swordfish and other large marine animals. Among the equipment that could be delivered for the M28 were hunting harpoons, rescue harpoons, rocket-assisted harpoons, 'dum-dum bullets' and rope of various lengths in special crates. The special rounds for launching harpoons were manufactured until the mid-1970s.

Comparison with contemporary rifles

The Jarmann was, at the time of its adoption, considered a good weapon, but how well did it really stand up to other rifles in service at the time? By comparing it to the Remington M1867, which was the standard issue rifle in the Norwegian Army, as well as against the standard service rifles of Germany, France and the United Kingdom at the time, it is clear that the Jarmann indeed was an excellent weapon for it's time.

See also

Other Norwegian rifles:

• Kammerlader
• Remington M1867
• Krag-Petersson
• Krag-Jørgensen

Comparable weapons from the same era:

• The German Mauser Gewehr 71/84 and Gewehr 88
• The French Lebel Model 1886 rifle and its forerunner the Gras rifle
• The British Martini-Henry and Lee-Metford

External links

• Trond Wikborg's (Norwegian gun collector) page on the Jarman M1884
• Page with some pictures and information on the Jarmann
• More pictures of the Jarmann
• Closeups of the Jarmann bolt assembly
• Photo of the M28 from the left side, right side with harpoon and closeup of harpoon and line.
• A photograph of two rather corroded rounds for the M28 .
• The M28 in use

References

• Hanevik, Karl Egil (1998). Norske Militærgeværer etter 1867. Hanevik Våpen. ISBN 82-993143-1-3. Chapter 3
• Wikbor, Trond Jarmanns gevær M1884 Last retrieved Aug 16 2005
• Doyon, Keith M1879 & M1881 Jarmann / M1884, M1887 & M1887/90 Jarmann Last retrieved Aug 16 2005

1. ^ Hanevik, Karl Egil (1998). Norske Militærgeværer etter 1867
2. Gun's World. Drawing of the Kropatchek tubular magazine system, retrieved 16 August 2005
3. Wikbor, Trond. Jarmanns gevær M1884, retrieved 16 August 2005
4. Wikbor, Trond Jarmanns gevær M1884, retrieved 16 August 2005

• Bolt-action rifles
• Norwegian rifles