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==Potential effects observable in perinatal period== ==Potential effects observable in perinatal period==
A study of 600 mothers that reported smoking cannabis during pregnancy suggested that it was not associated with increased risk of ].<ref name=Fergusson2003>{{cite doi|10.1111/j.1471-0528.2002.01020.x}}</ref> A study of 600 mothers found that smoking cannabis during pregnancy was not associated with increased risk of ].<ref name=Fergusson2003>{{cite doi|10.1111/j.1471-0528.2002.01020.x}}</ref>


However, a study on 100 women who used cannabis throughout their pregnancies, as well as their babies' first year, came to the conclusion that prenatal exposure to cannabis is associated with ].<ref name=gray2010>{{cite journal |url=http://www.clinchem.org/content/56/9/1442.full |title=Identifying prenatal cannabis exposure and effects of concurrent tobacco exposure on neonatal growth |authors=Teresa R. Gray, et al. |journal=Clinical Chemistry |date=2010-07-13 |volume=56 |issue=9 |pages=1442–1450 |doi=10.1373/clinchem.2010.147876}}</ref> A study of 100 women who used cannabis throughout their pregnancies, as well as their babies' first year, found an association between prenatal exposure to cannabis and ].<ref name=gray2010>{{cite journal |url=http://www.clinchem.org/content/56/9/1442.full |title=Identifying prenatal cannabis exposure and effects of concurrent tobacco exposure on neonatal growth |authors=Teresa R. Gray, et al. |journal=Clinical Chemistry |date=2010-07-13 |volume=56 |issue=9 |pages=1442–1450 |doi=10.1373/clinchem.2010.147876}}</ref>

Cannabis use during pregnancy has some evidence of causing, delayed commencement of breathing, exaggerated ], tremors, poorer ], poorer ability to adapt to new aspects of the environment, and a ].<ref name=ncpic2011>, fact sheet by the ]. Factsheet published August 1, 2008. Updated October 1, 2011.</ref>

Cannabis use of the father during during conception, pregnancy or postnatally is associated with an increased risk of ] (SIDS) in their infants.<ref name=ncpic2011/>

==Infections==
In the first six months of life, babies who have had prenatal exposure to cannabis are at greater risk of developing ] and ]s.<ref name=ncpic2011/>


==Neurodevelopmental effects== ==Neurodevelopmental effects==
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Some studies have found that children of tobacco and cannabis-smoking mothers more frequently suffer from lasting cognitive deficits, concentration disorders, hyperactivity, and impaired social interactions than non-exposed children of the same age and social background.<ref>{{cite pmid|16095697}}</ref><ref>{{cite pmid|12798960}}</ref> For example, a prospective study in Ottawa that performed follow-up on 145 adolescents came to the result that those with prenatal exposure to cannabis performed worse on abstract designs and spelling.<ref>{{cite doi|10.1080/09297049.2011.628309}}</ref> A report prepared for the ] concluded cannabis and other ]s are contraindicated in pregnancy as it may interact with the ].<ref name="Australia">{{cite book |first1=Jan |last1=Copeland |first2=Saul |last2=Gerber |first3=Wendy |last3=Swift |year=2006 |title=Evidence-based answers to cannabis questions: a review of the literature |location=Canberra |publisher=Australian National Council on Drugs |isbn=978-1-877018-12-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ncpic.org.au/ncpic/links/information/ |title=Information and Resources • NCPIC |publisher=Ncpic.org.au |date=2011-03-11 |accessdate=2011-04-20}}</ref> However, the previously discussed studies on Jamaican children conflict with this conclusion. Some studies have found that children of tobacco and cannabis-smoking mothers more frequently suffer from lasting cognitive deficits, concentration disorders, hyperactivity, and impaired social interactions than non-exposed children of the same age and social background.<ref>{{cite pmid|16095697}}</ref><ref>{{cite pmid|12798960}}</ref> For example, a prospective study in Ottawa that performed follow-up on 145 adolescents came to the result that those with prenatal exposure to cannabis performed worse on abstract designs and spelling.<ref>{{cite doi|10.1080/09297049.2011.628309}}</ref> A report prepared for the ] concluded cannabis and other ]s are contraindicated in pregnancy as it may interact with the ].<ref name="Australia">{{cite book |first1=Jan |last1=Copeland |first2=Saul |last2=Gerber |first3=Wendy |last3=Swift |year=2006 |title=Evidence-based answers to cannabis questions: a review of the literature |location=Canberra |publisher=Australian National Council on Drugs |isbn=978-1-877018-12-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ncpic.org.au/ncpic/links/information/ |title=Information and Resources • NCPIC |publisher=Ncpic.org.au |date=2011-03-11 |accessdate=2011-04-20}}</ref> However, the previously discussed studies on Jamaican children conflict with this conclusion.

==Childhood cancer==
There is some evidence that prenatal cannabis exposure increases the risk of certain ]s, including ], ] and ].<ref name=ncpic2011/>


==See also== ==See also==

Revision as of 02:24, 28 October 2013

Use of cannabis (also known as marijuana) in pregnancy is the subject of various scientific studies, usually regarding whether it has effects on the child later in life.

Potential effects observable in perinatal period

A study of 600 mothers found that smoking cannabis during pregnancy was not associated with increased risk of perinatal mortality.

A study of 100 women who used cannabis throughout their pregnancies, as well as their babies' first year, found an association between prenatal exposure to cannabis and low birth weight.

Neurodevelopmental effects

In a 1991 study, the development of 59 Jamaican children was monitored from birth to age 5 using the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale and the McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities. The results after five years showed no statistically significant developmental differences between using and non-using mothers. The only difference observed was at 30 days of age, when the children of cannabis-using mothers had better autonomic stability and reflexes. Another similar study on Jamaican children found that children who had been exposed to cannabis prenatally had no significant differences from non-exposed infants at three days of age, and were better in some cognitive tests at one month of age.

Some studies have found that children of tobacco and cannabis-smoking mothers more frequently suffer from lasting cognitive deficits, concentration disorders, hyperactivity, and impaired social interactions than non-exposed children of the same age and social background. For example, a prospective study in Ottawa that performed follow-up on 145 adolescents came to the result that those with prenatal exposure to cannabis performed worse on abstract designs and spelling. A report prepared for the Australian National Council on Drugs concluded cannabis and other cannabinoids are contraindicated in pregnancy as it may interact with the endocannabinoid system. However, the previously discussed studies on Jamaican children conflict with this conclusion.

See also

References

  1. Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.2002.01020.x, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1111/j.1471-0528.2002.01020.x instead.
  2. "Identifying prenatal cannabis exposure and effects of concurrent tobacco exposure on neonatal growth". Clinical Chemistry. 56 (9): 1442–1450. 2010-07-13. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2010.147876. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  3. Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 1957518 , please use {{cite journal}} with |pmid=1957518 instead.
  4. Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 8121737, please use {{cite journal}} with |pmid=8121737 instead.
  5. Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 16095697, please use {{cite journal}} with |pmid=16095697 instead.
  6. Attention: This template ({{cite pmid}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by PMID 12798960, please use {{cite journal}} with |pmid=12798960 instead.
  7. Attention: This template ({{cite doi}}) is deprecated. To cite the publication identified by doi:10.1080/09297049.2011.628309, please use {{cite journal}} (if it was published in a bona fide academic journal, otherwise {{cite report}} with |doi=10.1080/09297049.2011.628309 instead.
  8. Copeland, Jan; Gerber, Saul; Swift, Wendy (2006). Evidence-based answers to cannabis questions: a review of the literature. Canberra: Australian National Council on Drugs. ISBN 978-1-877018-12-1.
  9. "Information and Resources • NCPIC". Ncpic.org.au. 2011-03-11. Retrieved 2011-04-20.
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