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Revision as of 16:00, 29 November 2013

AMD APU
Release date2011
CodenameFusion
Desna
Ontario
Zacate
Llano
Hondo
Trinity
Weatherford
Richland
Kaveri
Kabini
Temash
IGP
Wrestler
WinterPark
BeaverCreek
ModelsDesktop E2 Series
Cores2 to 4
Transistors1,178M 32 nm (Llano)
  • 1,303M 32 nm (Trinity)
API support
DirectXDirect3D 11
OpenCL1.2
OpenGL4.1+

The Accelerated Processing Unit, formerly known as Fusion, is a marketing name for a type of microprocessor from AMD designed to act as a CPU and graphics accelerator (GPU) solution on a single chip. Its heterogeneous system architecture has been designed to make it easier to write, optimize, and load balance software, while providing higher performance and lower power consumption.

AMD announced the first generation APUs, Llano for high-performance and Brazos for low-power devices in January 2011. The second-generation Trinity for high-performance and Brazos-2 for low-power devices were announced in June 2012. The third-generation Kaveri for high performance devices is expected in early 2014, while Kabini and Temash for low-power devices were announced in summer 2013. Semi-custom APUs based on the technology in the third-generation low-power APUs can be found in the Sony PlayStation 4 and the Microsoft Xbox One eighth generation video game consoles.

History

AMD has been developing the Accelerated Processing Unit since 2006. The current design is the product of a merger between AMD and ATI. It combines general processor execution, 3D geometry processing, and other modern GPU functions (like GPGPU computation) into a single die.

The AMD Fusion project started in 2006 with the aim of developing a system on a chip that combined a CPU with a GPU on a single die. The acquisition of graphics chipset manufacturer ATI by AMD was a key step toward realising such a vision. The project reportedly required three internal iterations of the Fusion concept to create a product deemed worthy of release. Reasons contributing to the delay of the project include the technical difficulties of combining a CPU and GPU on the same die at a 45 nm process, and conflicting views on what the role of the CPU and GPU should be within the project.

The first generation desktop and laptop APU, codenamed Llano, was announced on January 4, 2011 at the 2011 CES show in Las Vegas and released shortly after. It featured K10 CPU cores and a Radeon HD 6000-series GPU on the same die on the FM1 socket. An APU for low-power devices was announced as the Brazos platform, based on the Bobcat processor and a Radeon HD 6000-series GPU on the same die.

At a conference in January 2012, corporate fellow Phil Rogers announced that AMD would re-brand the Fusion platform as the Heterogeneous Systems Architecture (HSA), stating that "it's only fitting that the name of this evolving architecture and platform be representative of the entire, technical community that is leading the way in this very important area of technology and programming development." However, it was later revealed that AMD had been the subject of a trademark infringement lawsuit by the Swiss company Arctic, who used the name "Fusion" for a line of power supplies.

The second generation desktop and laptop APU, codenamed Trinity was announced at AMD's Financial Analyst Day 2010. It featured Piledriver CPU cores and Radeon HD 7000 Series GPU cores on the FM2 socket. AMD released a new APU based on the Piledriver microarchitecture on March 12, 2013 for Laptops/Mobile and on June 4, 2013 for desktops under the codename Richland. The second generation APU for low-power devices, Brazos 2.0, remained on the Bobcat processor but integrated a Radeon HD 7000-series GPU core onto the die.

A third generation of the technology is expected in late 2013, featuring greater integration between the CPU and GPU. The desktop and laptop variant is codenamed Kaveri, based on Steamroller architecture, while the low-power variants, codenamed Kabini and Temash, are based on Jaguar architecture.

Heterogeneous System Architecture

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2013)

Heterogeneous System Architecture (HSA), maintained by the HSA Foundation, is a system architecture that allows accelerators, for instance, graphics processor, to operate at the processing level as the system's CPU. To ease various aspects of programming heterogeneous applications, and to be HSA-compliant, accelerators must meet certain requirements, including:

  • Be ISA agnostic for both CPUs and accelerators.
  • Support high-level programming languages.
  • Provide the ability to access pageable system memory.
  • Maintain cache coherency for system memory with CPUs, and so on.

HSA is widely used in System-on-Chip devices, such as tablets, smartphones, and other mobile devices. HSA allows programs to use the graphics processor for floating point calculations without separate memory or scheduling.

AMD HSA Implementation

Type HSA Feature First Implemented Notes
Optimized Platform GPU Compute C++ Support 2012
Trinity APU		 Support OpenCL C++ directions and Microsoft’s upcoming C++ AMP language. This eases programming of both CPU and GPU working together to process support parallel workloads.
HSA MMU GPU can access the entire system memory through the translation services and page fault management of the HSA MMU.
Shared Power Management CPU and GPU now share the power budget. Priority goes to the processor most suited to the current tasks.
Architectural Integration Unified Address Space for CPU and GPU 2014
Kaveri APU		 CPU and GPU now access the memory with the same address space. Pointers can now be freely passed between CPU and GPU.
Fully coherent memory between CPU & GPU GPU can now access and cache data from coherent memory regions in the system memory, and also reference the data from CPU's cache. Cache coherency is maintained.
GPU uses pageable system memory via CPU pointers GPU can take advantage of the shared virtual memory between CPU and GPU, and pageable system memory can now be referenced directly by the GPU, instead of being copied or pinned before accessing.
System Integration GPU compute context switch 2014
Carizzo APU		 Compute tasks on GPU can be context switched, allowing a multi-tasking environment and also faster interpretation between applications, compute and graphics.
GPU graphics pre-emption Long-running graphics tasks can be pre-empted so processes have low latency access to the GPU.
Quality of Service In addition to context switch and pre-emption, hardware resources can be either equalized or prioritized among multiple users and applications.


APU-branded platforms

AMD APUs have a unique architecture: they have AMD CPU modules, cache, and a discrete-class graphics processor all on the same die, using the same bus. This architecture allows for the use of graphics accelerators, such as OpenCL, with the integrated graphics processor. The goal is to create a "fully integrated" APU, which, according to AMD will eventually feature 'heterogeneous cores' capable of processing both CPU and GPU work automatically, depending on the workload requirement.

K10 architecture (Llano)

The first generation APU, released in June 2011, was used in both desktops and laptops. It was based on the K10 architecture and built on a 32 nm process featuring two to four CPU cores on a TDP of 65-100 W, and integrated graphics based on the Radeon HD6000 Series with support for DirectX 11, OpenGL 4.2 and OpenCL 1.2. In performance comparisons against the similarly priced Intel Core i3-2105, the Llano APU was criticised for its poor CPU performance and praised for its better GPU performance. AMD was also criticised for abandoning Socket FM1 after one generation.

Piledriver architecture (Trinity and Richland)

  • Piledriver CPU cores
  • On-die Northern Islands/VLIW4-based GPU (branded Radeon HD 7000 and 8000 Series)
  • Unified Northbridge includes AMD Turbo Core 3.0, which enables automatic bi-directional power management between CPU modules and GPU. Power to the CPU and GPU is controlled automatically by changing the clock rate depending on the load. For example, for a non-overclocked A10-5800K APU the CPU frequency can change from 1.4 GHz to 4.2 GHz, and the GPU frequency can change from 304 MHz to 800 MHz. In addition, CC6 mode is capable of powering down individual CPU cores, while PC6 mode is able to lower the power on the entire rail."
  • AMD HD Media Accelerator - includes AMD Perfect Picture HD, AMD Quick Stream technology, and AMD Steady Video technology.
  • HDMI, DisplayPort 1.2, DVI Controllers

Trinity

The first iteration of the second generation platform, released in October 2012, brought improvements to CPU and GPU performance to both desktops and laptops. The platform features 2 to 4 Piledriver CPU cores built on a 32 nm process with a TDP between 65 W and 100 W, and a GPU based on the Radeon HD7000 Series with support for DirectX 11, OpenGL 4.2, and OpenCL 1.2. The Trinity APU was praised for the improvements to CPU performance compared to the Llano APU.

Richland

  • "Enhanced Piledriver" CPU cores
  • Temperature Smart Turbo Core technology. An advancement of the existing Turbo Core technology, which allows internal software to adjust the CPU and GPU clock speed to maximise performance within the constrains of the Thermal design power of the APU.
  • New low-power consumption CPUs with only 45 W TDP

The release of this second iteration of this generation was 12 March 2013 for mobile parts and 5 June 2013 for desktop parts.

Steamroller architecture (Kaveri)

The third generation of the platform, codenamed Kaveri, is expected to be released in the fourth quarter of 2013. It is reported to contain Steamroller CPU cores, a Graphics Core Next GPU, an on-chip ARM Cortex-A5 MPCore, and it will use a new socket, FM2+.

Bobcat architecture (Ontario, Zacate, Desna, Hondo)

Main article: Bobcat (microarchitecture)

The AMD Brazos platform was introduced on January 4, 2011 targeting the subnotebook, netbook and low power small form factor markets. It features the 9-watt AMD C-Series APU (codename: Ontario) for netbooks and low power devices as well as the 18-watt AMD E-Series APU (codename: Zacate) for mainstream and value notebooks, all-in-ones and small form factor desktops. Both APUs feature one or two Bobcat x86 cores and a Radeon Evergreen Series GPU with full DirectX11, DirectCompute and OpenCL support including UVD3 video acceleration for HD video including 1080p.

AMD expanded the Brazos platform on June 5, 2011 with the announcement of the 5.9-watt AMD Z-Series APU (codename: Desna) designed for the Tablet market. The Desna APU is based on the 9-watt Ontario APU, energy savings were achieved by lowering the CPU, GPU and north bridge voltages, reducing the idle clocks of the CPU and GPU as well as introducing a hardware thermal control mode. A bidirectional turbo core mode was also introduced.

AMD announced the Brazos-T platform on October 9, 2012. It comprises the 4.5-watt AMD Z-Series APU (codename: Hondo) and the A55T Fusion Controller Hub (FCH), designed for the tablet computer market. The Hondo APU is a redesign of the Desna APU. AMD lowered energy use by optimizing the APU and FCH for tablet computers.

The Deccan platform including Krishna and Witchita APUs were cancelled in 2011. AMD originally planned to release them in the second half 2012.

Jaguar architecture (Kabini and Temash)

Main article: Jaguar (microarchitecture)

In January 2013 the Jaguar-based Kabini and Temash APUs were unveiled as the successors of the Bobcat-based Ontario, Zacate and Hondo APUs. The Kabini APU is aimed at the low-power, subnotebook, netbook, ultra-thin and small form factor markets, the Temash APU is aimed at the tablet, ultra-low power and small form factor markets. The two to four Jaguar cores of the Kabini and Temash APUs feature numerous architectural improvements regarding power requirement and performance, such as support for newer x86-instructions, a higher IPC count, a CC6 power state mode and clock gating. Kabini and Temash are AMD's first, and also the first ever quad-core x86 based SoCs. The integrated Fusion Controller Hubs (FCH) for Kabini and Temash are codenamed "Yangtze" and "Salton" respectively. The Yangtze FCH features support for two USB 3.0 ports, two SATA 6 Gbit/s ports, as well as the xHCI 1.0 and SD/SDIO 3.0 protocols for SD-card support. Both chips feature DirectX 11.1-compliant GCN-based graphics as well as numerous heterogeneous system architecture (HSA) improvements. They were fabricated at a 28 nm process in an FT2 BGA package by TSMC, and were released on May 23, 2013.

The PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, were revealed to both be powered by 8-core semi-custom Jaguar-derived APUs.

ARM server SoCs (Seattle architecture)

The ARM Cortex-A57 64-bit server solution SoC will be launched in the second half of 2014 and codenamed "Seattle". They will feature 8 or 16 core variants, with an expected clockspeed over 2 GHz, and will reportedly deliver up to four times the performance of current Opteron X processors. These ARM processors will incorporate SeaMicro freedom fabric on die, offering up to 10 Gbit/s bandwidth, for server usage; additionally, each ARM processor will support up to 64 GB DRAM.

See also

References

  1. ^ AMD (4 January 2011). "AMD Fusion APU Era Begins". Retrieved 24 August 2013.
  2. "AMD Trinity Desktop APU Specs Revealed". Cpu-world.com. Retrieved 2012-08-22.
  3. "AMD reveals its 2012-2013 roadmap, promises 28 nm chips across the board by 2013". Engadget. 2012-02-02. Retrieved 2012-08-22.
  4. AMD announces Temash, Kabini, Richland, and Kaveri APUs at CES 2013 (video)
  5. Taylor, John (2013-02-21). "AMD and The Sony PS4. Allow Me To Elaborate". Retrieved 2013-08-30.
  6. "Xbox One packs a Blu-ray drive, 8 GB of RAM, and lots of buzzwords". arstechnica.com. 2013-05-21. Retrieved 2013-05-22.
  7. "XBox One Revealed". Wired. 2013-05-21. Retrieved 2013-05-23.
  8. ATI chipsets already include GPU
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  10. Scaling The Brick Wall : AMD Fusion: How It Started, Where It’s Going, And What It Means
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  13. "AMD targeted by Arctic over Fusion brand". Bit-tech. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  14. AMD begins shipping Brazos, announces Bulldozer-based APUs, pdf
  15. Building an AMD 'Trinity' desktop PC
  16. AMD launches "Richland" A-Series APUs: slight speed bump, better power management
  17. What is Heterogeneous System Architecture (HSA)? | AMD
  18. Heterogeneous System Architecture: Purpose and Outlook - GPU Science
  19. Heterogeneous system architecture: Multicore image processing using a mix of CPU and GPU elements - Embedded Computing Design
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  22. 2011.pdf
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  26. Conclusion : AMD A8-3850 Review: Llano Rocks Entry-Level Desktops
  27. AnandTech | The AMD A8-3850 Review: Llano on the Desktop
  28. AnandTech | AMD A10-5800K & A8-5600K Review: Trinity on the Desktop, Part 1
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  32. AMD Officially Announces Third Generation Richland A-Series Mobile APUs - 50% Faster GPU Than Intel Core i7 Mobile
  33. New Details Revealed on AMD's Upcoming Richland Chips
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  58. "AMD bets ARM, server chip experience means market gains". zdnet. 2013-06-18. Retrieved 2013-07-05.

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