| Revision as of 23:30, 14 February 2014 editFlyer22 Frozen (talk | contribs)365,630 edits WP:Dummy edit: For one, that image is of a penis, not a clitoris. Hormones cannot make a clitoris look that much like a penis, that big, and with the addition of a scrotum.← Previous edit | Revision as of 12:11, 12 April 2014 edit undoChris Capoccia (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users85,946 editsNo edit summaryNext edit → | ||
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| '''Clitoromegaly''' (or macroclitoris<ref>{{cite web|title=''Dorland Medical Dictionary'' |url=http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd_m_01zPzhtm#12508261}}</ref>) is an abnormal enlargement of the ] that is mostly ] or acquired, though ] as a form of female genital ] is achieved through various uses of anabolic steroids, including ], and may also be referred to as ''clitoromegaly.''<ref name="Copcu"/><ref name="Atilla">{{cite journal | |
'''Clitoromegaly''' (or macroclitoris<ref>{{cite web|title=''Dorland Medical Dictionary'' |url=http://www.mercksource.com/pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd_m_01zPzhtm#12508261}}</ref>) is an abnormal enlargement of the ] that is mostly ] or acquired, though ] as a form of female genital ] is achieved through various uses of anabolic steroids, including ], and may also be referred to as ''clitoromegaly.''<ref name="Copcu"/><ref name="Atilla">{{cite journal |author=Senaylı A |title=Controversies on clitoroplasty |journal=Therapeutic Advances in Urology |volume=3 |issue=6 |pages=273–7 |year=2011 |month=December |pmid=22164197 |pmc=3229251 |doi=10.1177/1756287211428165}}</ref><ref name="Perovic">{{cite journal |author=Perovic SV, Djordjevic ML |title=Metoidioplasty: a variant of phalloplasty in female transsexuals |journal=BJU International |volume=92 |issue=9 |pages=981–5 |year=2003 |month=December |pmid=14632860 |doi=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2003.04524.x}}</ref><ref name="Meyer">{{cite journal |author=Meyer WJ, Webb A, Stuart CA, Finkelstein JW, Lawrence B, Walker PA |title=Physical and hormonal evaluation of transsexual patients: a longitudinal study |journal=Archives of Sexual Behavior |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=121–38 |year=1986 |month=April |pmid=3013122 |doi=10.1007/BF01542220}}</ref> Clitoromegaly is not the same as normal enlargement of the clitoris seen during ]. | ||
| ==Anatomy== | ==Anatomy== | ||
| In ''Atlas of Human Sex Anatomy (1949)''<ref>{{cite book |title=Atlas of Human Sex Anatomy |isbn=0-88275-014-3 |publisher=Williams & Wilkins Co |year=1949 |last=Dickinson |first=Robert Latou}}</ref> by ], the ''typical'' clitoris is defined as having a crosswise width of 3 to 4 mm. (0.12 - 0.16 inches) and a lengthwise width of 4 to 5 mm (0.16 - 0.20 inches). On the other hand, in Obstetrics and Gynecology medical literature, a frequent definition of clitoromegaly is when there is a CI{{definition|date=December 2011}} of greater than 35 mm<sup>2</sup> (0.05 inches<sup>2</sup>), which is almost twice the size given above for an ''average'' sized clitoral hood.<ref>{{cite web|title=Female Sexual Anatomy: Clitoral and Labia Size |url=http://www.the-clitoris.com/f_html/c_size.htm}}</ref> | In ''Atlas of Human Sex Anatomy (1949)''<ref>{{cite book |title=Atlas of Human Sex Anatomy |isbn=0-88275-014-3 |publisher=Williams & Wilkins Co |year=1949 |last=Dickinson |first=Robert Latou}}{{pn}}</ref> by ], the ''typical'' clitoris is defined as having a crosswise width of 3 to 4 mm. (0.12 - 0.16 inches) and a lengthwise width of 4 to 5 mm (0.16 - 0.20 inches). On the other hand, in Obstetrics and Gynecology medical literature, a frequent definition of clitoromegaly is when there is a CI{{definition|date=December 2011}} of greater than 35 mm<sup>2</sup> (0.05 inches<sup>2</sup>), which is almost twice the size given above for an ''average'' sized clitoral hood.<ref>{{cite web|title=Female Sexual Anatomy: Clitoral and Labia Size |url=http://www.the-clitoris.com/f_html/c_size.htm}}</ref> | ||
| ==Presentation== | ==Presentation== | ||
| In the most pronounced cases, clitoromegaly is a symptom of ] since the large clitoris resembles a penis. | In the most pronounced cases, clitoromegaly is a symptom of ] since the large clitoris resembles a penis. | ||
| The different grade of genital ambiguity is commonly measured by the ] classification<ref> |
The different grade of genital ambiguity is commonly measured by the ] classification<ref>{{cite journal |author=PRADER A |title=Der genitalbefund beim Pseudohermaproditismus femininus des kongenitalen adrenogenitalen Syndroms. Morphologie, Hausfigkeit, Entwicklung und Vererbung der verschiedenen Genitalformen |trans_title=Genital findings in the female pseudo-hermaphroditism of the congenital adrenogenital syndrome; morphology, frequency, development and heredity of the different genital forms |language=German |journal=Helvetica Paediatrica Acta |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=231–48 |year=1954 |month=July |pmid=13201003}}</ref> ranging, in ascending order of masculinisation, from '''1''': ''Female external genitalia with clitoromegaly'' through '''5''': ''Pseudo-Phallus looking like normal male external genitalia''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sickkids.ca/childphysiology/cpwp/genital/GenitalCAH.htm |title=Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia(CAH), Prader Scale |accessdate=2008-09-28 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20080509182258/http://www.sickkids.ca/childphysiology/cpwp/genital/GenitalCAH.htm <!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archivedate = 2008-05-09}}</ref> | ||
| ==Causes== | ==Causes== | ||
| Clitoromegaly is otherwise a rare condition and can be either present by birth or acquired later in life. | Clitoromegaly is otherwise a rare condition and can be either present by birth or acquired later in life. | ||
| If present at birth, ] can be one of the causes, since in this condition the adrenal gland of the female fetus produces additional androgens and the newborn baby has ambiguous genitalia which are not clearly male or female. In pregnant women who received ] during pregnancy, masculinization of the fetus occurs, resulting in hypertrophy of the clitoris;<ref>{{cite journal| |
If present at birth, ] can be one of the causes, since in this condition the adrenal gland of the female fetus produces additional androgens and the newborn baby has ambiguous genitalia which are not clearly male or female. In pregnant women who received ] during pregnancy, masculinization of the fetus occurs, resulting in hypertrophy of the clitoris;<ref>{{cite journal |author=Beischer NA, Cookson T, Sheedy M, Wein P |title=Norethisterone and gestational diabetes |journal=The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=233–8 |year=1992 |month=August |pmid=1445134}}</ref> however, this is rarely seen nowadays due to use of safer ]. It can also be caused by the ] ] congenital disorder known as ].<ref>{{cite journal |author=van Haelst MM, Scambler PJ, Hennekam RC |title=Fraser syndrome: a clinical study of 59 cases and evaluation of diagnostic criteria |journal=American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part a |volume=143A |issue=24 |pages=3194–203 |year=2007 |month=December |pmid=18000968 |doi=10.1002/ajmg.a.31951}}</ref> | ||
| In acquired clitoromegaly, the main cause is endocrine hormonal imbalance affecting the adult woman, including ]<ref>{{cite web|title=Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome |author=Mukhtar I Khan, MD |accessdate=2008-09-28 |url=http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic2173.htm}}</ref> and ]. Acquired clitoromegaly may also be caused by pathologies affecting the ovaries and other endocrine glands. These pathologies may include virulent (such as ]) and ] tumors.<ref name="Horejsí">{{cite journal |author=Horejsí J |
In acquired clitoromegaly, the main cause is endocrine hormonal imbalance affecting the adult woman, including ]<ref>{{cite web|title=Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome |author=Mukhtar I Khan, MD |accessdate=2008-09-28 |url=http://www.emedicine.com/med/topic2173.htm}}</ref> and ]. Acquired clitoromegaly may also be caused by pathologies affecting the ovaries and other endocrine glands. These pathologies may include virulent (such as ]) and ] tumors.<ref name="Horejsí">{{cite journal |author=Horejsí J |title=Acquired clitoral enlargement. Diagnosis and treatment |journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences |volume=816 |issue= |pages=369–72 |year=1997 |month=June |pmid=9238289 |doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb52163.x}}</ref> Another cause is clitoral cysts.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Linck D, Hayes MF |title=Clitoral cyst as a cause of ambiguous genitalia |journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology |volume=99 |issue=5 Pt 2 |pages=963–6 |year=2002 |month=May |pmid=11975977 |doi=10.1016/S0029-7844(02)01967-1}}</ref> Sometimes there may be no obvious clinical or hormonal reason.<ref name="Copcu">{{cite journal |author=Copcu E, Aktas A, Sivrioglu N, Copcu O, Oztan Y |title=Idiopathic isolated clitoromegaly: A report of two cases |journal=Reproductive Health |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=4 |year=2004 |month= |pmid=15461813 |pmc=523860 |doi=10.1186/1742-4755-1-4}}</ref> | ||
| ] and athletes who use ]s, primarily to enhance muscular growth, strength and appearance (see ]), may also experience clearly evident enlargement of the clitoris and increases in ].<ref name="Freberg">{{cite book |first=Laura A.|last=Freberg|title |
] and athletes who use ]s, primarily to enhance muscular growth, strength and appearance (see ]), may also experience clearly evident enlargement of the clitoris and increases in ].<ref name="Freberg">{{cite book |first=Laura A. |last=Freberg |title=Discovering Biological Psychology |publisher=] |year=2009 |page=300 |accessdate=November 7, 2012 |isbn =978-0-547-17779-3 |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=-zyTMXAjzQsC&pg=PA300}}</ref><ref name="DEA">{{cite web |title=A Dangerous and Illegal Way to Seek Athletic Dominance and Better Appearance. A Guide for Understanding the Dangers of Anabolic Steroids |publisher=] |year=2004 |accessdate=November 7, 2012 |url=http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/pubs/brochures/steroids/public/index.html}}</ref> Women who use testosterone for therapeutic reasons (treating low libido, averting ], as part of an anti-depressant regimen, etc.) experience some enlargement of the clitoris, although the dosages warranted for these conditions are much lower. Pseudoclitoromegaly or pseudohypertrophy of the clitoris "has been reported in small girls due to masturbation: manipulations of the skin of prepuce leads to repeated mechanical trauma, which expands the prepuce and labia minora, thus imitating true clitoral enlargement".<ref name="Copcu"/> | ||
| {{cite web|title=A Dangerous and Illegal Way to Seek Athletic Dominance and Better Appearance. A Guide for Understanding the Dangers of Anabolic Steroids | |||
| |publisher=]|year=2004 |accessdate=November 7, 2012|url=http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/pubs/brochures/steroids/public/index.html}}</ref> Women who use testosterone for therapeutic reasons (treating low libido, averting ], as part of an anti-depressant regimen, etc.) experience some enlargement of the clitoris, although the dosages warranted for these conditions are much lower. Pseudoclitoromegaly or pseudohypertrophy of the clitoris "has been reported in small girls due to masturbation: manipulations of the skin of prepuce leads to repeated mechanical trauma, which expands the prepuce and labia minora, thus imitating true clitoral enlargement".<ref name="Copcu"/> | |||
| == References == | == References == | ||
Revision as of 12:11, 12 April 2014
Medical condition| Clitoromegaly | |
|---|---|
| Specialty | Gynaecology  |
Clitoromegaly (or macroclitoris) is an abnormal enlargement of the clitoris that is mostly congenital or acquired, though deliberately induced clitoris enlargement as a form of female genital body modification is achieved through various uses of anabolic steroids, including testosterone, and may also be referred to as clitoromegaly. Clitoromegaly is not the same as normal enlargement of the clitoris seen during sexual arousal.
Anatomy
In Atlas of Human Sex Anatomy (1949) by Dr. Robert Latou Dickinson, the typical clitoris is defined as having a crosswise width of 3 to 4 mm. (0.12 - 0.16 inches) and a lengthwise width of 4 to 5 mm (0.16 - 0.20 inches). On the other hand, in Obstetrics and Gynecology medical literature, a frequent definition of clitoromegaly is when there is a CI of greater than 35 mm (0.05 inches), which is almost twice the size given above for an average sized clitoral hood.
Presentation
In the most pronounced cases, clitoromegaly is a symptom of intersexuality since the large clitoris resembles a penis. The different grade of genital ambiguity is commonly measured by the Prader classification ranging, in ascending order of masculinisation, from 1: Female external genitalia with clitoromegaly through 5: Pseudo-Phallus looking like normal male external genitalia.
Causes
Clitoromegaly is otherwise a rare condition and can be either present by birth or acquired later in life. If present at birth, congenital adrenal hyperplasia can be one of the causes, since in this condition the adrenal gland of the female fetus produces additional androgens and the newborn baby has ambiguous genitalia which are not clearly male or female. In pregnant women who received norethisterone during pregnancy, masculinization of the fetus occurs, resulting in hypertrophy of the clitoris; however, this is rarely seen nowadays due to use of safer progestogens. It can also be caused by the autosomal recessive congenital disorder known as Fraser syndrome.
In acquired clitoromegaly, the main cause is endocrine hormonal imbalance affecting the adult woman, including polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) and hyperthecosis. Acquired clitoromegaly may also be caused by pathologies affecting the ovaries and other endocrine glands. These pathologies may include virulent (such as arrhenoblastoma) and neurofibromatosic tumors. Another cause is clitoral cysts. Sometimes there may be no obvious clinical or hormonal reason.
Female bodybuilders and athletes who use androgens, primarily to enhance muscular growth, strength and appearance (see Use of performance-enhancing drugs in sport), may also experience clearly evident enlargement of the clitoris and increases in libido. Women who use testosterone for therapeutic reasons (treating low libido, averting osteoporosis, as part of an anti-depressant regimen, etc.) experience some enlargement of the clitoris, although the dosages warranted for these conditions are much lower. Pseudoclitoromegaly or pseudohypertrophy of the clitoris "has been reported in small girls due to masturbation: manipulations of the skin of prepuce leads to repeated mechanical trauma, which expands the prepuce and labia minora, thus imitating true clitoral enlargement".
References
- "Dorland Medical Dictionary".
- ^ Copcu E, Aktas A, Sivrioglu N, Copcu O, Oztan Y (2004). "Idiopathic isolated clitoromegaly: A report of two cases". Reproductive Health. 1 (1): 4. doi:10.1186/1742-4755-1-4. PMC 523860. PMID 15461813.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|month=(help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - Senaylı A (2011). "Controversies on clitoroplasty". Therapeutic Advances in Urology. 3 (6): 273–7. doi:10.1177/1756287211428165. PMC 3229251. PMID 22164197.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - Perovic SV, Djordjevic ML (2003). "Metoidioplasty: a variant of phalloplasty in female transsexuals". BJU International. 92 (9): 981–5. doi:10.1111/j.1464-410X.2003.04524.x. PMID 14632860.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - Meyer WJ, Webb A, Stuart CA, Finkelstein JW, Lawrence B, Walker PA (1986). "Physical and hormonal evaluation of transsexual patients: a longitudinal study". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 15 (2): 121–38. doi:10.1007/BF01542220. PMID 3013122.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Dickinson, Robert Latou (1949). Atlas of Human Sex Anatomy. Williams & Wilkins Co. ISBN 0-88275-014-3.
- "Female Sexual Anatomy: Clitoral and Labia Size".
- PRADER A (1954). "Der genitalbefund beim Pseudohermaproditismus femininus des kongenitalen adrenogenitalen Syndroms. Morphologie, Hausfigkeit, Entwicklung und Vererbung der verschiedenen Genitalformen". Helvetica Paediatrica Acta (in German). 9 (3): 231–48. PMID 13201003.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - "Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia(CAH), Prader Scale". Archived from the original on 2008-05-09. Retrieved 2008-09-28.
- Beischer NA, Cookson T, Sheedy M, Wein P (1992). "Norethisterone and gestational diabetes". The Australian & New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology. 32 (3): 233–8. PMID 1445134.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - van Haelst MM, Scambler PJ, Hennekam RC (2007). "Fraser syndrome: a clinical study of 59 cases and evaluation of diagnostic criteria". American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part a. 143A (24): 3194–203. doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.31951. PMID 18000968.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - Mukhtar I Khan, MD. "Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome". Retrieved 2008-09-28.
- Horejsí J (1997). "Acquired clitoral enlargement. Diagnosis and treatment". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 816: 369–72. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1997.tb52163.x. PMID 9238289.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - Linck D, Hayes MF (2002). "Clitoral cyst as a cause of ambiguous genitalia". Obstetrics and Gynecology. 99 (5 Pt 2): 963–6. doi:10.1016/S0029-7844(02)01967-1. PMID 11975977.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help) - Freberg, Laura A. (2009). Discovering Biological Psychology. Cengage Learning. p. 300. ISBN 978-0-547-17779-3. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
- "A Dangerous and Illegal Way to Seek Athletic Dominance and Better Appearance. A Guide for Understanding the Dangers of Anabolic Steroids". Drug Enforcement Administration. 2004. Retrieved November 7, 2012.
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