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The rose that climbs on the wall of the cathedral's ] is believed to be the oldest living rose in the world.<ref name="Sacred" /><ref name=Maitland>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article19026439 |title=The Oldest Rose Bush in the World. |newspaper=] |location=NSW |date=9 September 1893 |accessdate=8 May 2014 |page=4 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref name=Gustavsson>{{ cite book | title=Rosor för nordiska trädgårdar : buskrosor |first=Lars-Åke | last=Gustavsson | year=2008 | ISBN=9789127356559 | page=154 }}</ref> The rose that climbs on the wall of the cathedral's ] is believed to be the oldest living rose in the world.<ref name="Sacred" /><ref name=Maitland>{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article19026439 |title=The Oldest Rose Bush in the World. |newspaper=] |location=NSW |date=9 September 1893 |accessdate=8 May 2014 |page=4 |publisher=National Library of Australia}}</ref><ref name=Gustavsson>{{ cite book | title=Rosor för nordiska trädgårdar : buskrosor |first=Lars-Åke | last=Gustavsson | year=2008 | ISBN=9789127356559 | page=154 }}</ref>
A '']'', commonly known as a wild dog rose, it grows against the eastern apse of the cathedral, which is around {{convert|21|m|ft}} high and {{convert|9|m|ft}} wide. The rose bush reaches a height of around {{convert|10|m|ft}} and documentation verifies its age at approximately 700 years.<ref name="WorldRose">{{cite journal | url=http://www.worldrose.org/heritage/HeritageNumber10.pdf | title=Tausendjähriger Rosenstock from Hildesheim | first1=Renate |last1=Peters|first2=Helmut |last2=Peters | journal=By Any Other Name | year=2013 | month=November | issue=10 | pages=3 | archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6PIIQmfN8 | archivedate=3 May 2014 | deadurl=no}}</ref> Slight variations arise in the tale of the establishment of the diocese by King ] at Hildesheim in 815 but the rose bush is a common theme in all versions. The Cathedral was destroyed by Allied bombers in 1945 during the ], but the roots of the rose bush survived and it blossomed again among the ruins. According to legend, while the rose bush flourishes, Hildesheim will prosper.<ref name=Sacred /> A ], commonly known as a wild dog rose, it grows against the eastern apse of the cathedral, which is around {{convert|21|m|ft}} high and {{convert|9|m|ft}} wide. The rose bush reaches a height of around {{convert|10|m|ft}} and documentation verifies its age at approximately 700 years.<ref name="WorldRose">{{cite journal | url=http://www.worldrose.org/heritage/HeritageNumber10.pdf | title=Tausendjähriger Rosenstock from Hildesheim | first1=Renate |last1=Peters|first2=Helmut |last2=Peters | journal=By Any Other Name | year=2013 | month=November | issue=10 | pages=3 | archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6PIIQmfN8 | archivedate=3 May 2014 | deadurl=no}}</ref> Slight variations arise in the tale of the establishment of the diocese by King ] at Hildesheim in 815 but the rose bush is a common theme in all versions. The Cathedral was destroyed by Allied bombers in 1945 during the ], but the roots of the rose bush survived and it blossomed again among the ruins. According to legend, while the rose bush flourishes, Hildesheim will prosper.<ref name=Sacred />


A poem about the rose was published in 1896. In the early twentieth century, after visiting the Cathedral and seeing the rose, author Mabel Wagnalls was inspired to write a book, which went on to form the basis of a silent film. A poem about the rose was published in 1896. In the early twentieth century, after visiting the Cathedral and seeing the rose, author Mabel Wagnalls was inspired to write a book, which went on to form the basis of a silent film.


==Rose== ==Rose==
⚫ ]
{{Off-topic}}
⚫ The rose at Hildesheim is a ], also called a dog rose.<ref name=Gustavsson /><ref name="Domsanierung">{{cite web | url=http://www.domsanierung.de/en/1000-years-age-rosetree | title=1000 years of age rosetree | publisher=Domsanierung.de | accessdate=30 April 2014 | archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6PDkSrCmq | archivedate=30 April 2014 | deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cob.org/documents/parks/parks-trails/cornwall-rose-garden/amazing-rose-facts.pdf|title=Amazing Rose Facts |publisher=City of Bellingham, WA|accessdate=}}</ref> According to legend, it dates back to the establishment of the diocese of Hildesheim, around 815. The buildings were constructed around the area in which the rose was growing.<ref name="Domsanierung" />
⚫ ]
⚫ The rose at Hildesheim is a '']'', also called a dog rose.<ref name=Gustavsson /><ref name="Domsanierung">{{cite web | url=http://www.domsanierung.de/en/1000-years-age-rosetree | title=1000 years of age rosetree | publisher=Domsanierung.de | accessdate=30 April 2014 | archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6PDkSrCmq | archivedate=30 April 2014 | deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cob.org/documents/parks/parks-trails/cornwall-rose-garden/amazing-rose-facts.pdf|title=Amazing Rose Facts |publisher=City of Bellingham, WA|accessdate=}}</ref> According to legend, it dates back to the establishment of the diocese of Hildesheim, around 815. The buildings were constructed around the area in which the rose was growing.<ref name="Domsanierung" />


The dog roses, the ''Canina'' section of the genus ''Rosa'', have around 20–30 species and subspecies, which appear in a variety of shapes and occur mostly in Northern and Central Europe. The rose that grows on the Saint Mary Cathedral is a specimen of ''Rosa canina'' and it shows the general features of this species. ''Rosa canina'' is a ] ] normally ranging in height from one to three metres; however occasionally it can climb if given support. The stems are covered with small, sharp, hooked spines to assist it in climbing. The leaves have between five and seven leaflets. The flowers are usually pale pink, fragrant, four to six centimetres in diameter with five petals, and develop into oval 1.5-2&nbsp;centimetre red-orange coloured ]s. The fruit is noted for its high ] level and is used to make tea and marmalade.<ref name="PFAF">{{cite web | url=http://www.pfaf.org/user/plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+canina | title=Rosa canina | publisher=Plants for a future | accessdate=30 April 2014 | archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6PDqjGeJr | archivedate=30 April 2014 | deadurl=no}}</ref> The rose hips are used in traditional ] as a remedy for inflammatory-related diseases.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874111004818|title=Journal of Ethnopharmacology, In vivo anti-inflammatory effect of Rosa canina L. extract|publisher=Science Direct|accessdate=29 April 2014}}</ref> The dog roses, the Canina section of the genus ''Rosa'', have around 20-30 species and subspecies, which appear in a variety of shapes and occur mostly in Northern and Central Europe. The rose that grows on the Saint Mary Cathedral belongs to the ''Rosa canina'' and it shows the general features of a ''canina'', being specifically a ''Rosa canina'' L. ''Rosa canina'' is a ] ] normally ranging in height from one to three metres; however occasionally it can climb if given support. The stems are covered with small, sharp, hooked spines to assist it in climbing. The leaves have between five and seven leaflets. The flowers are usually pale pink, fragrant, four to six centimetres in diameter with five petals, and develop into oval 1.5-2&nbsp;centimetre red-orange coloured ]s. The fruit is noted for its high ] level and is used to make tea and marmalade.<ref name="PFAF">{{cite web | url=http://www.pfaf.org/user/plant.aspx?LatinName=Rosa+canina | title=Rosa canina | publisher=Plants for a future | accessdate=30 April 2014 | archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6PDqjGeJr | archivedate=30 April 2014 | deadurl=no}}</ref> The rose hips are used in traditional ] as a remedy for inflammatory-related diseases.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378874111004818|title=Journal of Ethnopharmacology, In vivo anti-inflammatory effect of Rosa canina L. extract|publisher=Science Direct|accessdate=29 April 2014}}</ref>


In traditional Austrian folk medicine the rose hips have been used to make a tea for treatment of viral infections and disorders of the kidneys and urinary tract.<ref>Vogl S, Picker P, Mihaly-Bison J, Fakhrudin N, Atanasov AG, Heiss EH, Wawrosch C, Reznicek G, Dirsch VM, Saukel J, Kopp B. Ethnopharmacological in vitro studies on Austria's folk medicine - An unexplored lore in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of 71 Austrian traditional herbal drugs. J Ethnopharmacol.2013 Jun13. doi:pii: S0378-8741(13)00410-8. 10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.007. PubMed PMID: 23770053. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23770053</ref> The mature rose is also attractive to wildlife, various insects and serves as a shelter for nesting birds. The birds eat the hips in the winter.<ref name="PFAF"/> In traditional Austrian folk medicine the rose hips have been used to make a tea for treatment of viral infections and disorders of the kidneys and urinary tract.<ref>Vogl S, Picker P, Mihaly-Bison J, Fakhrudin N, Atanasov AG, Heiss EH, Wawrosch C, Reznicek G, Dirsch VM, Saukel J, Kopp B. Ethnopharmacological in vitro studies on Austria's folk medicine - An unexplored lore in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of 71 Austrian traditional herbal drugs. J Ethnopharmacol.2013 Jun13. doi:pii: S0378-8741(13)00410-8. 10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.007. PubMed PMID: 23770053. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23770053</ref> The mature rose is also attractive to wildlife, various insects and serves as a shelter for nesting birds. The birds eat the hips in the winter.<ref name="PFAF"/>


The rose blossoms usually survive for around a fortnight and appear towards the end of May but this can vary slightly according to weather conditions. As a ''Rosa canina'' the Hildesheim rose has the following specifics. The flowers have a pale, very light pink colour with a slight white colouring in the middle and they are of a medium size. The flowers have a rather light fragrance. The five petals of the flowers are weakly undulated. The leaves are shiny dark-green on the upper side and hairless on the underside. The rose hips are oval and quite elongated and of a bright medium reddish colouring. The thorns are of medium density and size.<ref name="Domsanierung" /> The rose blossoms usually survive for around a fortnight and appear towards the end of May but this can vary slightly according to weather conditions. As a Rosa canina L. the Hildesheim rose has the following specifics that distinguish it from the general appearance of the other ssp. Rosa canina. The flowers have a pale, very light pink colour with a slight white colouring in the middle and they are of a medium size. The flowers have a rather light fragrance. The five petals of the flowers are weakly undulated. The leaves are shiny dark-green on the upper side and hairless on the underside. The rose hips are oval and quite elongated and of a bright medium reddish colouring. The thorns are of medium density and size.<ref name="Domsanierung" />
In 1945 during the ] Allied bombs devastated the cathedral, but the rosebush survived; the parts of the plant above the ground were damaged but the roots remained alive under the ruins, and the hardy rose regrew.<ref name="Vatican">{{cite web | url=http://insidethevatican.com/uncategorized/hildesheims-medieval-church-treasures-met | title=Hildesheim’s Medieval Church Treasures at the Met | publisher=Inside the Vatican | accessdate=30 April 2014 | author=Lucy Gordan | archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6PDrGU46J | archivedate=30 April 2014 | deadurl=no}}</ref> In 1945 during the ] Allied bombs devastated the cathedral, but the rosebush survived; the parts of the plant above the ground were damaged but the roots remained alive under the ruins, and the hardy rose regrew.<ref name="Vatican">{{cite web | url=http://insidethevatican.com/uncategorized/hildesheims-medieval-church-treasures-met | title=Hildesheim’s Medieval Church Treasures at the Met | publisher=Inside the Vatican | accessdate=30 April 2014 | author=Lucy Gordan | archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6PDrGU46J | archivedate=30 April 2014 | deadurl=no}}</ref>

Revision as of 23:19, 9 May 2014

The Rose of Hildesheim climbs on the wall of Hildesheim Cathedral

The Thousand-year Rose (German Tausendjähriger Rosenstock, literally: Thousand-years rosebush) is also known as the Rose of Hildesheim or Millenium rose. It grows on a wall of the Hildesheim Cathedral, a Catholic cathedral in Hildesheim, Germany, that is dedicated to the Assumption of Mary. The cathedral and the adjacent St. Michael's Church have been on the UNESCO list of World Heritage Sites since 1985.

The rose that climbs on the wall of the cathedral's apse is believed to be the oldest living rose in the world. A Rosa canina, commonly known as a wild dog rose, it grows against the eastern apse of the cathedral, which is around 21 metres (69 ft) high and 9 metres (30 ft) wide. The rose bush reaches a height of around 10 metres (33 ft) and documentation verifies its age at approximately 700 years. Slight variations arise in the tale of the establishment of the diocese by King Louis the Pious at Hildesheim in 815 but the rose bush is a common theme in all versions. The Cathedral was destroyed by Allied bombers in 1945 during the Second World War, but the roots of the rose bush survived and it blossomed again among the ruins. According to legend, while the rose bush flourishes, Hildesheim will prosper.

A poem about the rose was published in 1896. In the early twentieth century, after visiting the Cathedral and seeing the rose, author Mabel Wagnalls was inspired to write a book, which went on to form the basis of a silent film.

Rose

A picture of the rose.

The rose at Hildesheim is a Rosa canina, also called a dog rose. According to legend, it dates back to the establishment of the diocese of Hildesheim, around 815. The buildings were constructed around the area in which the rose was growing.

The dog roses, the Canina section of the genus Rosa, have around 20-30 species and subspecies, which appear in a variety of shapes and occur mostly in Northern and Central Europe. The rose that grows on the Saint Mary Cathedral belongs to the Rosa canina and it shows the general features of a canina, being specifically a Rosa canina L. Rosa canina is a deciduous shrub normally ranging in height from one to three metres; however occasionally it can climb if given support. The stems are covered with small, sharp, hooked spines to assist it in climbing. The leaves have between five and seven leaflets. The flowers are usually pale pink, fragrant, four to six centimetres in diameter with five petals, and develop into oval 1.5-2 centimetre red-orange coloured hips. The fruit is noted for its high vitamin C level and is used to make tea and marmalade. The rose hips are used in traditional folk medicine as a remedy for inflammatory-related diseases.

In traditional Austrian folk medicine the rose hips have been used to make a tea for treatment of viral infections and disorders of the kidneys and urinary tract. The mature rose is also attractive to wildlife, various insects and serves as a shelter for nesting birds. The birds eat the hips in the winter.

The rose blossoms usually survive for around a fortnight and appear towards the end of May but this can vary slightly according to weather conditions. As a Rosa canina L. the Hildesheim rose has the following specifics that distinguish it from the general appearance of the other ssp. Rosa canina. The flowers have a pale, very light pink colour with a slight white colouring in the middle and they are of a medium size. The flowers have a rather light fragrance. The five petals of the flowers are weakly undulated. The leaves are shiny dark-green on the upper side and hairless on the underside. The rose hips are oval and quite elongated and of a bright medium reddish colouring. The thorns are of medium density and size.

In 1945 during the Second World war Allied bombs devastated the cathedral, but the rosebush survived; the parts of the plant above the ground were damaged but the roots remained alive under the ruins, and the hardy rose regrew.

Not all roses are so durable; the longest living rose bushes are mostly categorised as wild roses. Garden roses and other rose cultivars may have a much shorter lifespan of only a couple of hundred years. The tea rose has the shortest lifespan as it might not survive more than thirty to fifty years.

  • Rosa canina of the same type as the Hildesheim Rose

History of the settings

The different branches marked

After the Duchy of Saxony had been conquered by the Frankish Kingdom, Emperor Charlesmagne in 800 founded a missionary diocese at his eastphalian court in Elze (Aula Caesaris), a town in the district of Hildesheim, in Lower Saxony, Germany, about 19 km (12 mi) west of Hildesheim. He dedicated the missionary diocese to Saints Peter and Paul which became the origin of the Bishopric of Hildesheim. His son, King Louis the Pious, relocated the episcopal bishopric to Hildesheim in 815, dedicated to the Assumption of Mary, which is celebrated on 15 August.

Thus, Hildesheim, one of the oldest cities in Northern Germany, became the seat of the Bishopric of Hildesheim in 815. The settlement with the cathedral developed quickly into a town which was given market rights by King Otto III in 983.

About fifty years after the diocese’s establishment, the first large cathedral was ready. Also a monastery was built during this time by the Benedictine monk, Saint Altfrid or Altfrid of Hildesheim who became Bishop of Hildesheim and founded Essen Abbey, mentioned by the Hildesheim Chronicle.

Legend

Painting by an anonymous artist from 1652 illustrating the founding legend of the Cathedral; it is held by the Hildesheim Cathedral Museum.

In 1909, in his book Romantic Germany, Robert Schauffler tells the legend of the rose. In 815 Emperor Louis the Pious (778-840), son of Charlemagne, was hunting in the Hercynian Forest. While he was hunting a white buck, he became separated from his fellow hunters and lost his game and horse. He tried to summon help with his hunting-horn, but nobody answered the call. Disorientated and alone, he swam across the Innerste river then walked all day until he arrived at a mound covered with a wild rose, the symbol of the old Saxon godess, Hulda. The Emperor had a reliquary containing relics of the Virgin Mary over which he prayed for rescue until he fell asleep.

When he woke up, the mound was covered with glittering white snow despite it being the middle of summer. The bush was in full bloom, the grass was lush and the trees were covered in leaves. He looked for his reliquary and saw it was covered in ice between the branches of the rose-bush. The Emperor's interpretation of this miracle was that the goddess was sending him a sign by "shaking her bed" that the Virgin should in future be worshipped instead of her. Hulda is depicted as a maiden in snow-white clothes - she is the protector of women's crafts but also associated with wilderness and winter - when it snows, it is said that Hulda is shaking out her feather pillow. When his followers finally found the Emperor he pledged that he would construct a cathedral to honour the Virgin where the mound with the rose was. He did spare the rose, and built the cathedral in a way that the rose is growing now behind the altar in the apse. After nearly a thousand years, the same rose bush still blossoms.

According to a different version of the legend, the German emperor Louis the Pious lost his cherished reliquary while chasing game and promised that he would erect a chapel wherever it was discovered. The reliquary was found on the branches of a wild rose and the Emperor constructed the sanctuary beside the rose, with the altar close to the site where the rose was growing.

Another slight variation to the legend is given in Fundatio Ecclesiae Hildensemens, an 11th-century publication. The Emperor had taken the reliquary to use when he stopped to say Mass while out hunting. The artefact was placed in a tree while the sermon was undertaken but not retrieved when the hunt resumed. Later a chaplain was unable to remove the reliquary from the branches. Believing this to be a symbol of God's will, the Emperor had a church constructed there instead of as originally planned at Elze.

Film and literature

One of the first printed works by Jessie Weston was a lengthy sentimental verse called The Rose-Tree of Hildesheim. A narrative about "sacrifice and denial", it was modelled on the story of the rose. Published in 1896, it was the title verse in an omnibus of her poems.

Inspiration for the book entitled The Rose-bush of a Thousand Years came from the rose at Hildesheim. Written by Mabel Wagnalls and published in 1918, it is a tale about a young girl abandoning her baby to the care of a convent. The mother later gains notoriety, has a "spiritual transformation" and rekindles a relationship with her child. The story went on to form the basis for the 1924 silent film Revelation. The ninety-minute film starred Viola Dana, Monte Blue and Lew Cody. It was written and directed by George D. Baker.

Gallery

  • The Hildesheim Rose
  • The rose in August 2009 The rose in August 2009
  • Old postcard with the rose, possibly around 1905-9. Old postcard with the rose, possibly around 1905-9.
  • Hildesheim, Cathedral, cloister with St. Anne's Chapel and Millennial Rose Tree in the background, c. 1845 Hildesheim, Cathedral, cloister with St. Anne's Chapel and Millennial Rose Tree in the background, c. 1845
  • An illustration of the rose in the German journal Die Gartenlaube (The Garden Arbor), 1883, page 700 An illustration of the rose in the German journal Die Gartenlaube (The Garden Arbor), 1883, page 700

References

  1. "St Mary's Cathedral and St Michael's Church at Hildesheim". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 2 May 2014. Retrieved 2 May 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. "Hildesheim, Lower Saxony". Niedersachsen Tourism. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
  3. ^ Holly Hayes. "Hildesheim Cathedral". Sacred Destinations. Archived from the original on 30 April 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  4. "The Oldest Rose Bush in the World". The Maitland Mercury and Hunter River General Advertiser (NSW : 1843 - 1893). NSW: National Library of Australia. 9 September 1893. p. 4. Retrieved 8 May 2014.
  5. ^ Gustavsson, Lars-Åke (2008). Rosor för nordiska trädgårdar : buskrosor. p. 154. ISBN 9789127356559.
  6. Peters, Renate; Peters, Helmut (2013). "Tausendjähriger Rosenstock from Hildesheim". By Any Other Name (10): 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 May 2014. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  7. ^ "1000 years of age rosetree". Domsanierung.de. Archived from the original on 30 April 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  8. "Amazing Rose Facts" (PDF). City of Bellingham, WA.
  9. ^ "Rosa canina". Plants for a future. Archived from the original on 30 April 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  10. "Journal of Ethnopharmacology, In vivo anti-inflammatory effect of Rosa canina L. extract". Science Direct. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
  11. Vogl S, Picker P, Mihaly-Bison J, Fakhrudin N, Atanasov AG, Heiss EH, Wawrosch C, Reznicek G, Dirsch VM, Saukel J, Kopp B. Ethnopharmacological in vitro studies on Austria's folk medicine - An unexplored lore in vitro anti-inflammatory activities of 71 Austrian traditional herbal drugs. J Ethnopharmacol.2013 Jun13. doi:pii: S0378-8741(13)00410-8. 10.1016/j.jep.2013.06.007. PubMed PMID: 23770053. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23770053
  12. Lucy Gordan. "Hildesheim's Medieval Church Treasures at the Met". Inside the Vatican. Archived from the original on 30 April 2014. Retrieved 30 April 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  13. Gustavsson, Lars-Åke (2008). Rosor för nordiska trädgårdar : buskrosor. p. 30. ISBN 9789127356559.
  14. "A town's living landmark". Trekearth. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
  15. Neigenfind, W.: Unsere schöne Stadt, p.46. Hildesheim 1964.
  16. "St. Mary's Cathedral and St. Michael's Church in Hildesheim". German National Tourist Board. Archived from the original on 1 May 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. "Altfrid von Hildesheim". Ökumenisches Heiligenlexikon.
  18. "1000jähriger Rosenstock am Hildesheimer Dom blüht". Katholische Nachrichten. Archived from the original on 1 May 2014. Retrieved 1 May 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)Template:De icon
  19. ^ "VI Hildesheim and Fairyland". Lexicus. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
  20. Ginzburg, Carlo (1990). Ecstasies. London: Hutchinson Radius. p. 105. ISBN 0-09-174024-X.
  21. Motz, Lotte (1984). The Winter Goddess: Percht, Holda and Related Figures in Folklore. p. 95 (ii).
  22. "The Hildesheim Rose". HMF. Retrieved 29 April 2014.
  23. Barber, Richard; Hunt, Tony; Takamiya, Toshiyuki (1992). Arthurian Literature. DS Brewer. pp. 4, 52. ISBN 978-0-85991-350-8.
  24. Wagnalls (1918). The Rose-bush of a thousand years. Funk & Wagnalls Company. p. 9.
  25. "Revelation, 1924". Silent Hollywood. Archived from the original on 3 May 2014. Retrieved 3 May 2014. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)

Further reading

External links

52°08′56″N 9°56′50″E / 52.14889°N 9.94722°E / 52.14889; 9.94722

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