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| '''Tupperware''' is the name of a home products line that includes preparation, storage, containment, and serving products for the kitchen and home, which were first introduced to the public in 1948. | '''Tupperware''' is the name of a home products line that includes preparation, storage, containment, and serving products for the kitchen and home, which were first introduced to the public in 1948. | ||
| Tupperware develops, manufactures, and internationally distributes its products as a wholly owned ] of its parent company ] |
Tupperware develops, manufactures, and internationally distributes its products as a wholly owned ] of its parent company ]. It is marketed by means of direct sales through an independent sales force of approximately 1.9 million consultants.<ref name=freshup>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/07/business/07interview.html|title=Tupperware Freshens Up the Party|work=]|date=July 7, 2007|accessdate=May 19, 2009 | first=Amy | last=Cortese}}</ref> | ||
| ==Company history== | ==Company history== | ||
| Tupperware was developed in 1948 by ] (1907–83) in ].<ref>. Ideafinder.com. Retrieved on 2013-02-28.</ref> He developed plastic containers used in households to contain food and keep it airtight. The once-patented "burping seal" is a famous aspect of Tupperware, which distinguished it from competitors. | Tupperware was developed in 1948 by ] (1907–83) in ].<ref>. Ideafinder.com. Retrieved on 2013-02-28.</ref> He developed plastic containers used in households to contain food and keep it airtight. The once-patented "burping seal" is a famous aspect of Tupperware, which distinguished it from competitors. Earl Tupper invented the plastic for Tupperware already in 1938, but the product only worked with the emergence of the sale through presentation in a party setting. | ||
| Tupperware pioneered the ] strategy made famous by the ]. ] (1913–92), a former sales representative of Stanley Home Products, developed the strategy. During the early 1950s, Tupperware's sales and popularity exploded, thanks in large part to Wise's influence among women who sold Tupperware, and some of the famous "jubilees" celebrating the success of Tupperware ladies at lavish and outlandishly themed parties. Tupperware was known—at a time when women came back from working during ] only to be told to "go back to the kitchen"<ref>{{cite news|last=Wortz|first=Eleanor Thompson|title=Fly Gals of World War II|url=http://www.rp-author.com/wortz/|accessdate=September 25, 2011|publisher=Robertson Publishing}}</ref>—as a method of empowering women, and giving them a toehold in the postwar business world.<ref name="DAILYMAIL">Mulkerrins, Jane, , '']'', 11 May 2011</ref><ref name="FORBES02142011">Goudreau, Jenna, , '']'', February 14, 2011</ref><ref name="PHI2009">, Public Health Institute, study, October 2009.</ref> | Tupperware pioneered the ] strategy made famous by the ]. The Tupperware Party allowed for women of the 1950s to work and enjoy the benefits of earning an income without completely taking away the independence granted to women during the Second World War when women first began entering the labor market, all the while keeping their focus in the domestic domain.<ref name="clarke" /> The "Party" model builds on characteristics generally developed by being a housewife (e.g., party planning, hosting a party, sociable relations with friends and neighbors) and created an alternative choice for women who either needed or wanted to work. Brownie Wise, a divorcee who did not have any prior sales training, realized Tupperware's potential as a fun commodity. She realized, however, that she had to be creative and therefore started to throw these Tupperware parties. | ||
| ] (1913–92), a former sales representative of Stanley Home Products, developed the strategy. Tupper was so impressed that Brownie Wise was made vice president of marketing in 1951. Wise soon created Tupperware Parties Inc.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bax C.|doi=10.1353/jowh.0.0159|format=free text|title=Entrepreneur Brownie Wise: Selling Tupperware to America's Women in the 1950s|year=2010|journal=Journal of Women's History|volume=22|issue=2|pages=171}}</ref> During the early 1950s, Tupperware's sales and popularity exploded, thanks in large part to Wise's influence among women who sold Tupperware, and some of the famous "jubilees" celebrating the success of Tupperware ladies at lavish and outlandishly themed parties. Tupperware was known—at a time when women came back from working during ] only to be told to "go back to the kitchen"<ref>{{cite news|last=Wortz|first=Eleanor Thompson|title=Fly Gals of World War II|url=http://www.rp-author.com/wortz/|accessdate=September 25, 2011|publisher=Robertson Publishing}}</ref>—as a method of empowering women, and giving them a toehold in the postwar business world.<ref name="DAILYMAIL">Mulkerrins, Jane, , '']'', 11 May 2011</ref><ref name="FORBES02142011">Goudreau, Jenna, , '']'', February 14, 2011</ref><ref name="PHI2009">, Public Health Institute, study, October 2009.</ref> | |||
| The tradition of Tupperware's "Jubilee" style events continues to this day, with rallies being held in major cities to recognize and reward top-selling and top-recruiting individuals, teams, and organizations. | The tradition of Tupperware's "Jubilee" style events continues to this day, with rallies being held in major cities to recognize and reward top-selling and top-recruiting individuals, teams, and organizations. | ||
| Line 34: | Line 36: | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| In 1958, Earl Tupper fired Brownie Wise over general difference of opinion in the Tupperware business operation. Officially, Tupper objected to the expenses incurred by the jubilee and other similar celebrations of Tupperware |
In 1958, Earl Tupper fired Brownie Wise over general difference of opinion in the Tupperware business operation. Officially, Tupper objected to the expenses incurred by the jubilee and other similar celebrations of Tupperware.<ref>{{Cite news|url= http://www.dailymail.co.uk/femail/article-429672/How-Tupperware-conquered-world.html|title=How Tupperware has conquered the world|author= Zoe Brennan |work= ]|date=January 18, 2007 |accessdate= May 19, 2009 |location=London}}</ref> However, the real reason was that Tupper had been approached by several companies interested in buying him out; he felt that he would not be able to sell with a woman in an executive position.<ref name="PBS.org-201202">{{cite web | url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/transcript/tupperware-transcript/ | title=Tupperware! Program transcript | publisher=WGBH | work=American Experience | year=2003 | accessdate=February 23, 2012 | quote=Charles McBurney, Tupperware staff: 'He wanted to sell the company. And he felt he couldn't sell it with a woman the head of it, and certainly a woman with such great power over the whole system, over the whole organization.'}}</ref> ] bought Tupperware in 1958. | ||
| Tupperware spread to Europe in 1960 when Mila Pond hosted a Tupperware party in ], ], and subsequently around the world. At the time, a strict ] was required for Tupperware ladies, with skirts and stockings (tights) worn at all times, and white gloves often accompanying the outfit.<ref name="bbcnews11">{{cite news| title= What is today's American Dream?| url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-12688643 | work=] | date= 28 March 2011 | accessdate= 2011-03-29}}</ref> A technique called "carrot calling" helped promote the parties: representatives would travel ] in a neighborhood and ask housewives to "run an experiment" in which ]s would be placed in a Tupperware container and compared with "anything that you would ordinarily leave it in"; it would often result in the scheduling of a Tupperware party.<ref name="bbcnews11"/> | Tupperware spread to Europe in 1960 when Mila Pond hosted a Tupperware party in ], ], and subsequently around the world. At the time, a strict ] was required for Tupperware ladies, with skirts and stockings (tights) worn at all times, and white gloves often accompanying the outfit.<ref name="bbcnews11">{{cite news| title= What is today's American Dream?| url= http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-12688643 | work=] | date= 28 March 2011 | accessdate= 2011-03-29}}</ref> A technique called "carrot calling" helped promote the parties: representatives would travel ] in a neighborhood and ask housewives to "run an experiment" in which ]s would be placed in a Tupperware container and compared with "anything that you would ordinarily leave it in"; it would often result in the scheduling of a Tupperware party.<ref name="bbcnews11"/> | ||
| Line 49: | Line 51: | ||
| Tupperware is still sold mostly through a ], with rewards for hosts. A Tupperware party is run by a Tupperware consultant for a host who invites friends and neighbors into his or her home to see the product line. Tupperware hosts are rewarded with free products based on the level of sales made at their party. Parties also take place in workplaces, schools, and other community groups. | Tupperware is still sold mostly through a ], with rewards for hosts. A Tupperware party is run by a Tupperware consultant for a host who invites friends and neighbors into his or her home to see the product line. Tupperware hosts are rewarded with free products based on the level of sales made at their party. Parties also take place in workplaces, schools, and other community groups. | ||
| In most countries, Tupperware's sales force is organized in a tiered structure with consultants at the bottom, managers and star managers over them, and next various levels of directors, with Legacy Executive Directors at the top level. |
In most countries, Tupperware's sales force is organized in a tiered structure with consultants at the bottom, managers and star managers over them, and next various levels of directors, with Legacy Executive Directors at the top level. In recent years, Tupperware has done away with distributorships in the United States. This has allowed Tupperware more flexibility, and more generous commission and rewards for their consultants. | ||
| In recent years, Tupperware in North America has moved to a new business model which includes more emphasis on direct marketing channels and eliminated its dependency on authorized distributorships. This transition included such strategies as selling through ] stores in the |
In recent years, Tupperware in North America has moved to a new business model which includes more emphasis on direct marketing channels and eliminated its dependency on authorized distributorships. This transition included such strategies as selling through ] stores in the U.S., and Superstores in Canada, with disappointing results. Tupperware states this hurt direct sales.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/19/business/company-news-tupperware-to-end-partnership-with-target-stores.html|title=Tupperware to End Partnership with Target Stores|work=The New York Times|date=June 19, 2003|accessdate=May 19, 2009}}</ref> In countries with a strong focus on marketing through parties (such as ] and ]/]), Tupperware's market share and profitability continue to decline.{{Citation needed|date=November 2008}} | ||
| In many countries, Tupperware products come with a lifetime guarantee. In India, there are some restrictions on the lifetime guarantee clause. |
In many countries, Tupperware products come with a lifetime guarantee. In India, there are some restrictions on the lifetime guarantee clause. In the UK/Ireland the guarantee is 10 years.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.tupperware.co.uk/service/1539.html|title=Customer Service|work=Tupperware UK & Ireland|accessdate=2009-05-19}}</ref> The company is best known for its plastic bowls and storage containers. However, in recent years it has branched out into stainless steel cookware, fine cutlery, chef's knives, and other kitchen gadgets. After experiencing a slump in sales and public image in the mid-1990s, the company created several new product lines to attract a younger market. | ||
| In some countries including Belgium, Australia, Ireland and the |
In some countries including Belgium, Australia, Ireland and the U.S., Tupperware markets their parties and career opportunities through mall kiosks from time to time. | ||
| In China, Tupperware products are sold through franchised "entrepreneurial shopfronts", of which there were 1,900 in 2005, due to laws enacted in 1998 |
In China, Tupperware products are sold through franchised "entrepreneurial shopfronts", of which there were 1,900 in 2005, due to pyramid selling laws enacted in 1998.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=19980424&slug=2747051|title=Tupperware Party's Over, Says China|work=]|date=April 24, 1998|accessdate=May 19, 2009|first1=Rone|last1=Tempest|first2=Maggie|last2=Farley}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.plasticsnews.com/china/english/printer_en.html?id=1131755394|title=Tupperware adapts to serve diverse markets|work=]|date=November 17, 2005|accessdate=May 19, 2009}}</ref> The Chinese characters 特百惠 are used as the brand name, and translate as "hundred benefit". | ||
| ==Cultural and historical impact== | ==Cultural and historical impact== | ||
| ] | ] | ||
| Tupperware created a means for the housewife to maintain her obligations in the domestic sphere of the household while creating an independence from the home in a sociable atmosphere.<ref>Susan Vincent, "Preserving Domesticity: Reading Tupperware in Women’s Social, Domestic, and Economic Roles,” Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 40 no. 2 (2003): 176. {{doi|10.1111/j.1755-618X.2003.tb00242.x}}</ref> |
Tupperware created a means for the housewife to maintain her obligations in the domestic sphere of the household while creating an independence from the home in a sociable atmosphere.<ref>Susan Vincent, "Preserving Domesticity: Reading Tupperware in Women’s Social, Domestic, and Economic Roles,” Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 40 no. 2 (2003): 176. {{doi|10.1111/j.1755-618X.2003.tb00242.x}}</ref> It has been argued that the repercussions of the Tupperware boom in American households and the American economy are the elevation of the status of women in the labor market along with increased status within the home and facilitating their entrance into the labor market in further years.<ref name="v">Susan Vincent, "Preserving Domesticity: Reading Tupperware in Women’s Social, Domestic, and Economic Roles,” Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 40 no. 2 (2003): 180–184. {{doi|10.1111/j.1755-618X.2003.tb00242.x}}</ref> | ||
| <nowiki> </nowiki>The reciprocity that emerges at the “parties,” which are traditionally composed of friends and family members of the hostess, creates a nurturing atmosphere without a direct sales feeling. Studies show that the creation of the “Tupperware party” is a gendered construct aimed at appeasing the general ethos of the domestic arrangements of the era where men were the sole earners and it was the women's responsibility to manage the housework. It was the Larkin company, however that were the forerunners of these types of "parties", during the 1890s, that were popularized by such organizations as Tupperware.<ref>{{cite journal|jstor=3116433|author=Stanger, Howard R. |title=From Factory to Family: The Creation of a Corporate Culture in the Larkin Company of Buffalo, New York|journal= The Business History Review|volume=74|issue= 3|year= 2000|pages= 407–433|doi=10.2307/3116433|url=http://hbswk.hbs.edu/archive/2154.html}}</ref> | |||
| Feminist views vary regarding the Tupperware format of sales through parties, and the social and economic role of women portrayed by the Tupperware model. Opposing views state that the intended gendered product and selling campaign further domesticates women, and keeps their predominant focus on homemaking.<ref name=v/> The positive feminist views consider that Tupperware provided work for women who were pregnant or otherwise not guaranteed their position at work due to the unequal gender laws in the workplace. The company promoted the betterment of women and the endless opportunities Tupperware offered to women; whereas, the negative view includes the restriction of women to the domestic sphere and limiting the real separation between running the household and a career.<ref name=clarke>Allison J. Clarke, Tupperware, Washington: ] (1999), 192–193.</ref> The emergence of Tupperware on the American market created a new kind of opportunity to an entirely underrepresented labor demographic; women, and especially suburban housewives, which subsequently facilitated the calls for equal rights between men and women in the workplace. | Feminist views vary regarding the Tupperware format of sales through parties, and the social and economic role of women portrayed by the Tupperware model. Opposing views state that the intended gendered product and selling campaign further domesticates women, and keeps their predominant focus on homemaking.<ref name=v/> The positive feminist views consider that Tupperware provided work for women who were pregnant or otherwise not guaranteed their position at work due to the unequal gender laws in the workplace. The company promoted the betterment of women and the endless opportunities Tupperware offered to women; whereas, the negative view includes the restriction of women to the domestic sphere and limiting the real separation between running the household and a career.<ref name=clarke>Allison J. Clarke, Tupperware, Washington: ] (1999), 192–193.</ref> The emergence of Tupperware on the American market created a new kind of opportunity to an entirely underrepresented labor demographic; women, and especially suburban housewives, which subsequently facilitated the calls for equal rights between men and women in the workplace. | ||
Revision as of 20:08, 9 July 2014
 | |
| Company type | Subsidiary |
|---|---|
| Founded | 1948 in Orlando, Florida |
| Founder | Earl Tupper |
| Headquarters | Orlando  |
| Key people | Rick Goings, Chairman and CEO, Brownie Wise |
| Products | Preparation, storage, containment, serving products for the kitchen and home and beauty products |
| Revenue |  US$2.3 billion (2010) |
| Operating income | US$326.5 million (2010) |
| Net income | US$225.6 million (2010) |
| Total assets | US$2.0 billion (2010) |
| Total equity | US$789.8 million (2010) |
| Number of employees | 13,500 (2010) |
| Parent | Tupperware Brands |
| Website | tupperwarebrands.com |
Tupperware is the name of a home products line that includes preparation, storage, containment, and serving products for the kitchen and home, which were first introduced to the public in 1948.
Tupperware develops, manufactures, and internationally distributes its products as a wholly owned subsidiary of its parent company Tupperware Brands. It is marketed by means of direct sales through an independent sales force of approximately 1.9 million consultants.
Company history
Tupperware was developed in 1948 by Earl Silas Tupper (1907–83) in Leominster, Massachusetts. He developed plastic containers used in households to contain food and keep it airtight. The once-patented "burping seal" is a famous aspect of Tupperware, which distinguished it from competitors. Earl Tupper invented the plastic for Tupperware already in 1938, but the product only worked with the emergence of the sale through presentation in a party setting.
Tupperware pioneered the direct marketing strategy made famous by the Tupperware party. The Tupperware Party allowed for women of the 1950s to work and enjoy the benefits of earning an income without completely taking away the independence granted to women during the Second World War when women first began entering the labor market, all the while keeping their focus in the domestic domain. The "Party" model builds on characteristics generally developed by being a housewife (e.g., party planning, hosting a party, sociable relations with friends and neighbors) and created an alternative choice for women who either needed or wanted to work. Brownie Wise, a divorcee who did not have any prior sales training, realized Tupperware's potential as a fun commodity. She realized, however, that she had to be creative and therefore started to throw these Tupperware parties.
Brownie Wise (1913–92), a former sales representative of Stanley Home Products, developed the strategy. Tupper was so impressed that Brownie Wise was made vice president of marketing in 1951. Wise soon created Tupperware Parties Inc. During the early 1950s, Tupperware's sales and popularity exploded, thanks in large part to Wise's influence among women who sold Tupperware, and some of the famous "jubilees" celebrating the success of Tupperware ladies at lavish and outlandishly themed parties. Tupperware was known—at a time when women came back from working during World War II only to be told to "go back to the kitchen"—as a method of empowering women, and giving them a toehold in the postwar business world.
The tradition of Tupperware's "Jubilee" style events continues to this day, with rallies being held in major cities to recognize and reward top-selling and top-recruiting individuals, teams, and organizations.
In 1958, Earl Tupper fired Brownie Wise over general difference of opinion in the Tupperware business operation. Officially, Tupper objected to the expenses incurred by the jubilee and other similar celebrations of Tupperware. However, the real reason was that Tupper had been approached by several companies interested in buying him out; he felt that he would not be able to sell with a woman in an executive position. Rexall bought Tupperware in 1958.
Tupperware spread to Europe in 1960 when Mila Pond hosted a Tupperware party in Weybridge, England, and subsequently around the world. At the time, a strict dress code was required for Tupperware ladies, with skirts and stockings (tights) worn at all times, and white gloves often accompanying the outfit. A technique called "carrot calling" helped promote the parties: representatives would travel door to door in a neighborhood and ask housewives to "run an experiment" in which carrots would be placed in a Tupperware container and compared with "anything that you would ordinarily leave it in"; it would often result in the scheduling of a Tupperware party.
Rexall sold its namesake drugstores in 1977, and renamed itself Dart Industries. Dart merged with Kraftco to form Dart & Kraft. The company demerged, with the former Dart assets named Premark International. Tupperware Brands was spun off from Premark in 1996; Premark was acquired by Illinois Tool Works three years later.
In 2003, Tupperware closed down operations in the UK and Ireland, citing customer dissatisfaction with their direct sales model. There has been limited importer-distribution since then. The company announced a formal relaunch in the UK in mid-2011, and recruited UK staff, but in December the relaunch was cancelled.
Tupperware is now sold in almost 100 countries, after peaking at more than a hundred after 1996.
Tupperware parties
 | This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
Tupperware is still sold mostly through a party plan, with rewards for hosts. A Tupperware party is run by a Tupperware consultant for a host who invites friends and neighbors into his or her home to see the product line. Tupperware hosts are rewarded with free products based on the level of sales made at their party. Parties also take place in workplaces, schools, and other community groups.
In most countries, Tupperware's sales force is organized in a tiered structure with consultants at the bottom, managers and star managers over them, and next various levels of directors, with Legacy Executive Directors at the top level. In recent years, Tupperware has done away with distributorships in the United States. This has allowed Tupperware more flexibility, and more generous commission and rewards for their consultants.
In recent years, Tupperware in North America has moved to a new business model which includes more emphasis on direct marketing channels and eliminated its dependency on authorized distributorships. This transition included such strategies as selling through Target stores in the U.S., and Superstores in Canada, with disappointing results. Tupperware states this hurt direct sales. In countries with a strong focus on marketing through parties (such as Germany and Australia/New Zealand), Tupperware's market share and profitability continue to decline.
In many countries, Tupperware products come with a lifetime guarantee. In India, there are some restrictions on the lifetime guarantee clause. In the UK/Ireland the guarantee is 10 years. The company is best known for its plastic bowls and storage containers. However, in recent years it has branched out into stainless steel cookware, fine cutlery, chef's knives, and other kitchen gadgets. After experiencing a slump in sales and public image in the mid-1990s, the company created several new product lines to attract a younger market.
In some countries including Belgium, Australia, Ireland and the U.S., Tupperware markets their parties and career opportunities through mall kiosks from time to time.
In China, Tupperware products are sold through franchised "entrepreneurial shopfronts", of which there were 1,900 in 2005, due to pyramid selling laws enacted in 1998. The Chinese characters 特百惠 are used as the brand name, and translate as "hundred benefit".
Cultural and historical impact
Tupperware created a means for the housewife to maintain her obligations in the domestic sphere of the household while creating an independence from the home in a sociable atmosphere. It has been argued that the repercussions of the Tupperware boom in American households and the American economy are the elevation of the status of women in the labor market along with increased status within the home and facilitating their entrance into the labor market in further years.
The reciprocity that emerges at the “parties,” which are traditionally composed of friends and family members of the hostess, creates a nurturing atmosphere without a direct sales feeling. Studies show that the creation of the “Tupperware party” is a gendered construct aimed at appeasing the general ethos of the domestic arrangements of the era where men were the sole earners and it was the women's responsibility to manage the housework. It was the Larkin company, however that were the forerunners of these types of "parties", during the 1890s, that were popularized by such organizations as Tupperware.
Feminist views vary regarding the Tupperware format of sales through parties, and the social and economic role of women portrayed by the Tupperware model. Opposing views state that the intended gendered product and selling campaign further domesticates women, and keeps their predominant focus on homemaking. The positive feminist views consider that Tupperware provided work for women who were pregnant or otherwise not guaranteed their position at work due to the unequal gender laws in the workplace. The company promoted the betterment of women and the endless opportunities Tupperware offered to women; whereas, the negative view includes the restriction of women to the domestic sphere and limiting the real separation between running the household and a career. The emergence of Tupperware on the American market created a new kind of opportunity to an entirely underrepresented labor demographic; women, and especially suburban housewives, which subsequently facilitated the calls for equal rights between men and women in the workplace.
Product lines
Tupperware's product ranges are often marketed under different names in different markets, and the product ranges and colors themselves differ between markets. Tupperware's most popular lines include:
- Eleganzia (UK, DE), Illusions (AU): a "glasslike" range of serving dishes
- Wonderlier (US, Canada, UK), Bowl Maravilloso (URU): round storage bowl sets in bright colours
- FlatOut! (US), MiniMax (UK), Go Flex (AU), Compactware (URU): bowls that flatten for storage, and can be expanded when needed
- FridgeSmart (US, UK, AU), PrimaKlima (DE), Marine (URU): with air control vents, FridgeSmart containers are modular containers intended for refrigerated fruits and vegetables. FridgeSmarts have air control vents intended to allow different levels of airflow around different types of fruits and vegetables, as well as a corrugated bottom to allow them to store securely on a refrigerator shelf.
- Stuffables (US, AU), Bungee: refrigerator storage with flexible lids for overfilling
- UltraPro (DE, AU, UK), UltraPlus : plastic casseroles advertised as being safe when used in a microwave or a conventional oven, with heat-resistant properties
See also
- Newell Rubbermaid
- Hana Cobi Plastic aka Lock & Lock
References
- ^ "Form 10-K Annual Report Filed Feb 22, 2011 (FY 2010)". Tupperware Inc./SEC Filing.
- Cortese, Amy (July 7, 2007). "Tupperware Freshens Up the Party". The New York Times. Retrieved May 19, 2009.
- Earl Silas Tupper. Ideafinder.com. Retrieved on 2013-02-28.
- ^ Allison J. Clarke, Tupperware, Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press (1999), 192–193.
- Bax C. (2010). "Entrepreneur Brownie Wise: Selling Tupperware to America's Women in the 1950s". Journal of Women's History. 22 (2): 171. doi:10.1353/jowh.0.0159.
{{cite journal}}:|format=requires|url=(help) - Wortz, Eleanor Thompson. "Fly Gals of World War II". Robertson Publishing. Retrieved September 25, 2011.
- Mulkerrins, Jane, "Did Tupperware invent social networking? Fifties parties were the first Facebook claim the plastic container company", The Daily Mail, 11 May 2011
- Goudreau, Jenna, "The Tupperware Effect, Empowering Women Around The World", Forbes, February 14, 2011
- "Empowering the Community at Risk: The Partnership of PT Tupperware Indonesia and HOPE worldwide", Public Health Institute, study, October 2009.
- Zoe Brennan (January 18, 2007). "How Tupperware has conquered the world". The Daily Mail. London. Retrieved May 19, 2009.
- "Tupperware! Program transcript". American Experience. WGBH. 2003. Retrieved February 23, 2012.
Charles McBurney, Tupperware staff: 'He wanted to sell the company. And he felt he couldn't sell it with a woman the head of it, and certainly a woman with such great power over the whole system, over the whole organization.'
- ^ "What is today's American Dream?". BBC News. 28 March 2011. Retrieved 2011-03-29.
- "Party is over for Tupperware UK". BBC News. 23 January 2003. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
- Tupperware. Retrieved on 2013-02-28.
- "Did Tupperware parties change the lives of women?". BBC News. 10 May 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2011.
- Mike Roberts – United Kingdom. LinkedIn. Retrieved on 2013-02-28.
- Hilsenrath, Jon E. (May 26, 1996). "Is Tupperware Dated? Not in the Global Market". The New York Times. Retrieved May 19, 2009.
- "Tupperware to End Partnership with Target Stores". The New York Times. June 19, 2003. Retrieved May 19, 2009.
- "Customer Service". Tupperware UK & Ireland. Retrieved 2009-05-19.
- Tempest, Rone; Farley, Maggie (April 24, 1998). "Tupperware Party's Over, Says China". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 19, 2009.
- "Tupperware adapts to serve diverse markets". Plastics News. November 17, 2005. Retrieved May 19, 2009.
- Susan Vincent, "Preserving Domesticity: Reading Tupperware in Women’s Social, Domestic, and Economic Roles,” Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 40 no. 2 (2003): 176. doi:10.1111/j.1755-618X.2003.tb00242.x
- ^ Susan Vincent, "Preserving Domesticity: Reading Tupperware in Women’s Social, Domestic, and Economic Roles,” Canadian Review of Sociology and Anthropology 40 no. 2 (2003): 180–184. doi:10.1111/j.1755-618X.2003.tb00242.x
- Stanger, Howard R. (2000). "From Factory to Family: The Creation of a Corporate Culture in the Larkin Company of Buffalo, New York". The Business History Review. 74 (3): 407–433. doi:10.2307/3116433. JSTOR 3116433.
Further reading
- Elayne Rapping, "Tupperware and Women", Radical America, vol. 14, no. 6 (Nov.–Dec. 1980), pp. 39–49.
External links
- Tupperware official website
- Tupperware! program from PBS' American Experience, 2005
- Duhigg, Charles (November 17, 2006). "Why Short Sellers Want to Crash the Tupperware Party". The New York Times. Retrieved May 19, 2009.
- Tupperware cooking and quality symbols