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{{Merge from|Subartu (Amarna letters corpus)|date=May 2011}} |
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{{Merge from|Subartu (Amarna letters corpus)|date=May 2011}} |
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The land of '''Subartu''' (Akkadian ''Šubartum/Subartum/ina Šú-ba-ri'', Assyrian ''] Šubarri'') or '''Subar''' (Sumerian Su-bir<sub>4</sub>/Subar/Šubur) is mentioned in ]. The name also appears as ''Subari'' in the ], and, in the form ''Šbr'', in ], and came to be known as the ] or Subarians and their country was known as ''Subir'', ''Subartu'' or ''Shubar''.<ref name="Malati">Malati J. Shendge, '''', 1997, p. 47.</ref> |
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The land of '''Subartu''' (Akkadian ''Šubartum/Subartum/ina Šú-ba-ri'', Assyrian ''] Šubarri'') or '''Subar''' (Sumerian Su-bir<sub>4</sub>/Subar/Šubur) is mentioned in ]. The name also appears as ''Subari'' in the ], and, in the form ''Šbr'', in ]. |
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Subartu was apparently a polity in ], at the upper ]. Most scholars accept ''Subartu'' as an early name for ] proper on the Tigris, although there are various other theories placing it sometimes a little farther to the east, north or west of there. Its precise location has not been identified. |
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Subartu was apparently a polity in ], at the upper ]. Most scholars accept ''Subartu'' as an early name for ] proper on the Tigris, although there are various other theories placing it sometimes a little farther to the east, north or west of there. Its precise location has not been identified. |
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] of ] was said to have smitten Subartu or Shubur, and it was listed as a province of the empire of ]; in a later era ] campaigned against Subar, and his grandson ] listed Subar along with ''Armani'' (]), -which has been identified with ]-,<ref></ref> among the lands under his control. ] of ] and ] also claimed victories over Subar. |
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] of ] was said to have smitten Subartu or Shubur, and it was listed as a province of the empire of ]; in a later era ] campaigned against Subar, and his grandson ] listed Subar along with ''Armani'' (]), -which has been identified with ]-,<ref></ref> among the lands under his control. ] of ] and ] also claimed victories over Subar. |
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Three of the 14th century BC ], Akkadian cuneiform correspondence found in Egypt, mention ''Subari'' as a toponym. All are addressed to ]; in two (EA 108 and 109), ], king of ], complains that ], ruler of Amurru, had sold captives to Subari, while another (EA 100), from the city of ], also alludes to having transferred captured goods to Subari. |
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Three of the 14th century BC ], Akkadian cuneiform correspondence found in Egypt, mention ''Subari'' as a toponym. All are addressed to ]; in two (EA 108 and 109), ], king of ], complains that ], ruler of Amurru, had sold captives to Subari, while another (EA 100), from the city of ], also alludes to having transferred captured goods to Subari. |
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There is also a mention of "Subartu" in the 8th century BC ''Poem of ]'' (IV, 132), along with other lands that have harassed Babylonia.<ref>BOTTERO Jean, KRAMER Samuel Noah, ''Lorsque les dieux faisaient l'homme'', Gallimard, Paris, 1989, p.704.</ref> In Neo-Babylonian times (under ], ] and ]), Subartu was used as a generic term for ]. |
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There is also a mention of "Subartu" in the 8th century BC ''Poem of ]'' (IV, 132), along with other lands that have harassed Babylonia.<ref>BOTTERO Jean, KRAMER Samuel Noah, ''Lorsque les dieux faisaient l'homme'', Gallimard, Paris, 1989, p.704.</ref> In Neo-Babylonian times (under ], ] and ]), Subartu was used as a generic term for ]. |
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The term was still current under ], who mentions Subarian captives. |
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==Name== |
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Zeki V. Togan explains the word "Subar" as a Turkic name composed of two word stems ''Sub'' ('water') and ''er'' ('man, people, tribesman'), which means 'water people' or 'river people'.<ref name="Velidi Togan">A. Z. Velidi Togan, '''', Enderun, 1946, . quote from pages 143 and 163: |
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*"''Muhtelif istikamette yayılan bir Türk urugunun da Subar (Suar, Sabir)lar olduğunu yukarıda anlatmıştım. . Milâdın 305 yılında Sabir Türkleri, Kafkasya'nın şimalinden cenubuna geçtiler. Bunlar, eski dünyanın muhtelif taraflarında izleri görülen Subar (Sub + er) ve bu ismin muhtelif telâffuz şekillerine göre adlanan Türk boyunun Hazar'lara karışarak yaşıyan bir kısmıdır;... .''"</ref> The philologists F. Ağasıoğlu and ] propose the same Turkic etymologization,<ref>O. Karatay, In: "''''", chapter: "''''", KaraM 2004, . quote from page 17: |
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*"''Ağasıoğlu ve Zekiev gibi bilginlere göre, Suvar < Subar kelimesi '''sub''' + '''ar'''/'''er''' (su halkı, ırmak boyu sakinleri) şeklinde çözümlenir.''" |
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:#Firudin Ağasıoğlu Cəlilov, ''Azär halgy: (sečmä jazylar)'', Baku 2000, pp. 129-130. |
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:#Zakiev Mirfatyh, "''Törki-Tatar etnogenezi''", Kazan/Moscow 1998, p. 223.</ref> (cf. ]. ''śub'', ''sub'', ''suv'' "water"<ref>{{cite book|contribution=|first1=Sergei|last1=Starostin|authorlink1=Sergei Anatolyevich Starostin|first2=Vladimir|last2=Dybo|authorlink2=Vladimir Dybo|first3=Oleg|last3=Mudrak|year=2003|title=Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages|location=Leiden, Netherlands|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers}}</ref><ref> in ''Nişanyan Dictionary''</ref> and Old Turk. ''er'' "man, tribesman, soldier"<ref>{{cite book|contribution=|first1=Sergei|last1=Starostin|authorlink1=Sergei Anatolyevich Starostin|first2=Vladimir|last2=Dybo|authorlink2=Vladimir Dybo|first3=Oleg|last3=Mudrak|year=2003|title=Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages|location=Leiden, Netherlands|publisher=Brill Academic Publishers}}</ref><ref> in ''Nişanyan Dictionary''</ref>). |
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==Identity== |
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==Identity== |
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{{Expand section|date=May 2012}} |
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{{Expand section|date=May 2012}} |
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Subartu may have been in the general sphere of influence of the ].<ref>Finkelstein J.J. (1955), "Subartu and Subarians in Old Babylonian Sources" (Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Vol 9, No.1)</ref> There are various alternate theories associating the ancient ''Subartu'' with one or more modern cultures found in the region, including ]<ref></ref><ref></ref> or ] tribes. Some scholars, such as Harvard Professor ], claim to have identified Subartu with the current ] tribe of Zibaris inhabiting the northern ring around Mosul up to ] in Turkey.<ref>{{Cite journal | url = http://books.google.com/?id=I9mr6OgLjBoC&pg=PA74&lpg=PA74&dq=zibari+izady#v=onepage&q&f=false | title = The Kurds: A concise handbook | isbn = 978-0-8448-1727-9 | author1 = Izady | first1 = Mehrdad R | year = 1992}}</ref> |
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Subartu may have been in the general sphere of influence of the ].<ref>Finkelstein J.J. (1955), "Subartu and Subarians in Old Babylonian Sources" (Journal of Cuneiform Studies, Vol 9, No.1)</ref> |
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There are various alternate theories associating the ancient ''Subartu'' with one or more modern cultures, including ],<ref></ref> ],<ref name="Velidi Togan"/><ref>, Ankara Üniversitesi Basimevi, 1979, . quote: |
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*"''Bu duruma göre, Kuzey Asya'dan Güney Mezopotamya'ya doğru göç eden ve bir kısmı da göç yollan boyunca yerleşen Türk asıllı kavimleri şöyle sıralayabiliriz: 1. Sabir'ler, Subar'lar, Subir'ler, Sibir'ler ve Sümerler.''"</ref> ] (Ugric)<ref name="Bíró József">Bíró József, '''', A szerzö Kiadása, Budapest 2002.</ref> or ] tribes. Based on ]'s ascertaining, the Hungarian philologist and historian ] asserts that the ''Sabartoi'' of classical sources, which the ] emperor ] called Hungarians, could be identical with the North-]n ''Subartu'' (or ''Subir-ki'').<ref>Gyula Moravcsik (1970), ''''. In: '''', Centro camuno di studi preistorici, 1977, . quote: |
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*"''Konstantinos Porphyrogenitos called the Hungarians «Sabartoi asphaloi» (Moravcsik, 1970). Macartney (1930) comes nearest to the truth in ascertaining that «Sabartoi» is identical with the North-Mesopotamia Subartu (Subir-ki) and Asphaloi is «only the usual Greek epitheton ornans» (Badinv, 1974, pp. 68-69; pp. 72-73). C Gostony (1975, pp. 58-111) tees in the ward «asphaloi» the Sumerian usbar, a composition of us (blood) and bar (body, skin), meaning: relative, descendant on matrilineal line.''"</ref> Some scholars, such as Harvard Professor ], claim to have identified Subartu with the current ] tribe of ]s inhabiting the northern ring around Mosul up to ] in Turkey.<ref>{{Cite journal | url = http://books.google.com/?id=I9mr6OgLjBoC&pg=PA74&lpg=PA74&dq=zibari+izady#v=onepage&q&f=false | title = The Kurds: A concise handbook | isbn = 978-0-8448-1727-9 | author1 = Izady | first1 = Mehrdad R | year = 1992}}. quote from : |
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*"''There are considerable number of clans, tribes, and tribal confederations in Kurdistan today, each with its own defined territory. Many of these tribes have been in existence - with the same names - for several thousand years. The modern Zibari tribe, for example, is mentioned as the Saubaru/Sibaru by Sumerian and Akkadian sources. Variations of the tribal names... appear in the Greco-Roman, Aramaic, Middle Persian, and Armenian records.''"</ref> |
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A connection with the ] of classical sources, which modern scholars associate with Turkic tribes, was proposed by a number of scholars such as ],<ref name="Gelb">P. Dhorme, ''Soubartou-Mitani'', , Volume VIII (Paris 1911), pp. 92 & 98f. Pauly-Wissowa-Kroll, ''Real-Encyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft'', under ''Sabiroi and Saspeires''. In: Ignace J. Gelb, '''', 1944 - No.22, p. 30. The University of Chicago Press - Chicago - Illinois. Quote: |
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*"''P. Dhorme's identification of the ] (to whom might possibly be added some other similarly named peoples not cited by Dhorme) of classical sources with the Subarians, although phonetically admissible, is at present unprovable. The chief difficulty lies in the fact that it is impossible to localize the peoples of the classical sources in one definite region; at various periods they seem to have occupied widely separated areas of Asia, such as Armenia, Iran, and Turkestan.''"</ref> ],<ref>Igor Mikhailovich Diakonoff (1971), '''' . In: '''', Centro camuno di studi preistorici, 1977, . quote: |
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*"''The Subarians expanding to the north, reached Siberia which received its name from the Sabir people (Diakonoff, 1971) like the city in western Hungary;...''"</ref> and ].<ref name="Velidi Togan"/> Some scholars also tried to identify them with the Turkic ].<ref>Mehmet Bilgin, '''', 2008, pp. , .</ref> However, the ] historian ] is not in accordance with these scholars and determines that these connections at present remain unprovable, but phonetically admissible.<ref name="Gelb"/> |
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Amongst the names of peoples mentioned in the ] epic of ] '']'', there occurs a name ''Sauvīra'' secondary nominal derivative of *''Suvīra'' whch may be ''Subīra'' with a ''v'' < ''b'' correspondence.<ref name="Malati"/> |
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==See also== |
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==See also== |
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* Arthur Ungnad, ''Subartu, Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte und Völkerkunde Vorderasiens'' (Berlin/Leipzig 1936). |
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* Arthur Ungnad, ''Subartu, Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte und Völkerkunde Vorderasiens'' (Berlin/Leipzig 1936). |
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*] ''The Amarna Letters.'' Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. (softcover, ISBN 0-8018-6715-0) |
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*] ''The Amarna Letters.'' Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. (softcover, ISBN 0-8018-6715-0) |
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*<cite id="refWueth00">{{cite journal |last=Wuerthrich|first=Bernice|date=19 May 2000 |title=Peering Into the Past, With Words |journal=] |volume=288 |issue=5469 |page=1158 |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/288/5469/1158 |doi=10.1126/science.288.5469.1158}}</cite> |
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*<cite id="refWueth00">{{cite journal |last=Wuerthrich|first=Bernice|year=2000 |month=19 May |title=Peering Into the Past, With Words |journal=] |volume=288 |issue=5469 |page=1158 |url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/288/5469/1158 |doi=10.1126/science.288.5469.1158}}</cite> |
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Iraq topics
