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''Readers might find the information they seek on this topic at one of the following related articles: ''Readers might find the information they seek on this topic at one or more of the following related articles:
'' ''


⚫ *]: The '''Christ myth theory''' (also known as the '''Jesus myth theory''', '''Jesus mythicism''' or simply '''mythicism''') is the proposition that ] never existed, or if he did, he had virtually nothing to do with the founding of ] and the accounts in the ].<ref>], ''Did Jesus Exist?'' Harper Collins, 2012, p. 12, ""In simpler terms, the historical Jesus did not exist. Or if he did, he had virtually nothing to do with the founding of Christianity." further quoting as authoritative the fuller definition provided by ] in ''Jesus: Neither God Nor Man.'' Age of Reason, 2009, pp. vii-viii: it is "the theory that no historical Jesus worthy of the name existed, that Christianity began with a belief in a spiritual, mythical figure, that the Gospels are essentially allegory and fiction, and that no single identifiable person lay at the root of the Galilean preaching tradition."</ref> This theory has little scholarly support.
⚫ *]: '''Historical Jesus''' refers to scholarly reconstructions of the life of ],<ref name=AmyJill1>] in the ''The Historical Jesus in Context'' edited by Amy-Jill Levine et al. 2006 Princeton Univ Press ISBN 978-0-691-00992-6 pages 1-2</ref><ref name=Bart411>''Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium'' by Bart D. Ehrman (Sep 23, 1999) ISBN 0195124731 Oxford Univ Press pages ix-xi</ref><ref>''Jesus Remembered'' Volume 1, by James D. G. Dunn 2003 ISBN 0-8028-3931-2 pp. 125-127</ref> based on critical methods including ] analysis of gospel texts as the ] for his biography, along with consideration of the ] in which he lived.<ref name=AmyJill1>] in the ''The Historical Jesus in Context'' edited by Amy-Jill Levine et al. 2006 Princeton Univ Press ISBN 978-0-691-00992-6 pages 1-2</ref><ref name=Bart411>''Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium'' by Bart D. Ehrman (Sep 23, 1999) ISBN 0195124731 Oxford Univ Press pages ix-xi</ref><ref>]. ''The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings.'' New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-19-515462-2, chapters 13, 15</ref>


⚫ *]: Most scholars who study the ] and ] believe that the ] and life of ] must be viewed as firmly placed within his historical and cultural context, rather than purely in terms of Christian ].<ref>Fredriksen, Paula (1988). ''From Jesus to Christ'' ISBN 0-300-04864-5 pp. ix-xii</ref><ref>Sanders, E.P. (1987). ''Jesus and Judaism'', Fortress Press ISBN 0-8006-2061-5 pp. 1-9</ref> They look at the "forces" such as the ] which were in play regarding the Jewish culture at that time, and the tensions, trends, and changes in the region under the ] and the ].
⚫ *]: The '''Christ myth theory''' (also known as the '''Jesus myth theory''', '''Jesus mythicism''' or simply '''mythicism''') is the proposition that ] never existed, or if he did, he had virtually nothing to do with the founding of ] and the accounts in the ].<ref>], ''Did Jesus Exist?'' Harper Collins, 2012, p. 12, ""In simpler terms, the historical Jesus did not exist. Or if he did, he had virtually nothing to do with the founding of Christianity." further quoting as authoritative the fuller definition provided by ] in ''Jesus: Neither God Nor Man.'' Age of Reason, 2009, pp. vii-viii: it is "the theory that no historical Jesus worthy of the name existed, that Christianity began with a belief in a spiritual, mythical figure, that the Gospels are essentially allegory and fiction, and that no single identifiable person lay at the root of the Galilean preaching tradition."</ref>

⚫ *]: '''Historical Jesus''' refers to scholarly reconstructions of the life of ],<ref name=AmyJill1>] in the ''The Historical Jesus in Context'' edited by Amy-Jill Levine et al. 2006 Princeton Univ Press ISBN 978-0-691-00992-6 pages 1-2</ref><ref name=Bart411>''Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium'' by Bart D. Ehrman (Sep 23, 1999) ISBN 0195124731 Oxford Univ Press pages ix-xi</ref><ref>''Jesus Remembered'' Volume 1, by James D. G. Dunn 2003 ISBN 0-8028-3931-2 pp. 125-127</ref> based on critical methods including ] analysis of gospel texts as the ] for his biography, along with consideration of the ] in which he lived.<ref name=AmyJill1>] in the ''The Historical Jesus in Context'' edited by Amy-Jill Levine et al. 2006 Princeton Univ Press ISBN 978-0-691-00992-6 pages 1-2</ref><ref name=Bart411>''Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium'' by Bart D. Ehrman (Sep 23, 1999) ISBN 0195124731 Oxford Univ Press pages ix-xi</ref><ref>]. ''The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings.'' New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-19-515462-2, chapters 13, 15</ref>


*]: The '''historical reliability of the Gospels''' refers to the reliability and historic character of the ] as historical documents. Although some claim that all four ] meet the five criteria for historical reliability,<ref name = "Sanders">Sanders, E. P. The historical figure of Jesus. Penguin, 1993.</ref> others say that little in the gospels is considered to be historically reliable.<ref>The Myth about Jesus, Allvar Ellegard 1992,</ref><ref>Craig Evans, "Life-of-Jesus Research and the Eclipse of Mythology," Theological Studies 54 (1993) p. 5,</ref><ref name="Charles H. Talbert pg 42">Charles H. Talbert, What Is a Gospel? The Genre of Canonical Gospels pg 42 (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1977).</ref><ref name="Jesus 1995">“The Historical Figure of Jesus," Sanders, E.P., Penguin Books: London, 1995, p., 3.</ref><ref name="ReferenceC">Fire of Mercy, Heart of the Word (Vol. II): Meditations on the Gospel According to St. Matthew – Dr Erasmo Leiva-Merikakis, Ignatius Press, Introduction</ref><ref name="religion-online.org">Grant, Robert M., "A Historical Introduction to the New Testament" (Harper and Row, 1963) http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=1116&C=1230</ref> *]: The '''historical reliability of the Gospels''' refers to the reliability and historic character of the ] as historical documents. Although some claim that all four ] meet the five criteria for historical reliability,<ref name = "Sanders">Sanders, E. P. The historical figure of Jesus. Penguin, 1993.</ref> others say that little in the gospels is considered to be historically reliable.<ref>The Myth about Jesus, Allvar Ellegard 1992,</ref><ref>Craig Evans, "Life-of-Jesus Research and the Eclipse of Mythology," Theological Studies 54 (1993) p. 5,</ref><ref name="Charles H. Talbert pg 42">Charles H. Talbert, What Is a Gospel? The Genre of Canonical Gospels pg 42 (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1977).</ref><ref name="Jesus 1995">“The Historical Figure of Jesus," Sanders, E.P., Penguin Books: London, 1995, p., 3.</ref><ref name="ReferenceC">Fire of Mercy, Heart of the Word (Vol. II): Meditations on the Gospel According to St. Matthew – Dr Erasmo Leiva-Merikakis, Ignatius Press, Introduction</ref><ref name="religion-online.org">Grant, Robert M., "A Historical Introduction to the New Testament" (Harper and Row, 1963) http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=1116&C=1230</ref>


⚫ *]: The study of '''Jesus Christ in comparative mythology''' is the examination of the narratives of the life of Jesus in the ]s, ] and ], as it relates to ] and other religions. Various authors have drawn a number of parallels between the ] and other religious or mythical domains.<ref name=sandmel >{{cite journal|first=S|last=Sandmel|title=Parallelomania|journal=]|volume=81|issue=1|year=1962|doi=10.2307/3264821|pages=1–13|ref=harv|jstor=3264821}}</ref> These include ], ancient ] and more general analogies involving ] patterns of ]s in the context of ].<ref name=Campbell362>Campbell, Joseph (2003) ''The Masks of God: Occidental Mythology'' Vol. 3 ISBN 978-0-14-019441-8 pg 362</ref>
⚫ *]: The '''sources for the historicity of Jesus''' are mainly Christian sources, such as the New Testament books in the Christian Bible. These include detailed stories about Jesus but scholars differ on the historicity of specific episodes described in the Biblical accounts of Jesus.<ref name=MAPowell168 >''Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee'' by Mark Allan Powell 1998 ISBN 0-664-25703-8 page 181</ref> There are three non-Christian sources used to study and establish the historicity of Jesus - two mentions in the work of the Jewish historian ], and one mention by the Roman historian ].<ref name="Camber121">''The Cambridge Companion to Jesus'' by Markus N. A. Bockmuehl 2001 ISBN 0521796784 pages 121-125</ref><ref name=Chil460>''Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research'' by Bruce Chilton, Craig A. Evans 1998 ISBN 9004111425 pages 460-470</ref> The authenticity of all three mentions is disputed to a degree.

⚫ *]: Most scholars who study the ] and ] believe that the ] and life of ] must be viewed as firmly placed within his historical and cultural context, rather than purely in terms of Christian ].<ref>Fredriksen, Paula (1988). ''From Jesus to Christ'' ISBN 0-300-04864-5 pp. ix-xii</ref><ref>Sanders, E.P. (1987). ''Jesus and Judaism'', Fortress Press ISBN 0-8006-2061-5 pp. 1-9</ref> They look at the "forces" such as the ] which were in play regarding the Jewish culture at that time, and the tensions, trends, and changes in the region under the ] and the ].


*]: The '''quest for the historical Jesus''' refers to academic efforts to provide a ].<ref name=AlanP13>''Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee'' by ] (1 Jan 1999) ISBN 0664257038 pages 13-15</ref> Since the 18th century, three separate scholarly quests for the historical Jesus have taken place.<ref name=BenQ9>''The Jesus Quest: The Third Search for the Jew of Nazareth by Ben Witherington (May 8, 1997) ISBN 0830815449 pages 9-13</ref><ref name=DThiessen6>''The Quest for the Plausible Jesus: The Question of Criteria'' by Gerd Theissen and Dagmar Winter (Aug 30, 2002) ISBN 0664225373 pages 1-6</ref><ref name=AlanP19>''Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee'' by Mark Allan Powell (1 Jan 1999) ISBN 0664257038 pages 19-23</ref> *]: The '''quest for the historical Jesus''' refers to academic efforts to provide a ].<ref name=AlanP13>''Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee'' by ] (1 Jan 1999) ISBN 0664257038 pages 13-15</ref> Since the 18th century, three separate scholarly quests for the historical Jesus have taken place.<ref name=BenQ9>''The Jesus Quest: The Third Search for the Jew of Nazareth by Ben Witherington (May 8, 1997) ISBN 0830815449 pages 9-13</ref><ref name=DThiessen6>''The Quest for the Plausible Jesus: The Question of Criteria'' by Gerd Theissen and Dagmar Winter (Aug 30, 2002) ISBN 0664225373 pages 1-6</ref><ref name=AlanP19>''Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee'' by Mark Allan Powell (1 Jan 1999) ISBN 0664257038 pages 19-23</ref>


⚫ *]: The '''sources for the historicity of Jesus''' are mainly Christian sources, such as the New Testament books in the Christian Bible. These include detailed stories about Jesus but scholars differ on the historicity of specific episodes described in the Biblical accounts of Jesus.<ref name=MAPowell168 >''Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee'' by Mark Allan Powell 1998 ISBN 0-664-25703-8 page 181</ref> There are three non-Christian sources used to study and establish the historicity of Jesus - two mentions in the work of the Jewish historian ], and one mention by the Roman historian ].<ref name="Camber121">''The Cambridge Companion to Jesus'' by Markus N. A. Bockmuehl 2001 ISBN 0521796784 pages 121-125</ref><ref name=Chil460>''Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research'' by Bruce Chilton, Craig A. Evans 1998 ISBN 9004111425 pages 460-470</ref> The authenticity of all three mentions is disputed to a degree.
⚫ *]: The study of '''Jesus Christ in comparative mythology''' is the examination of the narratives of the life of Jesus in the ]s, ] and ], as it relates to ] and other religions. Various authors have drawn a number of parallels between the ] and other religious or mythical domains.<ref name=sandmel >{{cite journal|first=S|last=Sandmel|title=Parallelomania|journal=]|volume=81|issue=1|year=1962|doi=10.2307/3264821|pages=1–13|ref=harv|jstor=3264821}}</ref> These include ], ancient ] and more general analogies involving ] patterns of ]s in the context of ].<ref name=Campbell362>Campbell, Joseph (2003) ''The Masks of God: Occidental Mythology'' Vol. 3 ISBN 978-0-14-019441-8 pg 362</ref>


==References== ==References==

Revision as of 12:28, 2 October 2014

This is a disambiguation article.

The Historicity of Jesus refers to the historical facticity of assertions about Jesus of Nazareth, by contrast to what is mythical, fictional and legendary. This is distinct from the related study of the historical Jesus, which, according to James Dunn, "is properly speaking a nineteenth- and twentieth-century construction using the data supplied by the Synoptic tradition, not Jesus back then," (the Jesus of Nazareth who walked the hills of Galilee), "and not a figure in history whom we can realistically use to critique the portrayal of Jesus in the Synoptic tradition."

The historical analysis techniques used by Biblical scholars have been questioned. However, the majority viewpoint among those scholars of various disciplines who have commented on the subject is that Jesus existed, although biblical scholars differ about the beliefs and teachings of Jesus as well as the accuracy of the parts of his life that have been recorded in the Gospels.


Readers might find the information they seek on this topic at one or more of the following related articles:

  • Christ Myth Theory: The Christ myth theory (also known as the Jesus myth theory, Jesus mythicism or simply mythicism) is the proposition that Jesus of Nazareth never existed, or if he did, he had virtually nothing to do with the founding of Christianity and the accounts in the gospels. This theory has little scholarly support.
  • Sources for the historicity of Jesus: The sources for the historicity of Jesus are mainly Christian sources, such as the New Testament books in the Christian Bible. These include detailed stories about Jesus but scholars differ on the historicity of specific episodes described in the Biblical accounts of Jesus. There are three non-Christian sources used to study and establish the historicity of Jesus - two mentions in the work of the Jewish historian Josephus, and one mention by the Roman historian Tacitus. The authenticity of all three mentions is disputed to a degree.

References

  1. "The quality or state of being a fact", per Merriam-Webster dictionary at http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/facticity
  2. "The quality or condition of being fact", per the Oxford Dictionary at http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/facticity
  3. Küng, H. (1987). The Incarnation of God: An introduction to Hegel's theological thought as prolegomena to a future christology. New York: Crossroad pp. 465-466 "Even so, it is conspicuous how at the same time as the philosophical concept of historicity developed in the thought of Dilthey and York the same term was cropping up in Protestant theology in the sense of historical facticity (the historical by contrast to what is mythical, fictional and legendary); indeed, strictly speaking the concept of historicity was always related 'to a single problem, namely to the historicity of Jesus Christ, which became a critical issue for the modern history of religion and for biblical scholarship.'"
  4. Jesus Remembered Volume 1, by James D. G. Dunn 2003 ISBN 0-8028-3931-2 pp. 125-126.
  5. Meir, Marginal Jew, 1:21-25
  6. T. Merrigan, The Historical Jesus in the Pluralist Theology of Religions, in The Myriad Christ: Plurality and the Quest for Unity in Contemporary Christology (ed. T. Merrigan and J. Haers). Princeton-Prague Symposium on Jesus Research, & Charlesworth, J. H. Jesus research: New methodologies and perceptions : the second Princeton-Prague Symposium on Jesus Research, Princeton 2007, p. 77-78: "Dunn points out as well that 'the Enlightenment Ideal of historical objectivity also projected a false goal onto the quest for the historical Jesus,' which implied that there was a 'historical Jesus,' objectively verifiable, 'who will be different from the dogmatic Christ and the Jesus of the Gospels and who will enable us to criticize the dogmatic Christ and the Jesus of the Gospels.' (Jesus Remembered, p. 125)."
  7. Akenson, Donald (1998). Surpassing wonder: the invention of the Bible and the Talmuds. University of Chicago Press. pp. 539–555. ISBN 978-0-226-01073-1. Retrieved Jan 8, 2011. ... The point I shall argue below is that, the agreed evidentiary practices of the historians of Yeshua, despite their best efforts, have not been those of sound historical practice ...
  8. Fox, Robin Lane (2005). The Classical World: An Epic History from Homer to Hadrian. Basic Books. p. 48. ISBN 978-0465024971.
  9. Dickson, John. "Best of 2012: The irreligious assault on the historicity of Jesus". Abc.net.au. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
  10. While discussing the "striking" fact that "we don't have any Roman records, of any kind, that attest to the existence of Jesus," Ehrman dismisses claims that this means Jesus never existed, saying, "He certainly existed, as virtually every competent scholar of antiquity, Christian or non-Christian, agrees, based on clear and certain evidence." B. Ehrman, 2011 Forged : writing in the name of God ISBN 978-0-06-207863-6. page 285
  11. Robert M. Price (a former fundamentalist apologist turned atheist who says the existence of Jesus cannot be ruled out, but is less probable than non-existence) agrees that this perspective runs against the views of the majority of scholars: Robert M. Price "Jesus at the Vanishing Point" in The Historical Jesus: Five Views edited by James K. Beilby & Paul Rhodes Eddy, 2009 InterVarsity, ISBN 028106329X page 61
  12. Michael Grant (a classicist) states that "In recent years, 'no serious scholar has ventured to postulate the non historicity of Jesus' or at any rate very few, and they have not succeeded in disposing of the much stronger, indeed very abundant, evidence to the contrary." in Jesus: An Historian's Review of the Gospels by Michael Grant 2004 ISBN 1898799881 page 200
  13. Richard A. Burridge states: "There are those who argue that Jesus is a figment of the Church’s imagination, that there never was a Jesus at all. I have to say that I do not know any respectable critical scholar who says that any more." in Jesus Now and Then by Richard A. Burridge and Graham Gould (Apr 1, 2004) ISBN 0802809774 page 34
  14. Jesus Remembered by James D. G. Dunn 2003 ISBN 0-8028-3931-2 page 339 states of baptism and crucifixion that these "two facts in the life of Jesus command almost universal assent".
  15. Prophet and Teacher: An Introduction to the Historical Jesus by William R. Herzog (4 Jul 2005) ISBN 0664225284 pages 1-6
  16. Crossan, John Dominic (1995). Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography. HarperOne. p. 145. ISBN 0-06-061662-8. That he was crucified is as sure as anything historical can ever be, since both Josephus and Tacitus ... agree with the Christian accounts on at least that basic fact.
  17. ^ Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee by Mark Allan Powell 1998 ISBN 0-664-25703-8 pages 168–173 Cite error: The named reference "MAPowell168" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  18. Bart Ehrman, Did Jesus Exist? Harper Collins, 2012, p. 12, ""In simpler terms, the historical Jesus did not exist. Or if he did, he had virtually nothing to do with the founding of Christianity." further quoting as authoritative the fuller definition provided by Earl Doherty in Jesus: Neither God Nor Man. Age of Reason, 2009, pp. vii-viii: it is "the theory that no historical Jesus worthy of the name existed, that Christianity began with a belief in a spiritual, mythical figure, that the Gospels are essentially allegory and fiction, and that no single identifiable person lay at the root of the Galilean preaching tradition."
  19. Fredriksen, Paula (1988). From Jesus to Christ ISBN 0-300-04864-5 pp. ix-xii
  20. Sanders, E.P. (1987). Jesus and Judaism, Fortress Press ISBN 0-8006-2061-5 pp. 1-9
  21. ^ Amy-Jill Levine in the The Historical Jesus in Context edited by Amy-Jill Levine et al. 2006 Princeton Univ Press ISBN 978-0-691-00992-6 pages 1-2
  22. ^ Jesus: Apocalyptic Prophet of the New Millennium by Bart D. Ehrman (Sep 23, 1999) ISBN 0195124731 Oxford Univ Press pages ix-xi
  23. Jesus Remembered Volume 1, by James D. G. Dunn 2003 ISBN 0-8028-3931-2 pp. 125-127
  24. Ehrman, Bart. The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings. New York: Oxford University Press, 2003. ISBN 0-19-515462-2, chapters 13, 15
  25. Sanders, E. P. The historical figure of Jesus. Penguin, 1993.
  26. The Myth about Jesus, Allvar Ellegard 1992,
  27. Craig Evans, "Life-of-Jesus Research and the Eclipse of Mythology," Theological Studies 54 (1993) p. 5,
  28. Charles H. Talbert, What Is a Gospel? The Genre of Canonical Gospels pg 42 (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1977).
  29. “The Historical Figure of Jesus," Sanders, E.P., Penguin Books: London, 1995, p., 3.
  30. Fire of Mercy, Heart of the Word (Vol. II): Meditations on the Gospel According to St. Matthew – Dr Erasmo Leiva-Merikakis, Ignatius Press, Introduction
  31. Grant, Robert M., "A Historical Introduction to the New Testament" (Harper and Row, 1963) http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=1116&C=1230
  32. Sandmel, S (1962). "Parallelomania". Journal of Biblical Literature. 81 (1): 1–13. doi:10.2307/3264821. JSTOR 3264821. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  33. Campbell, Joseph (2003) The Masks of God: Occidental Mythology Vol. 3 ISBN 978-0-14-019441-8 pg 362
  34. Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee by Mark Allan Powell (1 Jan 1999) ISBN 0664257038 pages 13-15
  35. The Jesus Quest: The Third Search for the Jew of Nazareth by Ben Witherington (May 8, 1997) ISBN 0830815449 pages 9-13
  36. The Quest for the Plausible Jesus: The Question of Criteria by Gerd Theissen and Dagmar Winter (Aug 30, 2002) ISBN 0664225373 pages 1-6
  37. Jesus as a Figure in History: How Modern Historians View the Man from Galilee by Mark Allan Powell (1 Jan 1999) ISBN 0664257038 pages 19-23
  38. The Cambridge Companion to Jesus by Markus N. A. Bockmuehl 2001 ISBN 0521796784 pages 121-125
  39. Studying the Historical Jesus: Evaluations of the State of Current Research by Bruce Chilton, Craig A. Evans 1998 ISBN 9004111425 pages 460-470