Yoron language: Difference between revisions

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	~~{{Infobox~~ language		#REDIRECT]
	\|name=Yoron
	\|states=]
	\|region=] of the ], ]
	\|speakers=950
	\|date=2004
	\|ref=e17
	\|familycolor=Altaic
	\|fam1=]
	\|fam2=]
	\|fam3=]
	\|fam4=] ?
	\|fam5=Southern Amami ?
	\|iso3=yox
	\|glotto=yoro1243
	}}
	The '''Yoron language''' is a ] spoken on ], ] of southwestern ]. It is part of the ], which are part of the ].

	==Classification==
	{{main\|Amami–Okinawan languages#Subgroups}}
	The classification of Yoron is a matter of scholarly debate as there are two competing hypotheses regarding the number of primary branches of the Amami–Okinawan languages. The two-subdivision hypothesis gives the following hierarchy.
	*Amami–Okinawan / Northern Ryukyuan
	**]
	***]
	***Southern Amami
	****'''Yoron'''
	**]
	On the other hand, the three-subdivision hypothesis has a shallower hierarchy.
	*Amami–Okinawan / Northern Ryukyuan
	**]
	**]
	***'''Yoron'''
	**]

	== Subgroups ==
	According to local folklorist Kiku Chiyo, Yoron can be divided into three subgroups.<ref name="kiku2005">{{cite book \|author=Kiku Chiyo 菊千代 and Takahashi Shunzō 高橋俊三 \| title=''Yoro hōgen jiten'' 与論方言辞典 \|year=205 \|language=Japanese }}</ref>
	*Chabana
	*Asato (/asi⸢tu/), Gusuku (/gusi⸢ku/ ～ /gusu⸢ku/), Ritchō, Kanō (/ha⸢noː/), Nama (/naː⸢ma/)
	*Mugiya-higashiku, Mugiya-nishiku, Furusato (/puru⸢satu/)
	The Mugiya district is often considered to have a distinct form of accent and intonation.

	==Folk terminology==
	According to Kiku Hidenori, who leads conservation activities, people of Yoron Island, Kagoshima Prefecture call their language "Yunnu Futuba."<ref name="kiku2011">{{cite book \|author=Kiku Hidenori 菊秀史 \| chapter=''Yoron no kotoba de hanasō'' 与論の言葉で話そう \| title=''Nihon no hōgen no tayōsei o mamoru tame ni'' 日本の方言の多様性を守るために \|pages=12–23 \|year=2011 \|language=Japanese \|url=http://www.ninjal.ac.jp/publication/ninjal-f/pdf/ninjalF003_03.pdf }}</ref> More precisely, a dictionary compiled by his mother ] (b. 1927) gives /juɴnuhu⸢tuba/ as the word form of her home community, Mugiya-higashiku. Other words she collected include /juɴnu⸢juɴ/ (Yoron accent), /nizjaɴcju⸢juɴ/ (accent of people of Mugiya-higashiku and Mugiya-nishiku), /sima⸢juɴ/ (speaking the dialect), /sima⸢guci/ and /simahu⸢tuba/ (the island/home community's language).<ref name="kiku2005" /> Yamada Minoru (b. 1916) provides the word forms of the community of Chabana: /⸢ju⸣ɴnu ⸢fu⸣tuba/ and /⸢ʃi⸣ma ⸢fu⸣tuba/ (the island's language).<ref name="yamada1995">{{cite book \|author=Yamada Minoru 山田實 \| title=''Yorontō-go jiten'' 与論島語辞典 \|year=1995 \|language=Japanese }}</ref>

	== Status ==
	Yoron has no official status. Ethnologue identifies its status as 7 (Shifting).<ref name="sil_ao">{{cite web \|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/amami-okinawan \|title=Amami-Okinawan \|publisher=SIL International \|accessdate=1 February 2014}}</ref>

	==Phonology==
	The following is the phonology of the Mugiya dialect, which is based on Hirayama et al. (1969).<ref name="hirayama1969c3">{{cite book \|author=Hirayama Teruo 平山輝男, Ōshima Ichirō 大島一郎 and Nakamoto Masachie 中本正智 \| chapter=''Gengo'' 言語 \|editor=Hirayama Teruo 平山輝男 \| title=''Satsunan shotō no sōgōteki kenkyū'' 薩南諸島の総合的研究 \|pages=235–478 \|year=1969 \|language=Japanese }}</ref>

	===Consonants===
	{\| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
	\|+Consonant phonemes
	\|-
	!
	! colspan=2 \| ]
	! colspan=2 \| ]
	! colspan=2 \| ]
	! colspan=2 \| ]
	! colspan=2 \| ]
	! colspan=2 \| ]
	! Moraic
	\|-
	! ]
	\|width=20px style="border-right: 0;"\| \|\|width=20px style="border-left: 0;"\|{{IPA link\|m}}
	\|width=20px style="border-right: 0;"\| \|\|width=20px style="border-left: 0;"\|{{IPA link\|n}}
	\| colspan=2 \|
	\| colspan=2 \|
	\| colspan=2 \|
	\| colspan=2 \|
	\| rowspan=6 \| <br /><br />
	\|-
	! ]
	\|style="border-right: 0;"\|{{IPA link\|p}}\|\|style="border-left: 0;"\|{{IPA link\|b}}
	\|style="border-right: 0;"\|{{IPA link\|t}}\|\|style="border-left: 0;"\|{{IPA link\|d}}
	\| colspan=2 \|
	\| colspan=2 \|
	\|width=20px style="border-right: 0;"\|{{IPA link\|k}}\|\|width=20px style="border-left: 0;"\|{{IPA link\|ɡ}}
	\|style="border-right: 0;"\|{{IPAlink\|ʔ}}\|\|style="border-left: 0;"\|
	\|-
	! ]
	\| colspan=2 \|
	\| colspan=2 \|
	\|style="border-right: 0;"\|{{IPAlink\|t͡ʃ}}\|\|style="border-left: 0;"\|
	\| colspan=2 \|
	\| colspan=2 \|
	\| colspan=2 \|
	\|-
	! ]
	\| colspan=2 \|
	\|style="border-right: 0;"\|{{IPA link\|s}}\|\|style="border-left: 0;"\|{{IPA link\|z}}
	\| colspan=2 \|
	\| colspan=2 \|
	\| colspan=2 \|
	\|width=20px style="border-right: 0;"\|{{IPA link\|h}}\|\|width=20px style="border-left: 0;"\|
	\|-
	! ]
	\| colspan=2 \|
	\| colspan=2 \|
	\| colspan=2 \|
	\|width=20px style="border-right: 0;"\| \|\|width=20px style="border-left: 0;"\|{{IPA link\|j}}
	\|style="border-right: 0;"\| \|\|style="border-left: 0;"\|{{IPA link\|w}}
	\| colspan=2 \|
	\|-
	! ]
	\| colspan=2 \|
	\| colspan=2 \|
	\|style="border-right: 0;"\| \|\|style="border-left: 0;"\|{{IPA\|r}}
	\| colspan=2 \|
	\| colspan=2 \|
	\| colspan=2 \|
	\|}
	<!-- Note: Hirayama et al. (1969) uses ꜰ for ɸ, c for t͡ʃ, and ᴇ for ː -->

	'''Notes'''
	*The null phoneme /'/ may be added. It is contrasted with glottal {{IPA\|/h/}} and {{IPA\|/ʔ/}}.
	*{{IPA\|/h/}} is {{IPA link\|ç\|}}.
	*{{IPA\|/si/}}, {{IPA\|/se/}} and {{IPA\|/t͡ʃu/}} is realized as {{IPA\|}}, {{IPA\|}}, and {{IPA\|}}, respectively.<!-- /z/ is unexplained. ? -->
	*{{IPA\|}}, {{IPA\|}} and {{IPA\|}} are phonemically analyzed as {{IPA\|/t͡ʃja/}}, {{IPA\|/t͡ʃju/}} and {{IPA\|/t͡ʃjo/}}, respectively.
	*{{IPA\|}}, {{IPA\|}} and {{IPA\|}} are phonemically analyzed as {{IPA\|/sja/}}, {{IPA\|/sju/}} and {{IPA\|/sjo/}}, respectively.
	*/ɴ/ does not appear in the word-initial positions.

	===Vowels===
	The Yoron language has {{IPA\|/a/}}, {{IPA\|/e/}}, {{IPA\|/i/}}, {{IPA\|/o/}} and {{IPA\|/u/}}.

	===Correspondences to Standard Japanese===
	Only major sound correspondences are listed.
	*Standard Japanese {{IPA\|/e/}} is merged into {{IPA\|/i/}}.
	*Standard Japanese {{IPA\|/o/}} is merged into {{IPA\|/u/}}.
	*Yoron {{IPA\|/e/}} and {{IPA\|/o/}} are of secondary origin and mostly correspond to Standard Japanese diphthongs.
	*Yoron retains {{IPA\|/p/}} while it has changed to {{IPA\|/h/}} in Standard Japanese.
	*Standard Japanese {{IPA\|/t͡ʃu/}}, {{IPA\|/su/}} and {{IPA\|/zu/}} correspond to {{IPA\|/t͡ʃi/}} {{IPA\|}}, {{IPA\|/si/}} {{IPA\|}} and {{IPA\|/zi/}} {{IPA\|}}.
	*Standard Japanese {{IPA\|/k/}} shows complex correspondences. Standard Japanese {{IPA\|/ka/}} corresponds to both Yoron {{IPA\|/ka/}} and {{IPA\|/ha/}}. {{IPA\|/ki/}} corresponds to {{IPA\|/ki/}} and {{IPA\|/si/}}. {{IPA\|/ke/}} corresponds to {{IPA\|/si/}} with some exceptions. {{IPA\|/ku/}} corresponds to {{IPA\|/hu/}}.
	*Standard Japanese {{IPA\|/ni/}} corresponds to Yoron {{IPA\|/mi/}}.
	*Yoron {{IPA\|/r/}} is dropped when it is surrounded by a vowel and {{IPA\|/i/}}.
	*Standard Japanese {{IPA\|/o/}} that comes from earlier {{IPA\|/wo/}} corresponds to Yoron {{IPA\|/hu/}}.

	== Resources ==
	* ''Yorontō-go jien'' (1995) by Yamada Minoru. The author is from Chabana, Yoron Island of the Amami Islands but also collected data from other communities on the island.
	* ''Yoron hōgen jiten'' (2005) by ] and ]. A dictionary for Kiku's home community, Mugiya-higashiku, Yoron Island of the Amami Islands.

	==References==
	{{Reflist}}

	==Further reading==
	*Machi Hiromitsu, 1977. ''''.

	{{Japanese language \|collapsed}}

	{{DEFAULTSORT:Yoron Language}}
	]
	]

Revision as of 19:58, 4 October 2014

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Kunigami language