Revision as of 19:58, 4 October 2014 editRyulong (talk | contribs)218,132 edits fringe theory of linguistics not supported by major sources; often just considered a dialect of Kunigami← Previous edit | Revision as of 12:06, 6 October 2014 edit undoNanshu (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users6,250 edits Undid revision 628247709 by Ryulong (talk)Next edit → | ||
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{{Infobox language | |||
|name=Yoron | |||
|states=] | |||
|region=] of the ], ] | |||
|speakers=950 | |||
|date=2004 | |||
|ref=e17 | |||
|familycolor=Altaic | |||
|fam1=] | |||
|fam2=] | |||
|fam3=] | |||
|fam4=] ? | |||
|fam5=Southern Amami ? | |||
|iso3=yox | |||
|glotto=yoro1243 | |||
}} | |||
The '''Yoron language''' is a ] spoken on ], ] of southwestern ]. It is part of the ], which are part of the ]. | |||
==Classification== | |||
{{main|Amami–Okinawan languages#Subgroups}} | |||
The classification of Yoron is a matter of scholarly debate as there are two competing hypotheses regarding the number of primary branches of the Amami–Okinawan languages. The two-subdivision hypothesis gives the following hierarchy. | |||
*Amami–Okinawan / Northern Ryukyuan | |||
**] | |||
***] | |||
***Southern Amami | |||
****'''Yoron''' | |||
**] | |||
On the other hand, the three-subdivision hypothesis has a shallower hierarchy. | |||
*Amami–Okinawan / Northern Ryukyuan | |||
**] | |||
**] | |||
***'''Yoron''' | |||
**] | |||
== Subgroups == | |||
According to local folklorist Kiku Chiyo, Yoron can be divided into three subgroups.<ref name="kiku2005">{{cite book |author=Kiku Chiyo 菊千代 and Takahashi Shunzō 高橋俊三 | title=''Yoro hōgen jiten'' 与論方言辞典 |year=205 |language=Japanese }}</ref> | |||
*Chabana | |||
*Asato (/asi⸢tu/), Gusuku (/gusi⸢ku/ ~ /gusu⸢ku/), Ritchō, Kanō (/ha⸢noː/), Nama (/naː⸢ma/) | |||
*Mugiya-higashiku, Mugiya-nishiku, Furusato (/puru⸢satu/) | |||
The Mugiya district is often considered to have a distinct form of accent and intonation. | |||
==Folk terminology== | |||
According to Kiku Hidenori, who leads conservation activities, people of Yoron Island, Kagoshima Prefecture call their language "Yunnu Futuba."<ref name="kiku2011">{{cite book |author=Kiku Hidenori 菊秀史 | chapter=''Yoron no kotoba de hanasō'' 与論の言葉で話そう | title=''Nihon no hōgen no tayōsei o mamoru tame ni'' 日本の方言の多様性を守るために |pages=12–23 |year=2011 |language=Japanese |url=http://www.ninjal.ac.jp/publication/ninjal-f/pdf/ninjalF003_03.pdf }}</ref> More precisely, a dictionary compiled by his mother ] (b. 1927) gives /juɴnuhu⸢tuba/ as the word form of her home community, Mugiya-higashiku. Other words she collected include /juɴnu⸢juɴ/ (Yoron accent), /nizjaɴcju⸢juɴ/ (accent of people of Mugiya-higashiku and Mugiya-nishiku), /sima⸢juɴ/ (speaking the dialect), /sima⸢guci/ and /simahu⸢tuba/ (the island/home community's language).<ref name="kiku2005" /> Yamada Minoru (b. 1916) provides the word forms of the community of Chabana: /⸢ju⸣ɴnu ⸢fu⸣tuba/ and /⸢ʃi⸣ma ⸢fu⸣tuba/ (the island's language).<ref name="yamada1995">{{cite book |author=Yamada Minoru 山田實 | title=''Yorontō-go jiten'' 与論島語辞典 |year=1995 |language=Japanese }}</ref> | |||
== Status == | |||
Yoron has no official status. Ethnologue identifies its status as 7 (Shifting).<ref name="sil_ao">{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/subgroups/amami-okinawan |title=Amami-Okinawan |publisher=SIL International |accessdate=1 February 2014}}</ref> | |||
==Phonology== | |||
The following is the phonology of the Mugiya dialect, which is based on Hirayama et al. (1969).<ref name="hirayama1969c3">{{cite book |author=Hirayama Teruo 平山輝男, Ōshima Ichirō 大島一郎 and Nakamoto Masachie 中本正智 | chapter=''Gengo'' 言語 |editor=Hirayama Teruo 平山輝男 | title=''Satsunan shotō no sōgōteki kenkyū'' 薩南諸島の総合的研究 |pages=235–478 |year=1969 |language=Japanese }}</ref> | |||
===Consonants=== | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | |||
|+Consonant phonemes | |||
|- | |||
! | |||
! colspan=2 | ] | |||
! colspan=2 | ] | |||
! colspan=2 | ] | |||
! colspan=2 | ] | |||
! colspan=2 | ] | |||
! colspan=2 | ] | |||
! Moraic | |||
|- | |||
! ] | |||
|width=20px style="border-right: 0;"| ||width=20px style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|m}} | |||
|width=20px style="border-right: 0;"| ||width=20px style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|n}} | |||
| colspan=2 | | |||
| colspan=2 | | |||
| colspan=2 | | |||
| colspan=2 | | |||
| rowspan=6 | <br /><br /> | |||
|- | |||
! ] | |||
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|p}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|b}} | |||
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|t}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|d}} | |||
| colspan=2 | | |||
| colspan=2 | | |||
|width=20px style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|k}}||width=20px style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|ɡ}} | |||
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPAlink|ʔ}}||style="border-left: 0;"| | |||
|- | |||
! ] | |||
| colspan=2 | | |||
| colspan=2 | | |||
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}}||style="border-left: 0;"| | |||
| colspan=2 | | |||
| colspan=2 | | |||
| colspan=2 | | |||
|- | |||
! ] | |||
| colspan=2 | | |||
|style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|s}}||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|z}} | |||
| colspan=2 | | |||
| colspan=2 | | |||
| colspan=2 | | |||
|width=20px style="border-right: 0;"|{{IPA link|h}}||width=20px style="border-left: 0;"| | |||
|- | |||
! ] | |||
| colspan=2 | | |||
| colspan=2 | | |||
| colspan=2 | | |||
|width=20px style="border-right: 0;"| ||width=20px style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|j}} | |||
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA link|w}} | |||
| colspan=2 | | |||
|- | |||
! ] | |||
| colspan=2 | | |||
| colspan=2 | | |||
|style="border-right: 0;"| ||style="border-left: 0;"|{{IPA|r}} | |||
| colspan=2 | | |||
| colspan=2 | | |||
| colspan=2 | | |||
|} | |||
<!-- Note: Hirayama et al. (1969) uses ꜰ for ɸ, c for t͡ʃ, and ᴇ for ː --> | |||
'''Notes''' | |||
*The null phoneme /'/ may be added. It is contrasted with glottal {{IPA|/h/}} and {{IPA|/ʔ/}}. | |||
*{{IPA|/h/}} is {{IPA link|ç|}}. | |||
*{{IPA|/si/}}, {{IPA|/se/}} and {{IPA|/t͡ʃu/}} is realized as {{IPA|}}, {{IPA|}}, and {{IPA|}}, respectively.<!-- /z/ is unexplained. ? --> | |||
*{{IPA|}}, {{IPA|}} and {{IPA|}} are phonemically analyzed as {{IPA|/t͡ʃja/}}, {{IPA|/t͡ʃju/}} and {{IPA|/t͡ʃjo/}}, respectively. | |||
*{{IPA|}}, {{IPA|}} and {{IPA|}} are phonemically analyzed as {{IPA|/sja/}}, {{IPA|/sju/}} and {{IPA|/sjo/}}, respectively. | |||
*/ɴ/ does not appear in the word-initial positions. | |||
===Vowels=== | |||
The Yoron language has {{IPA|/a/}}, {{IPA|/e/}}, {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/o/}} and {{IPA|/u/}}. | |||
===Correspondences to Standard Japanese=== | |||
Only major sound correspondences are listed. | |||
*Standard Japanese {{IPA|/e/}} is merged into {{IPA|/i/}}. | |||
*Standard Japanese {{IPA|/o/}} is merged into {{IPA|/u/}}. | |||
*Yoron {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/o/}} are of secondary origin and mostly correspond to Standard Japanese diphthongs. | |||
*Yoron retains {{IPA|/p/}} while it has changed to {{IPA|/h/}} in Standard Japanese. | |||
*Standard Japanese {{IPA|/t͡ʃu/}}, {{IPA|/su/}} and {{IPA|/zu/}} correspond to {{IPA|/t͡ʃi/}} {{IPA|}}, {{IPA|/si/}} {{IPA|}} and {{IPA|/zi/}} {{IPA|}}. | |||
*Standard Japanese {{IPA|/k/}} shows complex correspondences. Standard Japanese {{IPA|/ka/}} corresponds to both Yoron {{IPA|/ka/}} and {{IPA|/ha/}}. {{IPA|/ki/}} corresponds to {{IPA|/ki/}} and {{IPA|/si/}}. {{IPA|/ke/}} corresponds to {{IPA|/si/}} with some exceptions. {{IPA|/ku/}} corresponds to {{IPA|/hu/}}. | |||
*Standard Japanese {{IPA|/ni/}} corresponds to Yoron {{IPA|/mi/}}. | |||
*Yoron {{IPA|/r/}} is dropped when it is surrounded by a vowel and {{IPA|/i/}}. | |||
*Standard Japanese {{IPA|/o/}} that comes from earlier {{IPA|/wo/}} corresponds to Yoron {{IPA|/hu/}}. | |||
== Resources == | |||
* ''Yorontō-go jien'' (1995) by Yamada Minoru. The author is from Chabana, Yoron Island of the Amami Islands but also collected data from other communities on the island. | |||
* ''Yoron hōgen jiten'' (2005) by ] and ]. A dictionary for Kiku's home community, Mugiya-higashiku, Yoron Island of the Amami Islands. | |||
==References== | |||
{{Reflist}} | |||
==Further reading== | |||
*Machi Hiromitsu, 1977. ''''. | |||
{{Japanese language |collapsed}} | |||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Yoron Language}} | |||
] | |||
] |
Revision as of 12:06, 6 October 2014
Yoron | |
---|---|
Native to | Japan |
Region | Yoron Island of the Amami Islands, Kagoshima Prefecture |
Native speakers | 950 (2004) |
Language family | Japonic
|
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | yox |
Glottolog | yoro1243 |
The Yoron language is a dialect cluster spoken on Yoron Island, Kagoshima Prefecture of southwestern Japan. It is part of the Amami–Okinawan languages, which are part of the Japonic languages.
Classification
Main article: Amami–Okinawan languages § SubgroupsThe classification of Yoron is a matter of scholarly debate as there are two competing hypotheses regarding the number of primary branches of the Amami–Okinawan languages. The two-subdivision hypothesis gives the following hierarchy.
- Amami–Okinawan / Northern Ryukyuan
- Amami
- Northern Amami
- Southern Amami
- Yoron
- Okinawan
- Amami
On the other hand, the three-subdivision hypothesis has a shallower hierarchy.
- Amami–Okinawan / Northern Ryukyuan
Subgroups
According to local folklorist Kiku Chiyo, Yoron can be divided into three subgroups.
- Chabana
- Asato (/asi⸢tu/), Gusuku (/gusi⸢ku/ ~ /gusu⸢ku/), Ritchō, Kanō (/ha⸢noː/), Nama (/naː⸢ma/)
- Mugiya-higashiku, Mugiya-nishiku, Furusato (/puru⸢satu/)
The Mugiya district is often considered to have a distinct form of accent and intonation.
Folk terminology
According to Kiku Hidenori, who leads conservation activities, people of Yoron Island, Kagoshima Prefecture call their language "Yunnu Futuba." More precisely, a dictionary compiled by his mother Kiku Chiyo (b. 1927) gives /juɴnuhu⸢tuba/ as the word form of her home community, Mugiya-higashiku. Other words she collected include /juɴnu⸢juɴ/ (Yoron accent), /nizjaɴcju⸢juɴ/ (accent of people of Mugiya-higashiku and Mugiya-nishiku), /sima⸢juɴ/ (speaking the dialect), /sima⸢guci/ and /simahu⸢tuba/ (the island/home community's language). Yamada Minoru (b. 1916) provides the word forms of the community of Chabana: /⸢ju⸣ɴnu ⸢fu⸣tuba/ and /⸢ʃi⸣ma ⸢fu⸣tuba/ (the island's language).
Status
Yoron has no official status. Ethnologue identifies its status as 7 (Shifting).
Phonology
The following is the phonology of the Mugiya dialect, which is based on Hirayama et al. (1969).
Consonants
Bilabial | Alveolar | Post- alveolar |
Palatal | Velar | Glottal | Moraic | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | |||||||||||
Stop | p | b | t | d | k | ɡ | ʔ | ||||||
Affricate | t͡ʃ | ||||||||||||
Fricative | s | z | h | ||||||||||
Approximant | j | w | |||||||||||
Flap | r |
Notes
- The null phoneme /'/ may be added. It is contrasted with glottal /h/ and /ʔ/.
- /h/ is .
- /si/, /se/ and /t͡ʃu/ is realized as , , and , respectively.
- , and are phonemically analyzed as /t͡ʃja/, /t͡ʃju/ and /t͡ʃjo/, respectively.
- , and are phonemically analyzed as /sja/, /sju/ and /sjo/, respectively.
- /ɴ/ does not appear in the word-initial positions.
Vowels
The Yoron language has /a/, /e/, /i/, /o/ and /u/.
Correspondences to Standard Japanese
Only major sound correspondences are listed.
- Standard Japanese /e/ is merged into /i/.
- Standard Japanese /o/ is merged into /u/.
- Yoron /e/ and /o/ are of secondary origin and mostly correspond to Standard Japanese diphthongs.
- Yoron retains /p/ while it has changed to /h/ in Standard Japanese.
- Standard Japanese /t͡ʃu/, /su/ and /zu/ correspond to /t͡ʃi/ , /si/ and /zi/ .
- Standard Japanese /k/ shows complex correspondences. Standard Japanese /ka/ corresponds to both Yoron /ka/ and /ha/. /ki/ corresponds to /ki/ and /si/. /ke/ corresponds to /si/ with some exceptions. /ku/ corresponds to /hu/.
- Standard Japanese /ni/ corresponds to Yoron /mi/.
- Yoron /r/ is dropped when it is surrounded by a vowel and /i/.
- Standard Japanese /o/ that comes from earlier /wo/ corresponds to Yoron /hu/.
Resources
- Yorontō-go jien (1995) by Yamada Minoru. The author is from Chabana, Yoron Island of the Amami Islands but also collected data from other communities on the island.
- Yoron hōgen jiten (2005) by Kiku Chiyo and Takahashi Shunzō. A dictionary for Kiku's home community, Mugiya-higashiku, Yoron Island of the Amami Islands.
References
- Yoron at Ethnologue (17th ed., 2013)
- ^ Kiku Chiyo 菊千代 and Takahashi Shunzō 高橋俊三 (205). Yoro hōgen jiten 与論方言辞典 (in Japanese).
- Kiku Hidenori 菊秀史 (2011). "Yoron no kotoba de hanasō 与論の言葉で話そう". Nihon no hōgen no tayōsei o mamoru tame ni 日本の方言の多様性を守るために (PDF) (in Japanese). pp. 12–23.
- Yamada Minoru 山田實 (1995). Yorontō-go jiten 与論島語辞典 (in Japanese).
- "Amami-Okinawan". SIL International. Retrieved 1 February 2014.
- Hirayama Teruo 平山輝男, Ōshima Ichirō 大島一郎 and Nakamoto Masachie 中本正智 (1969). "Gengo 言語". In Hirayama Teruo 平山輝男 (ed.). Satsunan shotō no sōgōteki kenkyū 薩南諸島の総合的研究 (in Japanese). pp. 235–478.
Further reading
- Machi Hiromitsu, 1977. Nominalization in Yoron.
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