Misplaced Pages

Revision as of 20:55, 22 November 2014

GlaxoSmithKline plc (GSK) is a British multinational pharmaceutical, biologics, vaccines and consumer healthcare company which has its headquarters in Brentford, London. As of March 2014, it was the world's sixth-largest pharmaceutical company after Johnson & Johnson, Novartis, Hoffmann-La Roche, Pfizer, and Sanofi, measured by 2013 revenue. The company was established in 2000 by the merger of Glaxo Wellcome (formed from the acquisition of Wellcome plc by Glaxo plc) and SmithKline Beecham plc (formed from the merger of Beecham Group plc and SmithKline Beckman Corporation, which in turn was formed by combining the Smith, Kline & French and Beckman companies).

The company has a primary listing on the London Stock Exchange and is a constituent of the FTSE 100 Index. As of 2 May 2014 it had a market capitalisation of £79 billion, the fourth-largest of any company listed on the London Stock Exchange. It has a secondary listing on the New York Stock Exchange. Andrew Witty has been the chief executive officer since May 2008.

GSK manufactures drugs and vaccines for major disease areas such as asthma, cancer, infections, diabetes, digestive and mental health conditions, the biggest selling of which were Advair, Avodart, Flovent, Augmentin, Lovaza, and Lamictal in 2013. Many medicines were historically discovered or developed at GSK and its predecessor companies and are now sold as generics. Its drugs and vaccines earned £21.3 billion in 2013. Its consumer healthcare division, which earned £5.2 billion in 2013, sells oral healthcare and nutritional products, drinks and over-the-counter medicines, including Sensodyne, Boost and Horlicks.

In July 2012 GSK pleaded guilty to criminal charges and agreed to a pay $3 billion to settle the criminal charges as well as civil qui tam lawsuits in the largest settlement paid by a drug company at the time. The criminal charges were for promoting Paxil and Wellbutrin for unapproved uses and failing to report safety data about Avandia; GSK paid $1 billion to settle the criminal charges. The remaining $2 billion were part of the civil settlement over unapproved promotion and paying kickbacks, making false statements concerning the safety of Avandia; and reporting false prices to Medicaid. GSK also signed an agreement which obligated it to make major changes to the way it did business.

On December 17, 2013, GSK announced that it would stop paying professionals for speaking at medical conferences. The company stated that it would still pay fees to doctors for functions it regards as critical to obtaining insights into specific diseases, including performing company sponsored clinical trials, scientific advisory services, and market research.

GlaxoSmithKline received top ranking among international pharmaceutical companies in the Access to Medicines Index in 2010, 2012 and 2014. In 2014 the company applied for regulatory approval for the first vaccine against malaria. The vaccine was developed as a joint project with the PATH vaccines initiative and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. The company has committed to make the vaccine available in developing countries for a price set at 5% above the cost of production.

History

Glaxo Wellcome

Burroughs Wellcome & Company was founded in 1880 in London by the American pharmacists Henry Wellcome and Silas Burroughs. The Wellcome Tropical Research Laboratories opened in 1902.

Glaxo was founded in Bunnythorpe, New Zealand, in 1904. It was originally a baby food manufacturer, processing milk into a baby food of the same name. The product was sold under the slogan "Glaxo builds bonny babies" from 1908. Still visible on the main street of Bunnythorpe is a dairy factory (factory for drying and processing cows' milk into powder) with the original Glaxo logo clearly visible; it is now a car repair shop.

Glaxo became Glaxo Laboratories and opened new units in London in 1935. Glaxo Laboratories bought two companies, Joseph Nathan and Allen & Hanburys in 1947 and 1958 respectively. After the company bought Meyer Laboratories in 1978, it started to play an important role in the US market. In 1983 the American arm, Glaxo Inc., moved to Research Triangle Park (US headquarters/research) and Zebulon (US manufacturing) in North Carolina.

In March 1995 Glaxo and Burroughs Wellcome Co. merged to form Glaxo Wellcome. In that year Glaxo restructured is R&D operation, cutting about 10,000 jobs worldwide, closing its research and development facility in Beckenham, Kent, which was formerly Wellcome's principal research and development facility in the United Kingdom, and opening a Medicines Research Centre at Stevenage in England Also in that year, Glaxo Wellcome acquired the California-based Affymax, a leader in the field of combinatorial chemistry. Valtrex (valaciclovir) was launched as an anti-herpes successor to Zovirax (acyclovir).

In 1999 Glaxo Wellcome was the world's third-largest pharmaceutical company by revenues (behind Novartis and Merck), with a global market share of around 4 per cent. Glaxo Wellcome's products included Imigran (for the treatment of migraine), salbutamol (Ventolin) (for the treatment of asthma), Zovirax (for the treatment of coldsores), and Retrovir and Epivir (for the treatment of AIDS). As of 2000, seven of Glaxo Wellcome's products were among the world's top 50 best-selling pharmaceutical products and was the world's largest maker of drugs for the treatment of asthma and HIV/AIDS. It employed around 59,000 people worldwide, of whom around 13,400 were based in the United Kingdom. Glaxo Wellcome had 76 operating companies. It had 50 manufacturing facilities worldwide. In the United Kingdom, the company had research and development facilities at Ware and Stevenage, Hertfordshire; Dartford and Beckenham, Kent; and Greenford in London. It had manufacturing plants in the UK at Ulverston in Cumbria, Barnard Castle in County Durham, Speke on Merseyside and Montrose in north-east Scotland. Outside of the UK, Glaxo Wellcome had research and development centres in North Carolina, United States and Japan, and production facilities in the United States, Europe and Far East.

Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham announced their intention to merge on 17 January 2000. The merger was completed in December that year, forming GlaxoSmithKline (GSK).

SmithKline Beecham

In 1843 Thomas Beecham launched his Beecham's Pills laxative in England giving birth to the Beecham Group. Beecham opened its first factory in St Helens, Lancashire, England, for rapid production of medicines in 1859. The original factory was closed in 1994 and passed to the local college for re-development. By the 1960s Beecham was extensively involved in pharmaceuticals.

In 1830 John K. Smith opened its first pharmacy in Philadelphia. In 1865 Mahlon Kline joined the business, which 10 years later became Smith, Kline & Co. In 1891 it merged with French, Richard and Company. It changed its name to Smith Kline & French Laboratories in 1929 as it focused more on research. Years later Smith Kline & French Laboratories opened a new laboratory in Philadelphia; it then bought Norden Laboratories, a business doing research into animal health. Smith Kline & French Laboratories bought Recherche et Industrie Thérapeutiques (Belgium) in 1963 to focus on vaccines. The company started to expand globally, buying seven laboratories in Canada and the US in 1969. In 1982 it bought Allergan, a manufacturer of eye and skincare products. The company merged with Beckman Inc. later that year and changed its name to SmithKline Beckman.

In 1988 SmithKline Beckman bought its biggest competitor, International Clinical Laboratories, and in 1989 merged with Beecham to form SmithKline Beecham plc. The headquarters of the company was moved to England. To expand research and development in the US, SmithKline Beecham bought a new research center in 1995. Another new research centre at New Frontiers Science Park in Harlow, England, was opened in 1997.

Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham announced their intention to merge on 17 January 2000. The merger was completed in December that year, forming GlaxoSmithKline (GSK).

Overview

Products

Template:GSKsidebar

GSK manufactures drugs and vaccines for major disease areas such as asthma, cancer, infections, diabetes, digestive and mental health conditions, the biggest selling of which were Advair, Avodart, Flovent, Augmentin, Lovaza, and Lamictal in 2013. Its drugs and vaccines earned £21.3 billion in 2013. Top-selling products include its asthma/COPD therapeutics Advair, Ventolin, and Flovent; its diphtheria/tetanus/pertussis vaccine Infanrix and its hepatitis B vaccine; the epilepsy drug Lamicatal; the antihyperlipemia drug Lovaza; and the antibacterial Augmentin. Its consumer healthcare division, which earned £5.2 billion in 2013, sells oral healthcare, and nutritional products, drinks and over-the-counter medicines, including Sensodyne, Boost and Horlicks.

Medicines historically discovered or developed at GSK and its legacy companies and now sold as generics include amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulanate, ticarcillin-clavulanate, mupirocin, and ceftazidime for bacterial infections, zidovudine for HIV infection, valacyclovir for herpes virus infections, albendazole for parasitic infections, sumatriptan for migraine, lamotrigine for epilepsy, bupropion and paroxetine for major depressive disorder, and cimetidine and ranitidine for gastroesophageal reflux disorder. Among these, amoxicillin, amoxicillin-clavulanate, mupriocin, zidovudine, albendazole, and ranitidine are listed on the World Health Organization's list of essential medications.

The company's over-the-counter health-care products include Abreva to treat cold sores; Aquafresh, Maclean's and Sensodyne toothpastes; Night Nurse, a cold remedy; Breathe Right nasal strips; and Nicoderm and Nicorette nicotine replacements. It also sells several drinks, including Horlicks, a malted milk drink and Boost, a chocolate-flavoured drink, and formerly sold Lucozade, marketed as an energy drink, and Ribena, a fruit drink.

Facilities, employees

As of 2013 GSK has offices in over 115 countries. Its global headquarters are in the UK at GSK House in Brentford, a suburb of west London, and its US headquarters are in The Navy Yard, Philadelphia and Research Triangle Park, North Carolina. The company employs over 99,000 people, 12,500 of whom work in research and development. The company's single largest market is the United States. Its consumer-products division is based in the Pittsburgh suburb of Moon Township, Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. The research-and-development division has major facilities in south-east England, Philadelphia and North Carolina. Company facilities include:

• R&D sites in Stockley Park, Stevenage and Ware, England; Zagreb, Croatia; Évreux and Les Ulis, France; Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, and Collegeville, Pennsylvania, US; Laval, Quebec, Canada; Shanghai, China; and Thane and Nashik, Maharashtra, India.
• Centres for biopharmaceutical products in Wavre and Rixensart, Belgium; Dresden, Germany; Gödöllő, Hungary; Quebec City, Canada; Marietta, Pennsylvania and Hamilton, Montana, US.
• Manufacturing sites for prescription products in Irvine and Montrose, Scotland; Ware, Barnard Castle, Worthing and Ulverston, England; Cork, Ireland; Évreux, France; Poznań, Poland; Parma, Italy; Brașov, Romania; Brussels, Belgium; Bristol, Tennessee, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania and Zebulon, North Carolina, US; Cidra, Puerto Rico; Jurong, Singapore; Ulu Klang, Malaysia; Boronia, Australia.
• Manufacturing sites for consumer products in Maidenhead, England; Dungarvan, Ireland; Mississauga, Ontario, Canada; Aiken, South Carolina, Oak Hill, New York and St. Louis, Missouri, US; and Kenya.

Operations and acquisitions

2001–2009

In 2001 GSK completed the acquisition of New Jersey-based Block Drug for US$1.24 billion. In July 2002 GSK House, located in Brentford, London, was officially opened as GSK's new world headquarters by then-Prime Minister Tony Blair. The building was erected at a cost of £300 million and is home to around 3,000 staff. In October 2006 GSK acquired the US-based consumer healthcare company CNS Inc., whose products included Breathe Right nasal strips and FiberChoice dietary fibre supplements, for US$566 million in cash. GSK opened its first R&D centre in China in May 2007, located in Shanghai, and initially focused on neurodegenerative diseases.

In April 2009 GSK acquired Stiefel Laboratories, the world's largest independent dermatology drug company at the time, for US$2.9 billion, assuming $400 million in debt and with a potential of $300 million in performance-based milestone payments, for a total of US$3.6 billion (£2.5 billion).

On 16 November that year the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) announced that a vaccine for 2009 H1N1 influenza protection (manufactured by GSK's ID Biomedical Corp. subsidiary) would join the four vaccines approved on 15 September. Also in November 2009 GSK formed a joint venture with Pfizer to create ViiV Healthcare. Viiv Healthcare received all of Pfizer and GSK's HIV assets. ViiV Healthcare is 85 percent owned by GSK and 15 percent by Pfizer.

2010–present

In June 2010 the company acquired Laboratorios Phoenix, an Argentine pharmaceutical company focused on the development, marketing and sale of branded generic products, for a cash consideration of approximately $253m. In December that year GSK announced its acquisition of the UK-based sports nutrition company Maxinutrition, at that time Europe's leading sports nutrition company by market share, for £162 million (US$256 million), as part of its efforts to build up its consumer business. In February 2011 GSK announced plans to sell some of its "non-core" brands. In December that year the company agreed to a $660 million deal with Prestige Brands Holdings, taking over 17 brands with sales of $210 million, including BC Powder, Beano, Ecotrin, Fiber Choice, Goody's Powder, Sominex and Tagamet.

In March 2012 the company announced that it planned to invest around £500 million in manufacturing facilities in Ulverston, northern England, designating it as the site for a previously announced biotech plant.

In May 2012, GSK acquired CellZome, a German biotech company with a proteomics-based drug discovery platform, with which GSK had collaborated for the past four years, for US$98 million.

In June 2012, GSK, through its Stiefel subsidiary, acquired worldwide rights to alitretinoin (Toctino), an eczema drug developed by Basilea Pharmaceutica for $302 million - about $225 million in cash and the remaining amount as a milestone for a U.S. approval of the drug.

In July 2013 GSK acquired United States-based biopharmaceutical company Human Genome Sciences for $14.25 a share or $3 billion, including cash and debt. GSK had originally offered $13 per share, or about $2.6 billion, in April of that year, which HGS had rejected, leading GSK to make a hostile bid directly to shareholders, before raising its bid to the figures that HGS finally accepted. HGS and GSK had already collaborated on the development of two drugs that received marketing approval, the lupus drug Belimumab (Benlysta) and albiglutide for type 2 diabetes, and on a drug in development darapladib for atherosclerosis.

In 2013 the company said it would seek marketing approval for the world's first malaria vaccine in 2014, after trial data showed the vaccine had significant effects in cutting cases of the disease in African children.

In March 2014, GSK paid $1 billion to raise its stake in its Indian pharmaceutical unit, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, to 75 percent as part of a move to focus on emerging markets.

Also in March 2014, GlaxoSmithKline announced that Alli, a popular over-the-counter weight loss drug, was being recalled in the US and Puerto Rico because of possible tampering following customer complaints in seven states. "A range of tablets and capsules of various shapes and colors were reported to be found inside bottles," the company said. "Additionally, some bottles inside the outer carton were missing labels and had tamper-evident seals that were not authentic."

In April 2014 Novartis and Glaxo agreed on more than $20 billion in deals, with Novartis selling its vaccine business to GSK and buying GSK's cancer business.

Corporate social responsibility

Developing world access to medicines

In both 2010 and 2012 GlaxoSmithKline ranked first among 20 global pharmaceutical companies on the Global Access to Medicines Index. The Index is a composite ranking taking into account factors such as product donations, capability advancement, patent and licensing policies, pricing, research and development, public policy initiatives, and general access to medicines management. The Index is funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.

GSK has been active, with the World Health Organization (WHO), in the Global Alliance to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GAELF). Around 120 million people globally are believed to be infected with lymphatic filariasis. The company endorsed the London Declaration on Neglected Tropical Diseases, a collaborative disease eradication programme launched on 30 January 2012 in London. Under this agreement GSK committed to donating 400 million albendazole tablets to the WHO each year to fight soil-transmitted helminthiasis and to continue to provide 600 million albendazole tablets every year for lymphatic filariasis until the disease is eradicated.

Since 2004 the company has collaborated with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation and the PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative in the development of a preventative vaccine for malaria, which is responsible for over 650,000 deaths per year, mainly in Africa. As of 2014, the lead vaccine candidate, called "RTS,S", which uses Glaxo's proprietary AS01 adjuvant, is being examined in a large Phase 3 trial conducted 7 African countries. Interim results were published in 2013. Over the first 12 months of evaluation, children aged 5–17 months experienced 50% fewer cases of clinical malaria. Infants age 6–12 weeks experienced a 30% reduction in malaria cases. As of 2014, Glaxo has stated that it has spent more than $350 million, and expected to spend an additional $260 million on further development activities prior to seeking regulatory approval. The vaccine has been in development for more than 25 years.

In February 2009 GSK head Andrew Witty announced that the company would cut drug prices by 25 percent in 50 of the poorest nations, release intellectual property rights for substances and processes relevant to neglected disease into a patent pool to encourage new drug development, and would invest 20 percent of profits from the least developed countries in medical infrastructure for those countries. The decision received mixed reactions from medical charities. Médecins Sans Frontières welcomed the decision, encouraging other companies to follow suit, but criticized GSK for failing to include HIV patents in their patent pool, and for not including middle-income countries in the initiative.

Human Rights

As of 2014, the Human Rights Campaign, an LGBT-rights advocacy group, gave GSK a perfect score of 100% in its Corporate Equality Index, an annual report card of corporate America's treatment of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender employees, customers and investors.

Controversies

2012 criminal and civil settlement

In July 2012 GSK pleaded guilty to criminal charges and agreed to a pay $3 billion in the largest settlement by a drug company at the time. The criminal charges were for promoting its antidepressants, Paxil and Wellbutrin, for unapproved uses from 1998-2003, and failing to report safety data about Avandia, both in violation of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act; GSK paid $1 billion, including a criminal fine of $956,814,400 and forfeiture in the amount of $43,185,600. The remaining $2 billion were part of the civil settlement over (1) promoting the drugs Paxil, Wellbutrin, Advair, Lamictal and Zofran for off-label, non-covered uses and paying kickbacks to physicians to prescribe those drugs as well as the drugs Imitrex, Lotronex, Flovent and Valtrex; (2) making false and misleading statements concerning the safety of Avandia; and (3) reporting false best prices and underpaying rebates owed under the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program. GSK also signed a five-year Corporate Integrity Agreement with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, which obligated GSK to make major changes to the way it did business, including changing the way its sales force is compensated and its executive compensation program, and to implement and maintain transparency in its research practices and publication policies. The government investigation was launched largely on the basis of information provided by four whistleblowers who filed qui tam (whistleblower) lawsuits against the company under the U.S. False Claims Act.

Rosiglitazone (Avandia)

Studies of the cardioivascular safety of rosiglitazone have yielded inconsistent results. On 14 June 2007 a meta-analysis by Steve Nissen, Chair of the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine at the Cleveland Clinic, published in the New England Journal of Medicine, showed an increased odds ratio of myocardial infarction in patients taking rosiglitazone, marketed as Avandia. The New York Times published an article detailing Nissen's conversation with pharmaceutical executives; the conversations were recorded, unbeknownst to the GSK executives. In February 2010 GSK tried to suppress publication of a critical article concerning rosiglitazone. In July a US Finance Committee Letter asserted GSK had "to publish studies in a timely manner that found problems with Avandia." In November 2007 a United States congressional committee released a report describing intimidation of Dr. John Buse (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) by GSK over his concerns about the cardiovascular risks associated with rosiglitazone.

In 2013 the FDA held a joint meeting of the Endocrinologic and Metabolic Drugs Advisory Committee and the Drug Safety and Risk Management Advisory Committee to discuss the results of RECORD, an open label, randomized trial comparing rosiglitazone to the combination of a sulfonylurea with metformin. In contrast to the mostly short term trials included in the Nissen meta analysis, RECORD was specifically designed specifically to examine cardiovascular safety in a trial of 14,000 people observed over 3 years or more. An independent analysis of the data from this trial conducted at the Duke Clinical Research Institute found a non-statistically significant reduction in all-cause mortality, for rosiglitazone compared to the combination of metformin with a sulfonylurea (hazard ratio 0.86) and a non-statistically significant increase in the risk of myocardial infarction (hazard ratio 1.15). The reliability of the conclusions of the RECORD trial has been criticized based on its open label design and the low rate of cardiovascular events observed, which limits its statistical power.

In November 2013, the US FDA lifted restrictions on the sale of Avandia, stating that the results of the RECORD trial had failed to confirm Nissen's analysis.

Paroxetine

Glaxo-SmithKline has paid substantial fines, paid settlements in class action lawsuits, and become the subject of several highly critical books in relation to its marketing of paroxetine, in particular the off-label marketing of paroxetine to children, the suppression of negative research results relating to its use in children, and allegations that it failed to warn consumers of substantial withdrawal effects associated with use of the drug.

SB Pharmco Puerto Rico

In October 2010 the US Department of Justice announced that SB Pharmco Puerto Rico Inc., a subsidiary of GSK, agreed to pay $750 million in fines related to problems at GSK's premier manufacturing plant in Puerto Rico between 2001 and 2005. The factory had been closed by GSK in 2009. GSK agreed to pay the settlement in response to complaints stemming from production of adulterated drugs at its manufacturing plant in Puerto Rico, which at the time produced $5.5 billion of products each year. According to the New York Times, the case began in 2002 when GSK sent a team of quality experts to fix problems cited by an FDA warning letter a month earlier. The lead inspector complained to senior managers and recommended recalls of defective products, but they were not authorised, and she was fired in 2003. She eventually notified the FDA and filed a whistleblower lawsuit. In 2005 federal marshals seized $2 billion worth of products, the largest such seizure in history. In the 2010 settlement, SB Pharmco pled guilty to criminal charges, and agreed to pay $150 million in a criminal fine and forfeiture, at that time the largest such payment ever by a manufacturer of adulterated drugs, and $600 million in civil penalties to settle the civil lawsuit.

Other

• A bribery investigation was opened in Bavaria, Germany in 1999, with thousands of doctors and nearly all of SmithKline Beecham's sales force under investigation; by 2004, only 71 doctors and dozens of employees remained under investigation. As of 2014, further information on the outcome of the German investigations was not available.

• On 12 September 2006 GSK settled the largest tax dispute in IRS history, agreeing to pay $3.1 billion. At issue in the case were Zantac and the other Glaxo Group heritage products sold in 1989–2005. The case was about an area of taxation dealing with intracompany "transfer pricing"—determining the share of profit attributable to the US subsidiaries of GSK and subject to tax by the IRS. Taxes for large multi-divisional companies are paid to revenue authorities based on the profits reported in particular tax jurisdictions, so how profits were allocated among various legacy Glaxo divisions based on the functions they performed was central to the dispute in this case.

• In July 2013 Chinese authorities announced that since 2007 more than 700 travel agencies and consulting firms had been used by GSK to funnel nearly three billion yuan (HK$3.8 billion) in kickbacks to GSK managers, doctors, hospitals and others who prescribed their drugs. GSK issued a statement expressing concern and disappointment, and said it would co-operate with the investigation. In July the company admitted that some of its senior Chinese executives broke the law; Chinese authorities arrested four executives as part of a four-month investigation into claims that doctors were bribed with cash and sexual favours in return for prescribing GSK's drugs. By July 2014 the four executives had yet to be put on trial, when a former GSK investigator described the bribery claims as credible. In September 2014, a Chinese court found the company guilty of bribery, fined the company $490 million, and gave Mark Reilly, the former head of Chinese operations, a three-year suspended prison sentence.
• In May 2014, the UK's Serious Fraud Office launched a formal criminal investigation using powers granted by the Bribery Act 2010 into commercial practices at GSK, but it was not revealed what connection there was to other investigations.
• According to The Guardian, GSK is a major donor to the State Policy Network, an American network of free-market-oriented think tanks.

See also

• Recherche et Industrie Thérapeutiques (R.I.T.)

References

1. ^ "Preliminary Results 2013" (PDF). Retrieved 9 March 2014.
2. GlaxoSmithKline "Key achievements" Accessed 15 May 2014
3. Eric Palmer for FiercePharma. March 4, 2014 The top 10 pharma companies by 2013 revenue
4. "FTSE All-Share Index Ranking". stockchallenge.co.uk. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
5. "Corporate Executive Team", GlaxoSmithKline. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
6. ^ "Products". GlaxoSmithKline plc. Retrieved 16 November 2013.
7. "GSK to stop paying doctors in major marketing overhaul". Thomson/Reuters. Retrieved 27 October 2014.
8. ^ "www.accesstomedicineindex.org" (PDF).
9. "Glaxo Files Its Entry in Race for a Malaria Vaccine - WSJ".
10. "GlaxoSmithKline seeks approval on first-ever malaria vaccine - Fortune".
11. ^ "GSK History". GlaxoSmithKline. Retrieved 15 May 2014.
12. By Penny Bailey for the Wellcome Trust. 9 December 2008. Henry Wellcome's tropical medicine laboratories
13. Mark S. Lesney. The ghosts of pharma past. Modern Drug Discovery. January, 2004 pp. 25-26.
14. David J. Ravenscraft, William F. Long. Paths to Creating Value in Pharmaceutical Mergers. Chapter in Mergers and Productivity, edited by Steven N. Kaplan. University of Chicago Press. January 2000. ISBN 0-226-42431-6
15. "Glaxo warns of redundancies". The Independent. 21 June 1995. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
16. "10,000 face Glaxo's axe at Wellcome". The Independent. 15 June 1995. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
17. "Glaxo Wellcome plans to axe 7,500 jobs". The Independent. 8 September 1995. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
18. New York Times, January 27, 1995. Glaxo to Acquire Affymax
19. "Outlook: Glaxo Wellcome". The Independent. 30 March 1999. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
20. ^ "Profile: Glaxo Wellcome". BBC News. 17 January 2000. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
21. "Company of the week: Glaxo Wellcome". The Independent. 1 August 1999. Retrieved 15 July 2012.
22. ^ "The new alchemy – The drug industry's flurry of mergers is based on a big gamble". The Economist. 20 January 2000.
23. ^ "Partners resolve their differences and unite at the second attempt". Nature. 11 May 2000.
24. ^ "Annual Report 2013" (PDF). Retrieved 26 May 2014.
25. "Most-recognized brands: Anti-infectives, December 2013 - Drugs.com MedNews".
26. Geddes AM et al. Introduction: historical perspective and development of amoxicillin/clavulanate. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2007 Dec;30 Suppl 2:S109-12. PMID 17900874
27. Brown AG. Clavulanic acid, a novel beta-lactamase inhibitor--a case study in drug discovery and development. Drug Des Deliv. 1986 Aug;1(1):1-21. PMID 3334541
28. "www.accessdata.fda.gov".
29. Richards DM, Brogden RN; Brogden (February 1985). "Ceftazidime. A review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use". Drugs. 29 (2): 105–61. doi:10.2165/00003495-198529020-00002. PMID 3884319.
30. "WHO Model List of Essential Medicines. 18th list" (PDF). April 2013, Final Amendments – October 2013. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
31. "Our consumer healthcare products", GSK.
32. "About us: what we do", GlaxoSmithKline, accessed 16 November 2013
33. "GlaxoSmithKline Completes the Purchase of Block Drug for $1.24 Billion". PR Newswire. Retrieved 1 August 2010..
34. "Hall that glitters isn't shareholder gold". The Daily Telegraph. London. 15 July 2002.
35. "Glaxo unit buys Breathe Right maker". Trib Live. 9 October 2006.
36. Hirschler, Ben (24 May 2007). "Glaxo China R&D centre to target neurodegeneration". Reuters.
    • "Pharmaceutical futures: Made in China?". Nature. 29 October 2008.
37. Graham Ruddick (20 April 2009). "GlaxoSmithKline buys Stiefel for $3.6bn". The Daily Telegraph. London.
38. Dana Cimilluca and Jeanne Whalen for the Wall Street Journal. 20 April 2009. Glaxo to Buy Stiefel for $2.9 Billion
39. "FDA Approves Additional Vaccine for 2009 H1N1 Influenza Virus". US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 16 November 2009.
40. Andrew Jack (16 April 2009). "Companies / Pharmaceuticals – GSK and Pfizer to merge HIV portfolios". Financial Times.
41. Cosmetics Business. 11 June 2010 GSK buys Laboratorios Phoenix of Argentina
42. Paul Sandle (13 December 2010). "UPDATE 2-Glaxo buys protein-drinks firm Maxinutrition". Reuters.
43. David Ranii (21 December 2011). "GSK sells BC, Goody's and other brands". News & Observer.
44. "GSK confirms 500 mln stg UK investment plans", Reuters, 22 March 2012.
45. European Biotechnology News 16 May 2012. GSK acquires Cellzome 100%: Britain's largest drugmaker GlaxoSmithKline will pay about €75m in cash to acquire Cellzome AG completely
46. John Carroll for FierceBiotech 15 May 2012 GSK snags proteomics platform tech in $98M Cellzome buyout
47. John Carroll for FiercePharma. 12 June 2012 GSK continues deal spree with $302M pact for Basilea eczema drug
48. Basilea Pharmaceutica Press Release. 11 June 2012 Basilea enters into global agreement with Stiefel, a GSK company, for Toctino® (alitretinoin)
49. ^ Matthew Herper for Forbes. 16 July 2012. Three Lessons From GlaxoSmithKline's Purchase Of Human Genome Sciences
50. GSK aims to market world's first malaria vaccine, 7 October 2013 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |agency= ignored (help)
51. Hirschler, Ben (10 March 2014). "GSK pays $1 billion to lift Indian unit stake to 75 percent". Reuters. Retrieved 10 March 2014.
52. Aaron Smith for CNN Money, March 27, 2014 Alli weight-loss drug recalled for tampering
53. Chad Bray and David Jolly for the New York Times. 22 April 2014. Novartis and Glaxo Agree to Trade $20 Billion in Assets
54. Jonathan D. Rockoff, Jeanne Whalen, and Marta Falconi for the Wall Street Journal. 22 April 2014 Deal Flurry Shows Drug Makers' Swing Toward Specialization Accessed May 25, 2014
55. "Global alliance to eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis". Ifpma.org. Archived from the original on 27 December 2008.
56. "Private and Public Partners Unite to Combat 10 Neglected Tropical Diseases by 2020". Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. 30 January 2012.
    • "Research-based pharma pledges on neglected tropical diseases". The Pharma Letter. 31 January 2012.
57. "Press release: Malaria vaccine candidate reduces disease over 18 months of follow-up in late-stage study of more than 15,000 infants and young children - PATH".
58. Birkett AJ et al. Malaria vaccine R&D in the Decade of Vaccines: breakthroughs, challenges and opportunities. Vaccine. 2013 Apr 18;31 Suppl 2:B233-43. PMID 23598488
59. "Malaria vaccine candidate reduces disease over 18 months of follow-up in late-stage study of more than 15,000 infants and young children, Malaria vaccine candidate reduces disease over 18 months of follow-up in late-stage study of more than 15,000 infants and young children | 2013 | Press releases | Media | GlaxoSmithKline".
60. Donald G. McNeil Jr (18 October 2011). "Glaxo's RTS, S Malaria Vaccine Shows Promise, Scientists Say". The New York Times.
61. Sarah Boseley for The Guardian. 13 February 2009 Drug giant GlaxoSmithKline pledges cheap medicine for world's poor
62. UNITAID 16 February 2009. UNITAID Statement on GSK Patent Pool For Neglected Diseases
63. Dr Tido von Schoen-Angerer, director of Médecins Sans Frontières' Campaign for Access to Essential Medicines. 16 February 2009. The Guardian: Letter in response to GSK's patent pool proposal
64. Human Rights Campaign. Profle: Buyers Guide entry for GlaxoSmithKline. Accessed May 16, 2014
65. ^ U.S. Department of Justice Press Release. 2 July 2012 GlaxoSmithKline to Plead Guilty and Pay $3 Billion to Resolve Fraud Allegations and Failure to Report Safety Data
66. Katie Thomas and Michael S. Schmidt (2 July 2012). "Glaxo Agrees to Pay $3 Billion in Fraud Settlement". The New York Times.
67. Bourg CA, Phillips BB; Phillips (February 2012). "Rosiglitazone, myocardial ischemic risk, and recent regulatory actions". Ann Pharmacother. 46 (2): 282–9. doi:10.1345/aph.1Q400. PMID 22298606.
68. S.E. Nissen (April 2010). "The rise and fall of rosiglitazone". Eur. Heart J. 31 (7): 773–6. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq016. PMID 20154334.
69. Thomas F. Lüscher, Ulf Landmesser, Frank Ruschitzka; Landmesser; Ruschitzka (May 2010). "Standing firm—the European Heart Journal, scientific controversies and the industry" (PDF). Eur. Heart J. 31 (10): 1157–8. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq127. PMID 20418345.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
70. Max Baucus and Chuck Grassley (12 July 2010), "Finance Committee Letter to the FDA Regarding Avandia", Finance Committee
71. "The intimidation of Dr. John Buse and the diabetes drug Avandia" (PDF). Committee on Finance, United States Senate. November 2007.
    • Andrew Clark (22 November 2007). "GSK accused of trying to intimidate critic". The Guardian. London.
    "Speakers at Carolina". Retrieved 22 January 2008.
    • "About the American Diabetes Association". American Diabetes Association.
72. "www.fda.gov" (PDF).
73. Nissen SE, Wolski K; Wolski (July 2010). "Rosiglitazone revisited: an updated meta-analysis of risk for myocardial infarction and cardiovascular mortality". Arch. Intern. Med. 170 (14): 1191–1201. doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2010.207. PMID 20656674.
74. "F.D.A. Lifts Some Restrictions on Avandia - NYTimes.com".
75. U.S. Department of Justice Press Release. 26 October 2010 GlaxoSmithKline to Plead Guilty & Pay $750 Million to Resolve Criminal and Civil Liability Regarding Manufacturing Deficiencies at Puerto Rico Plant
76. ^ "Glaxo to Pay $750 Million for Sale of Bad Products". The New York Times. 27 October 2010.
77. BBC News, 12 March 2002 "Glaxo probed over doctor freebies"
78. Jane Burgermeister for BMJ News. 5 June 2004 German prosecutors probe again into bribes by drug companies
79. Reuters. September 12, 2006 GlaxoSmithKline to Settle Tax Dispute With U.S.
80. US IRS Press Release. 11 September 2006 IRS Accepts Settlement Offer in Largest Transfer Pricing Dispute
81. Alice Yan and Toh Han Shih (16 July 2013). "Shanghai travel agent's revenue surge led to arrests in GSK bribery case". South China Morning Post.
    • "GlaxoSmithKline executives face China bribery probe". BBC News. 11 July 2013.
82. "GSK response to China investigation". Gsk.com.
83. Rupert Neate and Angela Monaghan, GlaxoSmithKline admits some staff in China involved in bribery , The Guardian, 22 July 2013.
    • Tom Philips (26 July 2013). "Chinese police allege Glaxo sales reps trained to offer sexual bribes". The Daily Telegraph. London.
84. "China fines GlaxoSmithKline $490m over bribery". BBC. 19 September 2014. Retrieved 19 September 2014.
85. Julia Kollewe (28 May 2014). "GlaxoSmithKline faces criminal investigation by Serious Fraud Office". The Guardian.
86. "GlaxoSmithKline to be investigated by UK fraud body". BBC News. 27 May 2014.
87. Pilkington, Ed; Goldenberg, Suzanne (5 December 2013). "State conservative groups plan US-wide assault on education, health and tax". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 12 January 2013.

External links

• Official website
• GSK plc companies grouped at OpenCorporates
• Financial Times Quote, profile, and news
• London Stock Exchange Quote, regulatory filings, and news
• New York Stock Exchange Quote, profile, regulatory filings, and news

v t e Pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry in the United Kingdom
Manufacturing in the United Kingdom Economy of the United Kingdom
Companies	Current AAH Pharmaceuticals Alliance Boots Astex AstraZeneca (MedImmune) BTG Cyclacel Dechra Pharmaceuticals GE HealthCare Genus GSK Hikma Pharmaceuticals Indivior IXICO MacFarlan Smith Mundipharma Norbrook Group Oxford Biomedica Pfizer UK Proximagen Silence Therapeutics TBS GB Vectura Vernalis ViiV Healthcare Defunct Allen & Hanburys Amersham Beecham Group Cambridge Antibody Technology Celltech Chiroscience The Distillers Company Fisons Glaxo Wellcome ICI Phytopharm Reliant Pharmaceuticals Renovo Shire Unipath Zeneca
Government and regulatory bodies	Commission on Human Medicines Department of Health European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines & HealthCare Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health Pharmaceutical Price Regulation Scheme Pharmaceutical Society of Northern Ireland General Pharmaceutical Council Scottish Medicines Consortium Veterinary Medicines Directorate
Industry and professional bodies	Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry Chemical Industries Association European Federation of Biotechnology European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations Faculty of Pharmaceutical Medicine Pharmacists' Defence Association Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain Worshipful Society of Apothecaries
Books and journals	Bandolier Bad Pharma (2012) British National Formulary British National Formulary for Children British Pharmaceutical Codex Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology Monthly Index of Medical Specialities Side Effects (2008) The Pharmaceutical Journal
Other	British Approved Name British Pharmacopoeia DrugScope European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership European Pharmacopoeia List of world's largest pharmaceutical companies Pharmaceutical Services Negotiating Committee Wellcome Trust
category

v t e FTSE 100 companies of the United Kingdom   → FTSE 250

3i Admiral Group Airtel Africa Alliance Witan Anglo American Antofagasta Ashtead Group Associated British Foods AstraZeneca Auto Trader Group Aviva BAE Systems Barclays Barratt Redrow Beazley Berkeley Group Holdings BP British American Tobacco British Land BT Group Bunzl Centrica Coca-Cola HBC Compass Group Convatec Croda International DCC Diageo Diploma EasyJet Endeavour Mining Entain Experian F & C Investment Trust Fresnillo Games Workshop Glencore GSK Haleon Halma Hargreaves Lansdown Hikma Pharmaceuticals Hiscox Howdens Joinery HSBC IHG Hotels & Resorts IMI Imperial Brands Informa Intermediate Capital Group International Airlines Group Intertek JD Sports Kingfisher Land Securities Legal & General Lloyds Banking Group LondonMetric Property London Stock Exchange Group M&G Marks & Spencer Melrose Industries Mondi National Grid NatWest Group Next Pearson Pershing Square Holdings Persimmon Phoenix Group Prudential Reckitt RELX Rentokil Initial Rightmove Rio Tinto Rolls-Royce Sage Group J Sainsbury Schroders Scottish Mortgage Investment Trust Segro Severn Trent Shell DS Smith Smith & Nephew Smiths Group Spirax Group SSE Standard Chartered St. James's Place Taylor Wimpey Tesco Unilever United Utilities Unite Group Vodafone Weir Group Whitbread WPP

• Biotechnology companies of the United Kingdom
• Companies based in Hounslow
• Companies established in 2000
• Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange
• Dental companies
• GlaxoSmithKline
• Multinational companies
• Pharmaceutical companies of the United Kingdom
• Vaccine producers
• Medical controversies