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Revision as of 04:46, 5 January 2015
Military occupation is effective provisional control of a certain power over a territory which is not under the formal sovereignty of that entity, without the volition of the actual sovereign. The intended temporary nature of occupation, when no claim for permanent sovereignty is made by the occupying entity, distinguishes occupation from annexation.
In most wars, some territory is placed under the military government of a hostile army. Most belligerent military occupations end with the cessation of hostilities. In some cases, the occupied territory is returned and in other cases, the land remains under the control of the occupying power, and may be characterized as being under the jurisdiction of the "civil affairs administration of a military government."
For the purpose of selectivity, only military occupations since the customary laws of belligerent military occupation were first clarified and supplemented by the Hague Convention of 1907 Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague IV); October 18, 1907 are included in this article.
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 | This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2011) |
1907 to World War I
| Territory occupied | From | To | Occupied state | Occupying state |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Albania | 1912 | 1913 |  Albania
|
 Serbia
|
| Nicaragua | 1912 | 1933 |  Nicaragua
|
 USA
|
World War I
| Territory occupied | From | To | Occupied state | Occupying state |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belgium | 1914 | 1918 |  Belgium
|
 German Empire
|
| Luxembourg | 1914 | 1918 |  Luxembourg
|
German Empire
|
| Northeastern France | 1914 | 1918 |  France
|
German Empire
|
| Lublin | 1914 | 1918 |  Russian Empire
|
 Austria-Hungary
|
| Serbia | 1914 | 1918 | Serbia
|
Austria-Hungary
|
| Montenegro | 1914 | 1918 |  Montenegro
|
Austria-Hungary
|
| Albania | 1914 | 1918 | Albania
|
Austria-Hungary
|
| Northeastern Italy | 1914 | 1918 |  Italy
|
Austria-Hungary
|
| Eastern Galicia | 1914 | 1918 | Austria-Hungary
|
Russian Empire
|
| Albania | 1915 | 1917 | Albania
|
 Bulgaria
|
| Parts of the Russian Empire | 1914 | 1919 | Russian Empire
|
German Empire
|
| German South-West Africa (Namibia) | 1915 | 1994 |  South Africa
|
Contemporaneous occupations
| Territory occupied | From | To | Occupied state | Occupying state |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Veracruz | 1914 | 1914 |  Veracruz
|
 USA
|
| Haiti | 1915 | 1934 |  Haiti
|
USA
|
| Dominican Republic | 1916 | 1924 |  Dominican Republic
|
USA
|
| Cuba | 1917 | 1922 |  Cuba
|
USA
|
Interbellum (1918–1939)
| Territory occupied | From | To | Occupied state | Occupying state |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parts of Turkey | 1919 | 1922 |  Turkey
|
 Greece, France, Italy, and  UK
|
| Ruhr | 1923 | 1924 |  Germany
|
France and Belgium
|
| Manchuria | 1931 | 1945 |  Republic of China
|
 Empire of Japan
|
| Ethiopia | 1935 | 1941 |  Ethiopia
|
 Kingdom of Italy
|
| Czechoslovakia | 1938 | 1945 |  Czechoslovakia
|
 Nazi Germany
|
| Carpatho-Ukraine | 1939 | 1944 | Czechoslovakia
|
 Hungary
|
| Albania | April 7, 1939 | April 12, 1939 | Albania
|
Kingdom of Italy
|
World War II
After World War II
Current
| Territory occupied | Since | Occupied state | Occupying state | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abkhazia | 2008 |  Georgia
|
Russia
|
Seized during the Russo-Georgian War; administered as the Republic of Abkhazia, a state with limited international recognition (See Occupied territories of Georgia) |
| Artsvashen | 1994 |  Armenia
|
 Azerbaijan
|
Seized during the Nagorno-Karabakh War; de facto annexed; administered as part of Gadabay District |
| Barxudarlı | 1994 | Azerbaijan
|
Armenia
|
Seized during the Nagorno-Karabakh War; de facto annexed; administered as part of Tavush Province |
| Crimea | 2014 |  Ukraine
|
Russia
|
Annexed in 2014 during Crimean crisis |
| East Jerusalem | 1967 |  Palestine
|
 Israel
|
Seized during the Six-Day War from Jordan; de facto annexed in 1980 via the Jerusalem Law |
| Gaza Strip | 1967 | Palestine
|
Israel
|
Seized during the Six-Day War from Egypt; In 2005, Israel disengaged its military forces from the Gaza Strip and no longer considers itself to be occupying the territory, however the United Nations still considers it an occupying power. Gaza's border crossings with Israel and maritime and air space are controlled by Israel |
| Golan Heights | 1967 |  Syria
|
Israel
|
Seized during the Six-Day War; de facto annexed in 1981 via the Golan Heights Law |
| Karki | 1992 | Azerbaijan
|
Armenia
|
Seized during the Nagorno-Karabakh War; de facto annexed; administered as part of Ararat Province |
| Nagorno-Karabakh (and surrounding territories) |
1994 | Azerbaijan
|
Armenia
|
Seized during the Nagorno-Karabakh War; Nagorno-Karabakh administered as the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, a state with limited international recognition |
| Northern Cyprus | 1974 |  Cyprus
|
Turkey
|
Seized during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus; administered as the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, a state with no international recognition |
| South Ossetia | 2008 | Georgia
|
Russia
|
Seized during the Russo-Georgian War; administered as the Republic of South Ossetia, a state with limited international recognition (See Occupied territories of Georgia) |
| Transnistria | 1992 |  Moldova
|
Russia
|
Seized during the War of Transnistria; administered as the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, a state with limited international recognition |
| West Bank | 1967 | Palestine
|
Israel
|
Seized during the Six-Day War from Jordan; administered by the Israeli Civil Administration and the Palestinian National Authority |
| Western Sahara | 1975 |  Morocco
|
Seized during the Western Sahara War; de facto annexed; administered as the Southern Provinces; claimed by Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, a state with limited international recognition | |
| Yuxarı Əskipara | 1994 | Azerbaijan
|
Armenia
|
Seized during the Nagorno-Karabakh War; de facto annexed; administered as part of Tavush Province |
Secessionist states and territorial disputes
- For a list of states that have seceded unilaterally see List of states with limited recognition
- For a list of cases where territory is disputed between countries, see List of territorial disputes
See also
- Peacekeeping - military deployments for peace-keeping purposes
- CSDP missions – foreign non-belligerent military missions of the European Union
- Annexation
- Revanchism
Footnotes and references
- Footnotes
- Carpatho-Ukraine was an autonomous region within Czechoslovakia that declared independence on March 15, 1939. It was an unrecognized state.
- It ended when the Albanian parliament voted to unite with Italy.
- On 17 June 1944, Iceland dissolved its union with Denmark and the Danish monarchy and declared itself a republic.
- On 7 July 1941, the defence of Iceland was transferred from Britain to the United States.
- League of Nations mandate administered by Australia.
- On March 26, 1949, the US department of State issued a circular letter stating that the Baltic countries were still independent nations with their own diplomatic representatives and consuls.
- From Sumner Wells' declaration of July 23, 1940, that we would not recognize the occupation. We housed the exiled Baltic diplomatic delegations. We accredited their diplomats. We flew their flags in the State Department's Hall of Flags. We never recognized in deed or word or symbol the illegal occupation of their lands.
- On March 26, 1949, the US department of State issued a circular letter stating that the Baltic countries were still independent nations with their own diplomatic representatives and consuls.
- From Sumner Wells' declaration of July 23, 1940, that we would not recognize the occupation. We housed the exiled Baltic diplomatic delegations. We accredited their diplomats. We flew their flags in the State Department's Hall of Flags. We never recognized in deed or word or symbol the illegal occupation of their lands.
- On March 26, 1949, the US department of State issued a circular letter stating that the Baltic countries were still independent nations with their own diplomatic representatives and consuls.
- From Sumner Wells' declaration of July 23, 1940, that we would not recognize the occupation. We housed the exiled Baltic diplomatic delegations. We accredited their diplomats. We flew their flags in the State Department's Hall of Flags. We never recognized in deed or word or symbol the illegal occupation of their lands.
- On August 16, 1945 the Communist-dominated Polish government signed a treaty with the USSR to formally cede these territories.
- Berlin remained under formal military occupation until September 12, 1990 when the Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany was signed
- In 2005, Israel disengaged its military forces from the Gaza Strip and no longer considers itself to be occupying the territory. However, in a Spokesperson's Noon Briefing" on 19 January 2012, Martin Nesirky, Spokesperson for the United Nations Secretary-General, stated "under resolutions adopted by both the Security Council and the General Assembly on the Middle East peace process, the Gaza Strip continues to be regarded as part of the Occupied Palestinian Territory. The United Nations will accordingly continue to refer to the Gaza Strip as part of the Occupied Palestinian Territory until such time as either the General Assembly or the Security Council take a different view."
- References
- A Roberts. Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israeli-Occupied Territories Since 1967 - Am. J. Int'l L., 1990, p. 47.
- ^ Eyāl Benveniśtî. The international law of occupation. Princeton University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-691-12130-3, ISBN 978-0-691-12130-7, p. xvi
- Eran Halperin, Daniel Bar-Tal, Keren Sharvit, Nimrod Rosler and Amiram Raviv. Socio-psychological implications for an occupying society: The case of Israel. Journal of Peace Research 2010; 47; 59
- During civil wars, the districts occupied by rebels are considered to be foreign.Military Government and Martial Law LLMC, p. 21.
- David M. Edelstein. Occupational Hazards: Why Military Occupations Succeed or Fail. Journal of Peace Research 2010; 47; 59
- ^ Die Militärverwaltung in den von den österreichisch-ungarischen Truppen besetzten Gebieten, Vol. 4
- http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Lausanne
- Under the terms of two decrees by Hitler (October 8 and October 12, 1939), large areas of western Poland were annexed by Germany. Much of the rest of Poland was organized into the Generalgouvernement (General Government) of Poland, under German administration, while eastern Poland was annexed by the Soviet Union. The annexations were not recognized by any other State.
- ^ Feldbrugge, Ferdinand (1985). Encyclopedia of Soviet law. BRILL. p. 461. ISBN 90-247-3075-9.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Fried, Daniel (June 14, 2007). "U.S.-Baltic Relations: Celebrating 85 Years of Friendship" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-04-29.
- "Far East (Formosa and the Pescadores)". Hansard. 540 (cc1870–4). U.K. Parliament. May 4, 1955. Retrieved 2010-09-01.
The sovereignty was Japanese until 1952. The Japanese Treaty came into force, and at that time Formosa was being administered by the Chinese Nationalists, to whom it was entrusted in 1945, as a military occupation.
- On this Day: 23 December: 1956: Jubilation as allied troops leave Suez, BBC. Retrieved 22 June 2008.
- The occupation of Sinai (1956)
- Congo, Democratic Republic of the CIA Factbook
- Joe De Capua Ethiopia marks yearlong occupation in Somalia, Voice of America, 24 December 2007