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	==Fundamentals==		==Fundamentals==
	* ], non-technical introduction		* ] – non-technical introduction
	* ], practical applications in fields such as ], ], ], and ]		* ] – practical applications in fields such as ecology, artificial intelligence, medicine, and computer science
	* ], how different lineages of organisms share a ]		* ] – how different lineages of organisms share a most recent common ancestor
			** ] – most recent individual from which all organisms in a group are directly descended. It is impossible to identify the specific MRCA of a large set of individuals, but an estimate of the time at which the MRCA lived can often be given.
	: * ]		** ] –
	* ], basis for scientific acceptance as ] (well-substantiated explanation) based on ] (empirical data and objective verifiable observation)		* ] – basis for scientific acceptance as ] (well-substantiated explanation) based on ] (empirical data and objective verifiable observation)
	* ], outline of major events during evolution of life on Earth
	:* ], ~~more~~ ~~concise~~ outline		* ] – outline of major events during evolution of life on Earth
			** ] – more concise outline
	* ], change above level of species, including ~~], ], and ]~~		* ] – change above level of species, including:
⚫	* ], change within species or populations, due to ], selection (] and ]), ], and ]
			** ] – evolutionary process by which new biological species arise.
			*** Natural speciation
			**** ] –
			**** ] –
			**** ] –
			**** ] –
			*** Artificial speciation
			**** ] –
			**** ] –
			**** ] –
			*** ] –
			** ] –
			** ] –
		⚫	* ] – change within species or populations, due to ], selection (] and ]), ], and ]
			* ] – capacity of a system for adaptive evolution. Beneficial mutations are always rare, but if they are too rare, then adaptation cannot occur. Biological genomes are structured in ways that make beneficial changes less unlikely than they would otherwise be. Evolution has created not just fitter organisms, but populations of organisms that are better able to evolve.

	==Subfields==		==Subfields==

Revision as of 10:57, 2 January 2015

Evolutionary biology
Part of a series on
Darwin's finches by John Gould
Index Introduction Main Outline Glossary Evidence History
Processes and outcomes Population genetics Variation Diversity Mutation Natural selection Adaptation Polymorphism Genetic drift Gene flow Speciation Adaptive radiation Co-operation Coevolution Coextinction Contingency Divergence Convergence Parallel evolution Extinction
Natural history Origin of life Common descent History of life Timeline of evolution Human evolution Recent human evolution Phylogeny Biodiversity Biogeography Classification Evolutionary taxonomy Cladistics Transitional fossil Extinction event
History of evolutionary theory Overview Renaissance Before Darwin Darwin Origin of Species Before synthesis Modern synthesis Molecular evolution Evo-devo Current research History of speciation History of paleontology (timeline)
Fields and applications Applications of evolution Biosocial criminology Ecological genetics Evolutionary aesthetics Evolutionary anthropology Evolutionary computation Evolutionary ecology Evolutionary economics Evolutionary epistemology Evolutionary ethics Evolutionary game theory Evolutionary linguistics Evolutionary medicine Evolutionary neuroscience Evolutionary physiology Evolutionary psychology Experimental evolution Phylogenetics Paleontology Selective breeding Speciation experiments Sociobiology Island biogeography Systematics Universal Darwinism
Social implications Eugenics Evolution as fact and theory Dysgenics Social effects Creation–evolution controversy Theistic evolution Objections to evolution Level of support Nature-nurture controversy
Evolutionary biology portal Category
v t e

Evolution, also known as descent with modification, is the change in heritable traits of biological organisms over generations due to natural selection, mutation, gene flow, and genetic drift. Evolutionary biology or evolution is the subfield of biology concerned with study of evolutionary processes that produced the diversity of life on Earth.

Fundamentals

Introduction to evolution – non-technical introduction
Applications of evolution – practical applications in fields such as ecology, artificial intelligence, medicine, and computer science
Common descent – how different lineages of organisms share a most recent common ancestor
- Most recent common ancestor – most recent individual from which all organisms in a group are directly descended. It is impossible to identify the specific MRCA of a large set of individuals, but an estimate of the time at which the MRCA lived can often be given.
- Evidence of common descent –
Evolution as fact and theory – basis for scientific acceptance as theory (well-substantiated explanation) based on fact (empirical data and objective verifiable observation)
Evolutionary history of life – outline of major events during evolution of life on Earth
- Timeline of evolutionary history of life – more concise outline
Macroevolution – change above level of species, including:
- Speciation – evolutionary process by which new biological species arise.
  - Natural speciation
    - Allopatric speciation –
    - Peripatric speciation –
    - Parapatric speciation –
    - Sympatric speciation –
  - Artificial speciation
    - Animal husbandry –
    - Plant breeding –
    - Genetic engineering –
  - Hybrid speciation –
- Anagenesis –
- Extinction –
Microevolution – change within species or populations, due to mutation, selection (natural and artificial), gene flow, and genetic drift
Evolvability – capacity of a system for adaptive evolution. Beneficial mutations are always rare, but if they are too rare, then adaptation cannot occur. Biological genomes are structured in ways that make beneficial changes less unlikely than they would otherwise be. Evolution has created not just fitter organisms, but populations of organisms that are better able to evolve.

Subfields

History

Organisms

Tetrapods

Evolution of tetrapods

Evolution of dinosaurs

Evolution of birds

Evolution of mammals

Evolution of humans

Evolution of lemurs

Evolution of sirenians

Evolution of reptiles

Other animals

Plants

Evolution of plants

Other taxa

Evolution of influenza

E. coli long-term evolution experiment

Cells, organs, systems

Molecules and genes

Processes

List of examples of convergent evolution

Divergent evolution

Divergent evolution in animals

Taxonomy, systematics, and phylogeny

Psychology and behaviour

Sexual selection in human evolution

Modelling

Religious and philosophical views

Ahmadiyya views on evolution

Controversy

v t e Evolutionary biology
Introduction Outline Timeline of evolution History of life Index
Evolution	Abiogenesis Adaptation Adaptive radiation Altruism Cheating Reciprocal Baldwin effect Cladistics Coevolution Mutualism Common descent Convergence Divergence Earliest known life forms Evidence of evolution Evolutionary arms race Evolutionary pressure Exaptation Extinction Event Homology Last universal common ancestor Macroevolution Microevolution Mismatch Non-adaptive radiation Origin of life Panspermia Parallel evolution Signalling theory Handicap principle Speciation Species Species complex Taxonomy Unit of selection Gene-centered view of evolution
Population genetics	Artificial selection Biodiversity Evolutionarily stable strategy Fisher's principle Fitness Inclusive Gene flow Genetic drift Kin selection Parental investment Parent–offspring conflict Mutation Population Natural selection Sexual dimorphism Sexual selection Flowering plants Fungi Mate choice Social selection Trivers–Willard hypothesis Variation
Development	Canalisation Evolutionary developmental biology Genetic assimilation Inversion Modularity Phenotypic plasticity
Of taxa	Bacteria Birds origin Brachiopods Molluscs Cephalopods Dinosaurs Fish Fungi Insects butterflies Life Mammals cats canids wolves dogs hyenas dolphins and whales horses Kangaroos primates humans lemurs sea cows Plants pollinator-mediated Reptiles Spiders Tetrapods Viruses
Of organs	Cell DNA Flagella Eukaryotes symbiogenesis chromosome endomembrane system mitochondria nucleus plastids In animals eye hair auditory ossicle nervous system brain
Of processes	Aging Death Programmed cell death Avian flight Biological complexity Cooperation Color vision in primates Emotion Empathy Ethics Eusociality Immune system Metabolism Monogamy Morality Mosaic evolution Multicellularity Sexual reproduction Gamete differentiation/sexes Life cycles/nuclear phases Mating types Meiosis Sex-determination Snake venom
Tempo and modes	Gradualism/Punctuated equilibrium/Saltationism Micromutation/Macromutation Uniformitarianism/Catastrophism
Speciation	Allopatric Anagenesis Catagenesis Cladogenesis Cospeciation Ecological Hybrid Non-ecological Parapatric Peripatric Reinforcement Sympatric
History	Renaissance and Enlightenment Transmutation of species David Hume Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion Charles Darwin On the Origin of Species History of paleontology Transitional fossil Blending inheritance Mendelian inheritance The eclipse of Darwinism Neo-Darwinism Modern synthesis History of molecular evolution Extended evolutionary synthesis
Philosophy	Darwinism Alternatives Catastrophism Lamarckism Orthogenesis Mutationism Saltationism Structuralism Spandrel Theistic Vitalism Teleology in biology
Related	Biogeography Ecological genetics Evolutionary medicine Group selection Cultural evolution Cultural group selection Dual inheritance theory Hologenome theory of evolution Missing heritability problem Molecular evolution Astrobiology Phylogenetics Tree Polymorphism Protocell Systematics Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance
Category Portal

v t e Misplaced Pages outlines
General reference Culture and the arts Geography and places Health and fitness History and events Mathematics and logic Natural and physical sciences People and self Philosophy and thinking Religion and belief systems Society and social sciences Technology and applied sciences

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General reference

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