Misplaced Pages

Revision as of 19:09, 10 January 2015

This article presents a list of military occupations. Only military occupations since the customary laws of belligerent military occupation were first clarified and supplemented by the Hague Convention of 1907 Laws and Customs of War on Land (Hague IV); October 18, 1907 are included in this article.

Military occupation is effective provisional control of a certain power over a territory which is not under the formal sovereignty of that entity, without the volition of the actual sovereign. Military occupation is distinguished from annexation by its intended temporary nature (i.e. no claim for permanent sovereignty), by its military nature, and by citizenship rights of the controlling power not being conferred upon the subjugated population.

Part of a series on
War (outline)
History Prehistoric Ancient Post-classical castles Early modern military revolution pike and shot napoleonic warfare Late modern industrial warfare fourth-gen warfare
Military Organization Command and control Defense ministry Army Navy Air force Marines Coast guard Space force Reserves Ranks Specialties: Staff Engineers Intel Recon Medical Police Diving Pilot Land units: Infantry Armor Cavalry Artillery Special forces Signal corps Naval units: Warships Submarines Aircraft carriers Landing craft Auxiliary ships Air units: Fighters Bombers Command Close air support Electronic-warfare Reconnaissance Combat systems: Fire-control system Fire-control radar Director (military) Combat information center Sonar Radar Historical: Ship gun fire-control Gun data computer Torpedo data computer Development: Basic training Military manoeuvrers Combat training
Battlespace Aerospace Aerial Airborne Space Land Cold-region Desert Fortification Jungle Mountain Urban Subterranean Tunnel Sea Amphibious Blue Brown Green Surface Underwater Seabed Cyber Information
Weapons Air defence Armor Artillery Barrage Biological Camouflage Cavalry Horses Air cavalry Chemical Combined arms Conventional Cyber Denial Disinformation Drone / Robot Electromagnetic Infantry Loitering Missile Music Nuclear Psychological Radiological Submarine Unconventional
TacticsList of military tactics Aerial Airlift Air assault Airbridge Airdrop Anti-aircraft Anti-sub Anti-tank Battle Cavalry Charge Counterattack Counterinsurgency Convoy Defeat in detail Foxhole Drone Envelopment Formation Guerrilla Naval Rapid dominance Encirclement Investment Siege Swarm Screen Tactical objective Target saturation Trench Withdrawal
Operational Military operation Special Operations research Blitzkrieg Expeditionary Deep operation Maneuver Operational manoeuvre group Raid Covert Stay-behind
StrategyList of military strategies and concepts Military campaign Anti-access Attrition Commerce raiding Counter-offensive Culminating Defence in depth Fabian Empty fort Mosaic Deception Defensive Depth Goal Nuclear Naval Offensive Scorched earth
Grand strategy Asymmetric Blockade Broken-backed Class Cold war Colonial Conquest Containment Divide and conquer Economic Endemic Fleet in being Irregular Liberation Limited Network-centric New generation Perpetual Political Princely Proxy Religious Resource Strategic Succession Technology Theater Total war World war
Administrative Branch Policy Staff Training Service Sociology
Organization Area of responsibility Chain of command Command and control Doctrine Order of battle Principles of war Economy of force Medicine Engineers Intelligence Ranks Technology and equipment
Personnel Recruitment Conscription Mobilization Training Specialism Soldier Morale Volunteer Women Children Transgender Harassment Conscientious objector Counter-recruitment
Logistics History War economy Arms industry Materiel Supply-chain management Military–industrial complex Base MOB FOB Outpost
Science Power projection Loss-of-strength gradient Lanchester's laws Force multiplication
Law Occupation Armistice Ceasefire Court-martial Desertion Geneva Conventions Geneva Protocol Islamic rules Justice Lawful / Unlawful combatant Perfidy Jewish laws on war Rules of engagement Martial law War crime
Theory Air supremacy Appeasement Command of the sea Deterrence theory Full-spectrum dominance Overmatch Unrestricted Warfare Just war theory Principles of war Philosophy of war Security dilemma Tripwire force Wargaming Simulation Exercises
Non-warfare Arms control Counter-insurgency deterrence Disaster response Grey-zone Gunboat diplomacy Humanitarian aid Law enforcement Low-intensity conflict Military engineering Peacekeeping Peacebuilding Peace through strength Show of force
Culture Awards and decorations Battle cry Warrior War film Military science fiction War novel Anti-war movement Foot drill War song Uniform Wargame
Related Women in war War resister War studies Horses in warfare Wartime sexual violence Fifth column Mercenary Privateer Private military company
Lists Battles Military occupations Military terms Operations Sieges War crimes Wars Weapons Writers
v t e

This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2011)

1907 to World War I

Territory occupied	From	To	Occupied state	Occupying state
Albania	1912	1913	Albania	Serbia
Nicaragua	1912	1933	Nicaragua	USA

World War I

Territory occupied	From	To	Occupied state	Occupying state
Belgium	1914	1918	Belgium	German Empire
Luxembourg	1914	1918	Luxembourg	German Empire
Northeastern France	1914	1918	France	German Empire
Lublin	1914	1918	Russian Empire	Austria-Hungary
Serbia	1914	1918	Serbia	Austria-Hungary
Montenegro	1914	1918	Montenegro	Austria-Hungary
Albania	1914	1918	Albania	Austria-Hungary
Northeastern Italy	1914	1918	Italy	Austria-Hungary
Eastern Galicia	1914	1918	Austria-Hungary	Russian Empire
Albania	1915	1917	Albania	Bulgaria
Parts of the Russian Empire	1914	1919	Russian Empire	German Empire
German South-West Africa (Namibia)	1915	1994	Namibia	Union of South Africa

Contemporaneous occupations

Territory occupied	From	To	Occupied state	Occupying state
Veracruz	1914	1914	Veracruz	USA
Haiti	1915	1934	Haiti	USA
Dominican Republic	1916	1924	Dominican Republic	USA
Cuba	1917	1922	Cuba	USA

Interbellum (1918–1939)

Territory occupied	From	To	Occupied state	Occupying state
Parts of Turkey	1919	1922	Turkey	Greece,  France,  Italy, and  UK
Ruhr	1923	1924	Germany	France and  Belgium
Manchuria	1931	1945	Republic of China	Empire of Japan
Ethiopia	1935	1941	Ethiopia	Kingdom of Italy
Czechoslovakia	1938	1945	Czechoslovakia	Nazi Germany
Carpatho-Ukraine	1939	1944	Czechoslovakia ( Carpatho-Ukraine)	Hungary
Albania	April 7, 1939	April 12, 1939	Albania	Kingdom of Italy

World War II

Territory occupied	From	To	Occupied state	Occupying state
Poland	1939	1945	Poland	Nazi Germany
Denmark	1940	1945	Denmark	Nazi Germany
Norway	1940	1945	Norway	Nazi Germany
Belgium	1940	1945	Belgium	Nazi Germany
Greece	1941	1944	Greece	Axis powers
Belarus	1941	1944	Belarus	Nazi Germany
Netherlands	1940	1945	Netherlands	Nazi Germany
Luxembourg	1940	1945	Luxembourg	Nazi Germany
Northern France	1940	1944	France	Nazi Germany
Channel Islands	1940	1944	UK	Nazi Germany
Yugoslavia	1941	1945	Yugoslavia	Nazi Germany
Albania	1939	1945	Albania	Kingdom of Italy
Lithuania	1941	1944	Lithuania	Nazi Germany
Latvia	1941	1944	Latvia	Nazi Germany
Estonia	1941	1944	Estonia	Nazi Germany
Italy	1943	1945	Kingdom of Italy	Nazi Germany
Hungary	1944	1945	Hungary	Nazi Germany
Southeastern France	1940	1943	France	Kingdom of Italy
Faroe Islands	1940	1945	Denmark	UK
Iceland	1940	1945	Denmark- Iceland	UK and  USA
Parts of the Soviet Union	1941	1944	Soviet Union	Finland
Iran	1941	1946	Iran	Allies
Libya	1943	1951	Libya	Allies
Parts of China	1937	1945	Republic of China	Japan
Shanghai	1937	1945	Republic of China	Japan
Hong Kong	1941	1945	UK	Japan
Vietnam	1940	1945	France	Japan
Cambodia	1941	1945	France	Japan
Malaya	1941	1945	UK	Japan
British Borneo	1941	1945	UK	Japan
Singapore	1942	1945	UK	Japan
Philippines	1942	1945	Commonwealth of the Philippines	Japan
Dutch East Indies (Indonesia)	1942	1945	Netherlands	Japan
Burma (Myanmar)	1942	1945	UK	Japan
New Guinea	1942	1945	Australia	Japan
Kiska	1942	1943	USA	Japan
Estonia	1940 1944	1941 1991	Estonia	Soviet Union
Latvia	1940 1944	1941 1991	Latvia	Soviet Union
Lithuania	1940 1944	1941 1991	Lithuania	Soviet Union
Eastern Poland	1939	1941	Poland	Soviet Union
Finland	1939	1940	Finland	Soviet Union
Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina	1940	1941	Romania	Soviet Union
Romania	1944	1958	Romania	Soviet Union
Bulgaria	1944	1947	Bulgaria	Soviet Union
Hungary	1945	1991	Hungary	Soviet Union
Czechoslovakia	1945	1945	Czechoslovakia	Soviet Union
East Germany	1945	1949	East Germany	Soviet Union
Northern Iran	1945	1946	Iran	Soviet Union
Korea	1945	1948	Korea	Soviet Union
Allied-occupied Germany	1945	1949 1990	Germany	Allied Control Council
Austria	1945	1955	Austria	Allied Control Council

After World War II

Territory occupied	From	To	Occupied state	Occupying state
Japan	1945	1951	Japan	Allies
Korea	1945	1948	Korea	USA and  Russia
Taiwan	1945	1952	Japan	Republic of China
Parts of Vietnam	1945	1946	Vietnam	UK
Gaza Strip	1947 March 1957
West Bank	1948 June 1967	October 1956 June 1967	Gaza Strip	Egypt
Sinai	1956	1956	Egypt	France,  Israel, and  UK
Dominican Republic	1965	1966	Dominican Republic	USA and The Organization of American States
Sinai	1967	1982	Egypt	Israel
Czechoslovakia	1968	1968	Czechoslovakia	Warsaw Pact
East Pakistan	1971	1971	Pakistan	India
Laos	1971	1975	Laos	North Vietnam
East Timor	1975	1999	East Timor	Indonesia
Aouzou Strip	1976	1987	Chad	Libya
Parts of Lebanon	1976	2005	Lebanon	Syria
Southern Lebanon	1978	2000	Lebanon	Israel
Parts of Uganda	1978	1978	Uganda	Tanzania
Cambodia	1979	1989	Cambodia	Vietnam
Parts of Vietnam	1979	1979	Vietnam	China
Falkland Islands	1982	1982	UK	Argentina
Northern Sri Lanka	1987	1990	Sri Lanka	India
Maldives	1988	1988	Maldives	India
Panama	1989	1990	Panama	USA
Kuwait	1990	1991	Kuwait	Iraq
Haiti	1994	1995	Haiti	USA
Lesotho	September 1998	May 1999	Lesotho	South Africa and Southern African Development Community
Parts of the Democratic Republic of the Congo	1998	2002	Democratic Republic of the Congo	Uganda,  Rwanda,  Zimbabwe,  Angola,  Namibia,  Chad, and  Sudan
Kargil District	1999	1999	India	Pakistan
Iraq	2003	2004	Iraq	NATO
Parts of Somalia	December 2006	January 2009	Somalia	Ethiopia
Gori and Poti	2008	2008	Georgia	Russia
Perevi	2008	2010	Georgia	Russia
Isla Calero	October 2010	January 2011	Costa Rica	Nicaragua

Current

Territory occupied	Since	Occupied state	Occupying state	Status
Abkhazia	2008	Georgia	Russia	Seized during the Russo-Georgian War; administered as the Republic of Abkhazia, a state with limited international recognition (See Occupied territories of Georgia)
Artsvashen	1994	Armenia	Azerbaijan	Seized during the Nagorno-Karabakh War; de facto annexed; administered as part of Gadabay District
Barxudarlı	1994	Azerbaijan	Armenia	Seized during the Nagorno-Karabakh War; de facto annexed; administered as part of Tavush Province
Crimea	2014	Ukraine	Russia	Annexed in 2014 during Crimean crisis
East Jerusalem	1967	Palestine	Israel	Seized during the Six-Day War from Jordan; de facto annexed in 1980 via the Jerusalem Law
Gaza Strip	1967	Palestine	Israel	Seized during the Six-Day War from Egypt; In 2005, Israel disengaged its military forces from the Gaza Strip and no longer considers itself to be occupying the territory, however the United Nations still considers it an occupying power. Gaza's border crossings with Israel and maritime and air space are controlled by Israel
Golan Heights	1967	Syria	Israel	Seized during the Six-Day War; de facto annexed in 1981 via the Golan Heights Law
Karki	1992	Azerbaijan	Armenia	Seized during the Nagorno-Karabakh War; de facto annexed; administered as part of Ararat Province
Nagorno-Karabakh (and surrounding territories)	1994	Azerbaijan	Armenia	Seized during the Nagorno-Karabakh War; Nagorno-Karabakh administered as the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, a state with limited international recognition
Northern Cyprus	1974	Cyprus	Turkey	Seized during the Turkish invasion of Cyprus; administered as the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, a state with no international recognition
South Ossetia	2008	Georgia	Russia	Seized during the Russo-Georgian War; administered as the Republic of South Ossetia, a state with limited international recognition (See Occupied territories of Georgia)
Transnistria	1992	Moldova	Russia	Seized during the War of Transnistria; administered as the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic, a state with limited international recognition
West Bank	1967	Palestine	Israel	Seized during the Six-Day War from Jordan; administered by the Israeli Civil Administration and the Palestinian National Authority
Western Sahara	1975		Morocco	Seized during the Western Sahara War; de facto annexed; administered as the Southern Provinces; claimed by Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic, a state with limited international recognition
Yuxarı Əskipara	1994	Azerbaijan	Armenia	Seized during the Nagorno-Karabakh War; de facto annexed; administered as part of Tavush Province

Secessionist states and territorial disputes

• For a list of states that have seceded unilaterally see List of states with limited recognition
• For a list of cases where territory is disputed between countries, see List of territorial disputes

See also

• Peacekeeping - military deployments for peace-keeping purposes
• CSDP missions – foreign non-belligerent military missions of the European Union
• Annexation
• Revanchism

Footnotes and references

Footnotes

1. Carpatho-Ukraine was an autonomous region within Czechoslovakia that declared independence on March 15, 1939. It was an unrecognized state.
2. It ended when the Albanian parliament voted to unite with Italy.
3. On 17 June 1944, Iceland dissolved its union with Denmark and the Danish monarchy and declared itself a republic.
4. On 7 July 1941, the defence of Iceland was transferred from Britain to the United States.
5. League of Nations mandate administered by Australia.
6. On March 26, 1949, the US department of State issued a circular letter stating that the Baltic countries were still independent nations with their own diplomatic representatives and consuls.
7. From Sumner Wells' declaration of July 23, 1940, that we would not recognize the occupation. We housed the exiled Baltic diplomatic delegations. We accredited their diplomats. We flew their flags in the State Department's Hall of Flags. We never recognized in deed or word or symbol the illegal occupation of their lands.
8. On March 26, 1949, the US department of State issued a circular letter stating that the Baltic countries were still independent nations with their own diplomatic representatives and consuls.
9. From Sumner Wells' declaration of July 23, 1940, that we would not recognize the occupation. We housed the exiled Baltic diplomatic delegations. We accredited their diplomats. We flew their flags in the State Department's Hall of Flags. We never recognized in deed or word or symbol the illegal occupation of their lands.
10. On March 26, 1949, the US department of State issued a circular letter stating that the Baltic countries were still independent nations with their own diplomatic representatives and consuls.
11. From Sumner Wells' declaration of July 23, 1940, that we would not recognize the occupation. We housed the exiled Baltic diplomatic delegations. We accredited their diplomats. We flew their flags in the State Department's Hall of Flags. We never recognized in deed or word or symbol the illegal occupation of their lands.
12. On August 16, 1945 the Communist-dominated Polish government signed a treaty with the USSR to formally cede these territories.
13. Berlin remained under formal military occupation until September 12, 1990 when the Treaty on the Final Settlement With Respect to Germany was signed
14. In 2005, Israel disengaged its military forces from the Gaza Strip and no longer considers itself to be occupying the territory. However, in a Spokesperson's Noon Briefing" on 19 January 2012, Martin Nesirky, Spokesperson for the United Nations Secretary-General, stated "under resolutions adopted by both the Security Council and the General Assembly on the Middle East peace process, the Gaza Strip continues to be regarded as part of the Occupied Palestinian Territory. The United Nations will accordingly continue to refer to the Gaza Strip as part of the Occupied Palestinian Territory until such time as either the General Assembly or the Security Council take a different view."

References

1. A Roberts. Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israeli-Occupied Territories Since 1967 - Am. J. Int'l L., 1990, p. 47.
2. ^ Eyāl Benveniśtî. The international law of occupation. Princeton University Press, 2004. ISBN 0-691-12130-3, ISBN 978-0-691-12130-7, p. xvi
3. Eran Halperin, Daniel Bar-Tal, Keren Sharvit, Nimrod Rosler and Amiram Raviv. Socio-psychological implications for an occupying society: The case of Israel. Journal of Peace Research 2010; 47; 59
4. During civil wars, the districts occupied by rebels are considered to be foreign.Military Government and Martial Law LLMC, p. 21.
5. David M. Edelstein. Occupational Hazards: Why Military Occupations Succeed or Fail. Journal of Peace Research 2010; 47; 59
6. Phillipson, Coleman (1916). Termination of War and Treaties of Peace. The Lawbook Exchange. p. 10. ISBN 9781584778608. The difference between effective military occupation (or conquest) and annexation involves a profound difference in the rights conferred by each
7. Stirk, Peter (2009). The Politics of Military Occupation. Edinburgh University Press. p. 44. ISBN 9780748636716. The significance of the temporary nature of military occupation is that it brings about no change of allegiance. Military government remains an alien government whether of short or long duration, though prolonged occupation may encourage the occupying power to change military occupation into something else, namely annexation
8. ^ Die Militärverwaltung in den von den österreichisch-ungarischen Truppen besetzten Gebieten, Vol. 4
9. http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Lausanne
10. Under the terms of two decrees by Hitler (October 8 and October 12, 1939), large areas of western Poland were annexed by Germany. Much of the rest of Poland was organized into the Generalgouvernement (General Government) of Poland, under German administration, while eastern Poland was annexed by the Soviet Union. The annexations were not recognized by any other State.
11. ^ Feldbrugge, Ferdinand (1985). Encyclopedia of Soviet law. BRILL. p. 461. ISBN 90-247-3075-9. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
12. ^ Fried, Daniel (June 14, 2007). "U.S.-Baltic Relations: Celebrating 85 Years of Friendship" (PDF). Retrieved 2009-04-29.
13. "Far East (Formosa and the Pescadores)". Hansard. 540 (cc1870–4). U.K. Parliament. May 4, 1955. Retrieved 2010-09-01. The sovereignty was Japanese until 1952. The Japanese Treaty came into force, and at that time Formosa was being administered by the Chinese Nationalists, to whom it was entrusted in 1945, as a military occupation.
14. On this Day: 23 December: 1956: Jubilation as allied troops leave Suez, BBC. Retrieved 22 June 2008.
15. The occupation of Sinai (1956)
16. Congo, Democratic Republic of the CIA Factbook
17. Joe De Capua Ethiopia marks yearlong occupation in Somalia, Voice of America, 24 December 2007

• Territories under military occupation
• Military law
• Geography-related lists
• Lists of military conflicts
• Military operations other than war