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Charlie Hebdo

Logo of the weekly Charlie Hebdo
Type	Satirical weekly newspaper News magazine
Format	Magazine
Editor	fr [Gerard Biard]
Founded	1970
Political alignment	Left-wing
Ceased publication	1981
Relaunched	1992
Headquarters	Paris, France
Circulation	45,000
ISSN	1240-0068
Website	charliehebdo.fr

Charlie Hebdo (French pronunciation: [ʃaʁli ɛbˈdo]; French for Charlie Weekly) is a French satirical weekly newspaper, featuring cartoons, reports, polemics, and jokes. Irreverent and stridently non-conformist in tone, the publication describes itself as strongly anti-racist, anti-religious and left-wing, publishing articles on the extreme right, religion (Catholicism, Islam, Judaism), politics, culture, etc. According to its former editor Stéphane Charbonnier ("Charb"), the magazine's editorial viewpoint reflects "all components of left wing pluralism, and even abstainers".

The magazine has been the target of two terrorist attacks, in 2011 and in 2015, presumed to be in response to a number of controversial Muhammad cartoons it published. In the second of these attacks, 12 people were killed, including Charbonnier and several contributors.

Charlie Hebdo first appeared in 1970 as a successor to the Hara-Kiri magazine, which was banned for mocking the death of former French President Charles de Gaulle. In 1981 publication ceased, but the magazine was resurrected in 1992. The magazine's current editor is Gérard Biard who took over the role when Charbonnier, who had been editor since 2009, was killed. The previous editors were François Cavanna (1969–1981) and Philippe Val (1992–2009). The magazine is published every Wednesday, with special editions issued on an unscheduled basis.

Origins in Hara-Kiri

In 1960, Georges "Professeur Choron" Bernier and François Cavanna launched a monthly magazine entitled Hara-Kiri. Choron acted as the director of publication and Cavanna as its editor. Eventually Cavanna gathered together a team which included Roland Topor, Fred, Jean-Marc Reiser, Georges Wolinski, fr [Gébé], and Cabu. After an early reader's letter accused them of being "dumb and nasty" ("bête et méchant"), the phrase became an official slogan for the magazine and made it into everyday language in France.

Hara-Kiri was briefly banned in 1961, and again for six months in 1966. A few contributors did not return along with the newspaper, such as Gébé, Cabu, Topor, and Fred. New members of the team included fr [Delfeil de Ton], fr [Pierre Fournier (journaliste)], and Willem.

In 1969, the Hara-Kiri team decided to produce a weekly publication – on top of the existing monthly magazine – which would focus more on current affairs. This was launched in February as Hara-Kiri Hebdo and renamed L'Hebdo Hara-Kiri in May of the same year. (Hebdo is short for hebdomadaire – "weekly")

In November 1970, the former French president Charles de Gaulle died in his home village of Colombey-les-Deux-Églises, eight days after a disaster in a nightclub, the Club Cinq-Sept fire, which caused the death of 146 people. The magazine released a cover spoofing the popular press's coverage of this disaster, headlined "Tragic Ball at Colombey, one dead." As a result, the weekly was banned.

In order to sidestep the ban, the editorial team decided to change its title, and used Charlie Hebdo. The new name was derived from a monthly comics magazine called Charlie (later renamed Charlie Mensuel, meaning Charlie Monthly), which had been started by Bernier and Delfeil de Ton in 1969. The monthly Charlie took its name from the lead character of one of the comics it originally published, Peanuts's Charlie Brown. Using that title for the new weekly magazine was also an inside joke about Charles de Gaulle. The first issue did feature a Peanuts strip, as the editors were fan of the series.

In December 1981, publication ceased.

Rebirth

In 1991, Gébé, Cabu and others were reunited to work for La Grosse Bertha, a new weekly magazine resembling Charlie Hebdo created in reaction to the First Gulf War and edited by singer and comedian Philippe Val. However, the following year, Val clashed with the publisher, who wanted apolitical humor, and was fired. Gébé and Cabu walked out with him and decided to launch their own paper again. The three called upon Cavanna, Delfeil de Ton and Wolinski, requesting their help and input. After much searching for a new name, the obvious idea of resurrecting Charlie Hebdo was agreed on. The new magazine was owned by Val, Gébé, Cabu and singer Renaud Séchan. Val was editor, Gébé artistic director.

The publication of the new Charlie Hebdo began in July 1992 amidst much publicity. The first issue under the new publication sold 100,000 copies. Choron, who had fallen out with his former colleagues, tried to restart a weekly Hara-Kiri, but its publication was short-lived. Choron died in January 2005.

On 26 April 1996, François Cavanna, Stéphane Charbonnier and Philippe Val filed 173,704 signatures, obtained in 8 months, with the aim of banning the political party Front National, since it would have contravened the articles 1, 2, 4, 6 and 7 of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen.

In 2000, journalist Mona Chollet was sacked after she had protested against a Philippe Val article which called Palestinians "non-civilized". In 2004, following the death of Gébé, Val succeeded him as director of the publication, while still holding his position as editor.

In 2008, controversy broke over a column by veteran cartoonist Siné which led to accusations of antisemitism and Siné's sacking by Val. Siné sued the newspaper for unfair dismissal and Charlie Hebdo was sentenced to pay him €90,000 in damages. Siné launched a rival paper called Siné Hebdo which later became Siné Mensuel. Charlie Hebdo launched its Internet site, after years of reluctance from Val. In 2009, Philippe Val resigned after being appointed director of France Inter, a public radio station to which he has contributed since the early 1990s. His functions were split between two cartoonists, Charb (Stéphane Charbonnier) and Riss (Laurent Sourisseau). Val gave away his shares in 2011.

fr [Gerard Biard] is the editor-in-chief of Charlie Hebdo.

Legal cases

Mosque of Paris v Val (2007)

In 2007 the Grand Mosque of Paris began criminal proceedings against the chief-editor of Charlie Hebdo, Philipe Val, for publicly abusing a group on the ground of their religion. The lawsuit was limited to three specific cartoons, including one depicting Muhammad carrying a bomb in his turban. In March 2007 le tribunal de Paris acquitted Val, finding that it was fundamentalists, rather than Muslims, who were being ridiculed in the cartoons.

Siné sacking (2008)

On 2 July 2008, a column by the cartoonist Siné (Maurice Sinet) appeared in Charlie Hebdo citing a news item that Jean Sarkozy, son of Nicolas Sarkozy, had announced his intention to convert to Judaism before marrying his fiancée, a Jewish heiress Jessica Sebaoun-Darty. Siné added, "he'll go far, this lad!" After this led to complaints of anti-Semitism, after journalist Claude Askolovitch described them as anti-Semitic. The magazine's editor, Philippe Val, ordered Siné to write a letter of apology or face termination. The cartoonist said he would rather "cut his own balls off," and was promptly fired. Both sides subsequently filed lawsuits, and in December 2010, Siné won a 40,000-euro court judgment against his former publisher for wrongful termination. Siné also reported a death threat posted on a site run by the Jewish Defense League. The text said "20 centimeters of stainless steel in the gut, that should teach the bastard to stop and think."

Muhammad cartoons and aftermath

2006

Controversy arose over the publication's edition of 9 February 2006. Under the title "Mahomet débordé par les intégristes" ("Muhammad overwhelmed by fundamentalists"), the front page showed a cartoon of a weeping Muhammad saying "C'est dur d'être aimé par des cons" ("it's hard being loved by jerks"). The newspaper reprinted the twelve cartoons of the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy and added some of their own. Compared to a regular circulation of 100,000 sold copies, this edition enjoyed great commercial success. 160,000 copies were sold and another 150,000 were in print later that day.

In response, French President Jacques Chirac condemned "overt provocations" which could inflame passions. "Anything that can hurt the convictions of someone else, in particular religious convictions, should be avoided", Chirac said. The Grand Mosque, the Muslim World League and the Union of French Islamic Organisations (UOIF) sued, claiming the cartoon edition included racist cartoons. A later edition contained a statement by a group of twelve writers warning against Islamism.

The suit by the Grand Mosque and the UOIF reached the courts in February 2007. Publisher Philippe Val contended "It is racist to imagine that they can't understand a joke," but Francis Szpiner, the lawyer for the Grand Mosque, explained the suit: "Two of those caricatures make a link between Muslims and Muslim terrorists. That has a name and it's called racism."

Future president Nicolas Sarkozy sent a letter to be read in court expressing his support for the ancient French tradition of satire. François Bayrou and future president François Hollande also expressed their support for freedom of expression. The French Council of the Muslim Faith (CFCM) criticized the expression of these sentiments, claiming that they were politicizing a court case.

On 22 March 2007, executive editor Philippe Val was acquitted by the court. The court followed the state attorney's reasoning that two of the three cartoons were not an attack on Islam, but on Muslim terrorists, and that the third cartoon with Muhammad with a bomb in his turban should be seen in the context of the magazine in question, which attacked religious fundamentalism.

2011 attack

The paper's controversial 3 November 2011 issue, renamed "Charia Hebdo" (a reference to Sharia law) and "guest-edited" by Muhammad, depicted Muhammad saying: "100 lashes of the whip if you don't die laughing."

In the early hours of 2 November 2011, the newspaper's office in the 20th arrondissement was fire-bombed and its website hacked. The attacks were presumed to be linked to its decision to rename a special edition "Charia Hebdo", with Muhammad listed as the "editor-in-chief". The cover, featuring a cartoon of Muhammad by Luz (Rénald Luzier), had circulated on social media for a couple of days.

Charb was quoted by AP stating that the attack might have been carried out by "stupid people who don't know what Islam is" and that they are "idiots who betray their own religion". Mohammed Moussaoui, head of the French Council of the Muslim Faith, said his organisation deplores "the very mocking tone of the paper toward Islam and its prophet but reaffirms with force its total opposition to all acts and all forms of violence." François Fillon, the prime minister, and Claude Guéant, the interior minister, voiced support for Charlie Hebdo, as did feminist writer Ayaan Hirsi Ali, who criticised calls for self-censorship.

2012

In September 2012, the newspaper published a series of satirical cartoons of Muhammad, some of which featured nude caricatures of him. Given that this issue came days after a series of attacks on U.S. embassies in the Middle East, purportedly in response to the anti-Islamic film Innocence of Muslims, the French government decided to increase security at certain French embassies, as well as to close the French embassies, consulates, cultural centers, and international schools in about 20 Muslim countries. In addition, riot police surrounded the offices of the magazine to protect it against possible attacks.

Foreign Minister Laurent Fabius criticised the magazine's decision, saying, "In France, there is a principle of freedom of expression, which should not be undermined. In the present context, given this absurd video that has been aired, strong emotions have been awakened in many Muslim countries. Is it really sensible or intelligent to pour oil on the fire?" The U.S. White House stated "a French magazine published cartoons featuring a figure resembling the Prophet Muhammad, and obviously, we have questions about the judgment of publishing something like this." However, the newspaper's editor defended publication of the cartoons, saying, "We do caricatures of everyone, and above all every week, and when we do it with the Prophet, it's called provocation."

2015 attack

On 7 January 2015, two Islamist gunmen forced their way into and opened fire in the Paris headquarters of Charlie Hebdo, killing twelve: staff cartoonists Charb, Cabu, Honoré, Tignous and Wolinski, economist Bernard Maris, editors Elsa Cayat and Mustapha Ourrad, guest Michel Renaud, maintenance worker Frédéric Boisseau and police officers Brinsolaro and Merabet, and wounding eleven, four of them seriously.

During the attack, the gunmen shouted "Allahu akbar" ("God is great" in Arabic) and also "the Prophet is avenged". President François Hollande described it as a "terrorist attack of the most extreme barbarity". The two gunmen were identified as Saïd Kouachi and Chérif Kouachi, French Muslim brothers of Algerian descent.

The "survivors' issue"

The day after the attack, the remaining staff of Charlie Hebdo announced that publication would continue, with the following week's edition of the newspaper to be published according to the usual schedule with a print run of one million copies, up significantly from its usual 60,000. On 13 January 2015 the news came on BBC that the first issue after the massacre will come out in three million copies. On Wednesday itself it was announced that due to a huge demand in France, the print run would be raised from three to five million copies. The newspaper announced the revenue from the issue would go towards the family of the victims.

The French government granted nearly €1 million to support the magazine. The Digital Innovation Press Fund (French: Fonds Google–AIPG pour l’Innovation Numérique de la presse), partially funded by Google, donated €250,000, matching a donation by the French Press and Pluralism Fund. The Guardian Media Group pledged a donation of £100,000.

Je suis Charlie

After the attacks, the phrase Je suis Charlie, French for "I am Charlie", was adopted by supporters of free speech and freedom of expression who were reacting to the shootings. The phrase identifies a speaker or supporter with those who were killed at the Charlie Hebdo shooting, and by extension, a supporter of freedom of speech and resistance to armed threats. Some journalists embraced the expression as a rallying cry for the freedom of self-expression.

The slogan was first used on Twitter and spread to the Internet at large. The Twitter account and the original "Je suis Charlie" picture bearing the phrase in white Charlie Hebdo style font on black background were created by French journalist and artist Joachim Roncin just after the massacre.

The website of Charlie Hebdo went offline shortly after the shooting, and when it returned it bore the legend Je Suis Charlie on a black background. The statement was used as the hashtag #jesuischarlie on Twitter, as computer-printed or hand-made placards and stickers, and displayed on mobile phones at vigils, and on many websites, particularly media sites. While other symbols were used, notably holding pens in the air, the phrase "Not Afraid", and tweeting certain images, "Je Suis Charlie" became more widespread.

Republican marches

A series of rallies took place in cities across France on 10–11 January 2015 to honour the victims of the Charlie Hebdo shooting, and also to voice support for freedom of speech.

Luz, one of the survivors of the attack, stated: "People sang La Marseillaise. We're speaking about the memory of Charb, Tignous, Cabu, Honoré, Wolinski: they would all have abhorred that kind of attitude." Willem, another surviving cartoonist, declared that "We vomit on those who suddenly declared that they were our friends".

Current staff

• fr [Gérard Biard], editor
• Sylvie Coma, editor
• Luz, cartoonist
• Riss, cartoonist
• fr [Catherine Meurisse], cartoonist
• Coco, cartoonist
• Willem, cartoonist
• Walter Foolz, cartoonist
• Babouse, cartoonist
• Patrick Pelloux, journalist
• fr [Antonio Fischetti], journalist
• fr [Zineb El Rhazoui], journalist
• Philippe Lançon, journalist
• Fabrice Nicolino, journalist
• fr [Sigolène Vinson], journalist
• fr [Laurent Léger], journalist
• fr [Jean-Baptiste Thoret], critic
• Mathieu Madénian, columnist
• Simon Fieschi, webmaster
• fr [Richard Malka], lawyer
• Eric Portheault, finance manager

See also

• Journalism
• Comics
• France

• Le Canard enchaîné, a satirical weekly French newspaper
• Republican marches (January 2015)

References

Notes

1. ^ McNab 2006, p. 26: "Georges Bernier, the real name of 'Professor Choron', cofounder and director of the satirical magazine Hara Kiri, whose title was changed (to circumvent a ban, it seems!) to Charlie Hebdo in 1970."
2. L'Obs; Agence France-Presse (4 October 2012). ""Charlie Hebdo" triple ses ventes avec les caricatures de Mahomet". L'Obs (in French). Retrieved 9 January 2015.
3. "Charlie Hebdo: first cover since terror attack depicts prophet Muhammad". The Guardian. 13 January 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
4. Charb. "Non, "Charlie Hebdo" n'est pas raciste !". Le Monde. Retrieved 4 March 2014.
5. «Charlie Hebdo, c'est la gauche plurielle» sur lecourrier.ch 9 April 2010
6. Megan Gibson. "The Provocative History of French Weekly Newspaper Charlie Hebdo". Time. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
7. ^ Lemonnier 2008, p. 50.
8. Sherwin, Adam (16 January 2015). "What is Charlie Hebdo? A magazine banned and resurrected but always in the grand tradition of Gallic satire". The Independent. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
9. Cavanna et "les cons", Le Monde, 14 February 2014
10. Quelle est l’origine du nom Charlie Hebdo ?, Lyon Capitale, 12 janvier 2015
11. Pourquoi Charlie Hebdo s'appelle Charlie Hebdo, Direct Matin, 8 January 2015
12. Wolinski L'ex-rédacteur en chef de «Charlie mensuel», se souvient de «Peanuts» «Ça serait bien de renouer avec ce genre de BD», Libération, 4 février 2000
13. Antoine Guiral, Les 173 704 signatures de Charlie Hebdo in Libération, 12 September 1996.
14. L’opinion du patron, Les Mots Sont Importants, 4 March 2006.
15. Charlie Hebdo doit verser 90 000 euros à Siné, Libération, 17 December 2012.
16. Adam Withnall; John Lichfield (7 January 2015). "Charlie Hebdo shooting: At least 12 killed as shots fired at satirical magazine's Paris office". The Independent. Paris. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
17. Janssen, Esther, Limits to Expression on Religion in France (March 8, 2012). Agama & Religiusitas di Eropa, Journal of European Studies, Vol. V, No. 1, pp. 22-45, 2009. Produced in cooperation between the University of Indonesia and the Delegation of the European Commission.; Amsterdam Law School Research Paper No. 2012-45; Institute for Information Law Research Paper No. 2012-39. Available at SSRN: SSRN
18. "What to say when you have nothing to say", Counterpunch
19. Burke, Jason, The Observer (3 August 2008). "'Anti-Semitic' satire divides liberal Paris". The Guardian. London.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
20. "Le Tribunal de Grande Instance donne raison à Siné contre Charlie Hebdo," ActuaBD (11 December 2010).
21. "Hätsk fransk debatt om antisemitism," Sveriges Television (Aug. 13, 2008).
22. "Culte Musulman et Islam de France". CFCM TV. 22 March 2007. Retrieved 21 December 2011.
23. "Writers' statement on cartoons (1 March 2006)". BBC News. 1 March 2006. Retrieved 21 December 2011.
24. Heneghan, Tom, "Cartoon row goes to French court", IOL, 2 February 2007.
25. "Caricatures : Le soutien de Sarkozy à Charlie Hebdo fâche le CFCM". TF1 News. 15 December 2011. Retrieved 21 December 2011.
26. "Charlie Hebdo: Sarkozy accusé de politiser le procès". L'Express. Retrieved 21 December 2011.
27. "French cartoons editor acquitted", BBC, 22 March 2007.
28. "French Satirical Newspaper 'Charlie Hebdo' Wins Second Trial Over Controversial Cartoon Ban Request". Newswire.
29. Schofield, Hugh. "Charlie Hebdo and its place in French journalism." BBC. 3 November 2011.
30. ^ James Boxel (2 November 2011). "Firebomb attack on satirical French magazine". Financial Times. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
31. "Attack on French satirical paper Charlie Hebdo (2 November 2011)". BBC. 2 November 2011. Retrieved 21 December 2011.
32. AP via Google.
33. Peter Worthington (9 November 2011). "Extremists hurt non-militant Muslims the most". Toronto Sun. QMI.
34. "Charlie Hebdo publie des caricatures de Mahomet". BMFTV Template:Fr icon Retrieved 19 September 2012.
35. ^ Vinocur, Nicholas (19 September 2012). "Magazine's nude Mohammad cartoons prompt France to shut embassies, schools in 20 countries". National Post. Reuters. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
36. Samuel, Henry (19 September 2012). "France to close schools and embassies fearing Mohammed cartoon reaction". The Telegraph. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
37. Khazan, Olga (19 September 2012). "Charlie Hebdo cartoons spark debate over free speech and Islamophobia". The Washington Post. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
38. Keller, Greg; Hinnant, Lori (19 September 2012). "Charlie Charlie Hebdo Mohammed Cartoons: France Ups Embassy Security After Prophet Cartoons". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 19 September 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
39. Clark, Nicola (19 September 2012). "French Magazine Publishes Cartoons Mocking Muhammad". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
40. "Press Briefing by Press Secretary Jay Carney, 9/19/12". The White House.
41. "French leaders sound alarm over planned Mohammad cartoons". Reuters. 18 September 2012. Retrieved 18 September 2012.
42. Stefan Simons (20 September 2012). "'Charlie Hebdo' Editor in Chief: 'A Drawing Has Never Killed Anyone'". Der Spiegel.
43. ^ Bremner, Charles (7 January 2015). "Islamists kill 12 in attack on French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo". The Times.
44. "Attentat contre " Charlie Hebdo " : Charb, Cabu, Wolinski et les autres, assassinés dans leur rédaction". Le Monde (in French).
45. "Deadly attack on office of French magazine Charlie Hebdo". BBC News.
46. "Charlie Hebdo attack: What we know so far", BBC News, 8 January 2015.
47. "EN DIRECT. Massacre chez "Charlie Hebdo" : 12 morts, dont Charb et Cabu". Le Point.fr (in French).
48. "Les dessinateurs Charb et Cabu seraient morts". L'Essentiel (in French). France. 7 January 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
49. Conal Urquhart. "Paris Police Say 12 Dead After Shooting at Charlie Hebdo". Time. Witnesses said that the gunmen had called out the names of individual from the magazine. French media report that Charb, the Charlie Hebdo cartoonist who was on al-Qaeda's most wanted list in 2013, was seriously injured.
50. Victoria Ward. "Murdered Charlie Hebdo cartoonist was on al Qaeda wanted list". The Telegraph.
51. "The Globe in Paris: Police identify three suspects". The Globe and Mail.
52. Adam Withnall, John Lichfield, "Charlie Hebdo shooting: At least 12 killed as shots fired at satirical magazine's Paris office", The Independent, 7 January 2015.
53. Higgins, Andrew; De La Baume, Maia (8 January 2015). "Two Brothers Suspected in Killings Were Known to French Intelligence Services". The New York Times. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
54. "Paris shooting: Female police officer dead following assault rifle attack morning after Charlie Hebdo killings". The Independent. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
55. "Un commando organisé". Libération. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
56. "Paris Attack Suspect Dead, Two in Custody, U.S. Officials Say". NBC News. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
57. "Charlie Hebdo will come out next week, despite bloodbath". The Times of India. 8 January 2015.
58. "Charlie Hebdo Attack: Magazine to publish next week". BBC News. 8 January 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
59. "Defiant Charlie Hebdo depicts Prophet Muhammad on cover". BBC News. 13 January 2015. Retrieved 13 January 2015.
60. "Charlie Hebdo Attack: Magazine to publish next week". BBC News. 8 January 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
61. "Charlie Hebdo attack: Print run for new issue expanded". BBC News. 14 January 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2014.
62. "Charlie Hebdo: Pellerin veut débloquer un million d'euros". Le Figaro (in French). 8 January 2015. Retrieved 9 January 2015.
63. Russell Brandom (8 January 2015). "Charlie Hebdo will publish one million copies next week". The Verge.
64. Jon Stone (8 January 2015). "French media raises €500,000 to keep satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo open". The Independent.
65. "Updates on the 2nd Day of Search for Suspects in Charlie Hebdo Shooting". The New York Times. 8 January 2015.
66. "How I created the Charlie Hebdo magazine cover: cartoonist Luz's statement in full". The Telegraph. 13 January 2015.
67. "image". Enis Yavuz. Retrieved 8 January 2015.
68. "#JeSuisCharlie creator: Phrase cannot be a trademark". BBC News. 14 January 2015. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
69. "Charlie Hedbo". 7 January 2015.
70. Richard Booth (7 January 2015). "'Je suis Charlie' trends as people refuse to be silenced by Charlie Hebdo gunmen". Daily Mirror.
71. Isabelle Hanne. "Charlie" s'installe à "Libé" : "Bon, on fait le journal ?". Libération (in French). Retrieved 9 January 2015.
72. "Paris Terror Suspects Killed in Twin French Police Raids". Bloomberg. 9 January 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2015.
73. Le Point, magazine. "Luz: le soutien à Charlie Hebdo est à "contre-sens" de ses dessins". Le Point.fr.
74. Le Point, magazine. "Willem : "Nous vomissons sur ceux qui, subitement, disent être nos amis"". Le Point.fr.

Bibliography

• Lemonnier, Bertrand (2008). "L'entrée en dérision". Vingtième Siècle: Revue d'histoire. 98: 43–55. JSTOR 20475319. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• McNab, James P. (2006). "Bloc-notes Culturel: l'année 2005". The French Review. 80 (1): 16–29. JSTOR 25480584. {{cite journal}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

Further reading

• Egen, Jean (1976). La Bande à Charlie. Stock. ISBN 9782234005532.

External links

• Official website Template:Fr icon
• "Un historique d'Hara-Kiri/Charlie Hebdo" (in French). Archived from the original on 24 March 2007.

• Charlie Hebdo
• Charlie Hebdo shooting
• 1960 establishments in France
• French-language magazines
• French satirical magazines
• Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy
• Magazines established in 1960
• Media in Paris
• Obscenity controversies
• Religious parodies and satires
• Weekly magazines