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| ]s; the outside faces have opposite polarities. The '''+''' and '''-''' signs show where the DC current is applied to the ] which supplies current to the ] coils]] | |||
| {{Electromagnetism}} | |||
| ] running gear was a semi-permanently coupled pair of third rail direct current electric locomotive motors built for the railroad's initial New York-area electrification when steam locomotives were banned in the city (locomotive cab removed here).]] | |||
| A '''DC motor''' relies on the fact that like magnet poles repel and unlike magnetic poles attract each other. A coil of wire with a current running through it generates an ] field aligned with the center of the coil. By switching the current on or off in a coil its magnetic field can be switched on or off or by switching the direction of the current in the coil the direction of the generated magnetic field can be switched 180°. A simple ''DC motor'' typically has a stationary set of magnets in the ] and an ] with a series of two or more windings of wire wrapped in insulated stack slots around iron pole pieces (called stack teeth) with the ends of the wires terminating on a ]. The armature includes the mounting bearings that keep it in the center of the motor and the power shaft of the motor and the commutator connections. The winding in the armature continues to loop all the way around the armature and uses either single or parallel conductors (wires), and can circle several times around the stack teeth. The total amount of current sent to the coil, the coil's size and what it's wrapped around dictate the strength of the electromagnetic field created. The sequence of turning a particular coil on or off dictates what direction the effective electromagnetic fields are pointed. By turning on and off coils in sequence a rotating magnetic field can be created. These rotating magnetic fields interact with the magnetic fields of the magnets (permanent or ]s) in the stationary part of the motor (stator) to create a force on the armature which causes it to rotate. In some DC motor designs the stator fields use electromagnets to create their magnetic fields which allow greater control over the motor. At high power levels, DC motors are almost always cooled using forced air. | |||
| The ] allows each armature coil to be activated in turn. The current in the coil is typically supplied via two brushes that make moving contact with the commutator. Now, some brushless DC motors have electronics that switch the DC current to each coil on and off and have no brushes to wear out or create sparks. | |||
| Different number of stator and armature fields as well as how they are connected provide different inherent speed/torque regulation characteristics. The speed of a DC motor can be controlled by changing the voltage applied to the armature. The introduction of variable resistance in the armature circuit or field circuit allowed speed control. Modern DC motors are often controlled by ] systems which adjust the voltage by "chopping" the DC current into on and off cycles which have an effective lower voltage. | |||
| Since the series-wound DC motor develops its highest torque at low speed, it is often used in traction applications such as ]. The DC motor was the mainstay of electric ]s on both electric and ]s, street-cars/trams and diesel electric drilling rigs for many years. The introduction of DC motors and an ] system to run machinery starting in the 1870s started a new ]. DC motors can operate directly from rechargeable batteries, providing the motive power for the first electric vehicles and today's ]s and ]s as well as driving a host of ] tools. Today DC motors are still found in applications as small as toys and disk drives, or in large sizes to operate steel rolling mills and paper machines. Large DC motors with separately excited fields were generally used with winder drives for ]s, for high torque as well as smooth speed control using thyristor drives. These are now replaced with large AC motors with variable frequecncy drives. | |||
| If external power is applied to a DC motor it acts as a DC generator, a ]. This feature is used to slow down and recharge batteries on ] and electric cars or to return electricity back to the electric grid used on a street car or electric powered train line when they slow down. This process is called ] on hybrid and electric cars. In diesel electric locomotives they also use their DC motors as generators to slow down but dissipate the energy in resistor stacks. Newer designs are adding large battery packs to recapture some of this energy. | |||
| ==Brush== | |||
| {{main|Brushed DC electric motor}} | |||
| [[File:Ejs Open Source Direct Current Electrical Motor Model Java Applet ( DC Motor ) 80 degree split ring.gif|thumb|A brushed DC electric motor generating torque from DC power supply by using an internal mechanical commutation. Stationary permanent magnets form the stator field. Torque is produced by the principle that any current-carrying conductor placed within an external magnetic field experiences a force, known as Lorentz force. In a motor, the magnitude of this Lorentz force (a vector represented by the green arrow), and thus the output torque,is a function for rotor angle, leading to a phenomenon known as torque ripple) | |||
| Since this is a single phase two-pole motor, the commutator consists of a split ring, so that the current reverses each half turn ( 180 degrees).]]The ] generates torque directly from DC power supplied to the motor by using internal commutation, stationary magnets (] or ]s), and rotating electrical magnets. | |||
| Advantages of a brushed DC motor include low initial cost, high reliability, and simple control of motor speed. Disadvantages are high maintenance and low life-span for high intensity uses. Maintenance involves regularly replacing the carbon brushes and springs which carry the electric current, as well as cleaning or replacing the ]. These components are necessary for transferring electrical power from outside the motor to the spinning wire windings of the rotor inside the motor. Brushes consist of conductors. | |||
| ==Brushless== | |||
| {{main|Brushless DC electric motor|Switched reluctance motor}} | |||
| Typical brushless DC motors use a rotating permanent magnet in the rotor, and stationary electrical current/coil magnets on the motor housing for the stator, but the symmetrical opposite is also possible. A motor controller converts DC to ]. This design is simpler than that of brushed motors because it eliminates the complication of transferring power from outside the motor to the spinning rotor. Advantages of brushless motors include long life span, little or no maintenance, and high efficiency. Disadvantages include high initial cost, and more complicated motor speed controllers. Some such brushless motors are sometimes referred to as "synchronous motors" although they have no external power supply to be synchronized with, as would be the case with normal AC synchronous motors. | |||
| ==Uncommutated== | |||
| Other types of DC motors require no commutation. | |||
| * ] – A homopolar motor has a magnetic field along the axis of rotation and an electric current that at some point is not parallel to the magnetic field. The name homopolar refers to the absence of polarity change. | |||
| Homopolar motors necessarily have a single-turn coil, which limits them to very low voltages. This has restricted the practical application of this type of motor. | |||
| * ] – A ball bearing motor is an unusual electric motor that consists of two ]-type bearings, with the inner races mounted on a common conductive shaft, and the outer races connected to a high current, low voltage power supply. An alternative construction fits the outer races inside a metal tube, while the inner races are mounted on a shaft with a non-conductive section (e.g. two sleeves on an insulating rod). This method has the advantage that the tube will act as a flywheel. The direction of rotation is determined by the initial spin which is usually required to get it going. | |||
| == Permanent magnet stators == | |||
| {{main|Permanent-magnet electric motor}} | |||
| A PM motor does not have a field winding on the stator frame, instead relying on PMs to provide the magnetic field against which the rotor field interacts to produce torque. Compensating windings in series with the armature may be used on large motors to improve commutation under load. Because this field is fixed, it cannot be adjusted for speed control. PM fields (stators) are convenient in miniature motors to eliminate the power consumption of the field winding. Most larger DC motors are of the "dynamo" type, which have stator windings. Historically, PMs could not be made to retain high flux if they were disassembled; field windings were more practical to obtain the needed amount of flux. However, large PMs are costly, as well as dangerous and difficult to assemble; this favors wound fields for large machines. | |||
| To minimize overall weight and size, miniature PM motors may use high energy magnets made with ] or other strategic elements; most such are neodymium-iron-boron alloy. With their higher flux density, electric machines with high-energy PMs are at least competitive with all optimally designed ] synchronous and induction electric machines. Miniature motors resemble the structure in the illustration, except that they have at least three rotor poles (to ensure starting, regardless of rotor position) and their outer housing is a steel tube that magnetically links the exteriors of the curved field magnets. | |||
| == Wound stators == | |||
| ] | |||
| {{main|universal motor}} | |||
| {{see also|Excitation (magnetic)}} | |||
| There are three types of electrical connections between the stator and rotor possible for DC electric motors: series, shunt/parallel and compound (various blends of series and shunt/parallel) and each has unique speed/torque characteristics appropriate for different loading torque profiles/signatures.<ref>Herman, 6th ed. Delmar, Cengage Learning, 2010. Page 251.</ref> | |||
| === Series connection === | |||
| A series DC motor connects the ] and ] in ] with a ] D.C. power source. The motor speed varies as a non-linear function of load torque and armature current; current is common to both the stator and rotor yielding current squared (I^2) behavior{{citation needed|date=November 2012}}. A series motor has very high starting torque and is commonly used for starting high inertia loads, such as trains, elevators or hoists.<ref>Ohio Electric Motors. Ohio Electric Motors, 2011. {{WebCite|url=http://www.webcitation.org/6330vNHK7|date =2011-07-20}}</ref> This speed/torque characteristic is useful in applications such as ]s, where the digging tool moves rapidly when unloaded but slowly when carrying a heavy load. | |||
| With no mechanical load on the series motor, the current is low, the counter-EMF produced by the field winding is weak, and so the armature must turn faster to produce sufficient counter-EMF to balance the supply voltage. The motor can be damaged by overspeed. This is called a runaway condition. | |||
| Series motors called "universal motors" can be used on alternating current. Since the armature voltage and the field direction reverse at (substantially{{Clarify|date=August 2014}}) the same time, torque continues to be produced in the same direction. Since the speed is not related to the line frequency, universal motors can develop higher-than-synchronous speeds, making them lighter than induction motors of the same rated mechanical output. This is a valuable characteristic for hand-held power tools. Universal motors for commercial ] are usually of small capacity, not more than about 1 kW output. However, much larger universal motors were used for electric locomotives, fed by special low-frequency ]s to avoid problems with commutation under heavy and varying loads. | |||
| === Shunt connection === | === Shunt connection === | ||
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| === Compound connection === | === Compound connection === | ||
| A compound DC motor connects the armature and fields windings in a shunt and a series combination to give it characteristics of both a shunt and a series DC motor.<ref>William H. Yeadon, Alan W. Yeadon. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2001. Page 4-134.</ref> This motor is used when both a high starting torque and good speed regulation is needed. The motor can be connected in two arrangements: cumulatively or differentially. Cumulative compound motors connect the series field to aid the shunt field, which provides higher starting torque but less speed regulation. Differential compound DC motors have good speed regulation and are typically operated |
A compound DC motor connects the armature and fields windings in a shunt and a series combination to give it characteristics of both a shunt and a series DC motor.<ref>William H. Yeadon, Alan W. Yeadon. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2001. Page 4-134.</ref> This motor is used when both a high starting torque and good speed regulation is needed. The motor can be connected in two arrangements: cumulatively or differentially. Cumulative compound motors connect the series field to aid the shunt field, which provides higher starting torque but less speed regulation. Differential compound DC motors have good speed regulation and are typically operated a | ||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
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| == See also == | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| {{Commons category|DC motors}} | |||
| * National High Magnetic Field Laboratory | |||
| * at sci-toys.com | |||
| * at MICROMO | |||
| * at File Exchange - MATLAB Central | |||
| ==References== | |||
| <references/> | |||
| {{Electric motor}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ⚫ | ] | ||
Revision as of 19:20, 4 February 2015
Shunt connection
A shunt DC motor connects the armature and field windings in parallel or shunt with a common D.C. power source. This type of motor has good speed regulation even as the load varies, but does not have the starting torque of a series DC motor. It is typically used for industrial, adjustable speed applications, such as machine tools, winding/unwinding machines and tensioners.
Compound connection
A compound DC motor connects the armature and fields windings in a shunt and a series combination to give it characteristics of both a shunt and a series DC motor. This motor is used when both a high starting torque and good speed regulation is needed. The motor can be connected in two arrangements: cumulatively or differentially. Cumulative compound motors connect the series field to aid the shunt field, which provides higher starting torque but less speed regulation. Differential compound DC motors have good speed regulation and are typically operated a
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- Laughton M.A. and Warne D.F., Editors. Electrical engineer's reference book. 16th ed. Newnes, 2003. Page 19-4.
- William H. Yeadon, Alan W. Yeadon. Handbook of small electric motors. McGraw-Hill Professional, 2001. Page 4-134.