| Revision as of 15:07, 2 February 2015 edit31.48.73.38 (talk) Undid revision 645309847 by Wtshymanski (talk)Revert - WP:TE← Previous edit | Revision as of 15:21, 2 February 2015 edit undoWtshymanski (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users76,106 edits revert; off-topic and undue for this article Undid revision 645312800 by 31.48.73.38 (talk)Next edit → | ||
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| Millimeter wave ] is used in short-range ] in tanks and aircraft, and automated guns (]) on naval ships to shoot down incoming missiles. The small wavelength of millimeter waves allows them to track the stream of outgoing bullets as well as the target, allowing the computer fire control system to change the aim to bring them together. | Millimeter wave ] is used in short-range ] in tanks and aircraft, and automated guns (]) on naval ships to shoot down incoming missiles. The small wavelength of millimeter waves allows them to track the stream of outgoing bullets as well as the target, allowing the computer fire control system to change the aim to bring them together. | ||
| With Raytheon the U.S. ] has developed a nonlethal weapon system called ] (ADS) which emits a beam of radiation with a wavelength of 3 mm.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,72134-0.html |title=Slideshow: Say Hello to the Goodbye Weapon |accessdate=4 June 2009 | work=Wired |date=5 December 2006}}</ref> The weapon is reportedly not dangerous and causes no physical harm, but is extremely painful and causes the target to feel an intense burning pain, as if their skin is going to catch fire. |
With Raytheon the U.S. ] has developed a nonlethal weapon system called ] (ADS) which emits a beam of radiation with a wavelength of 3 mm.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.wired.com/news/technology/0,72134-0.html |title=Slideshow: Say Hello to the Goodbye Weapon |accessdate=4 June 2009 | work=Wired |date=5 December 2006}}</ref> The weapon is reportedly not dangerous and causes no physical harm, but is extremely painful and causes the target to feel an intense burning pain, as if their skin is going to catch fire. | ||
| Despite this, second degree burns have been reported in a low percentage of volunteers reported according the the ArmedForcesUpdate Youtube channel. Two people have received second degree burns after exposure to the device. (The actual number of injuries, according to Dr. Stephanie Miller of AFRL/RDHR, is a total of eight – the two previously mentioned, and six others, who healed without medical intervention.) The ADSʼs repel effect in humans occurs at slightly higher than 44 °C (111 °F), though first-degree burns occur at about 51 °C (124 °F), and second-degree burns occur at about 58 °C (136 °F). In testing, pea-sized blisters have been observed in less than 0.1% of ADS exposures, indicating that second degree surface burns have been caused by the device. The radiation burns caused are similar to microwave burns, but only on the skin surface due to the decreased penetration of shorter millimeter waves. The surface temperature of a target will continue to rise so long as the beam is applied, at a rate dictated by the target's material and distance from the transmitter, along with the beam's frequency and power level set by the operator. This shows that the ADS actually heats skin as demonstrated by the FLIR video showing the skin heating during ADS demonstrations. | |||
| ===Security screening=== | ===Security screening=== | ||
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| Cataracts induced by microwave and ionizing radiation | |||
| http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0039625788900884 | |||
| CNN Study Says Cell phones increase brain activity | |||
| http://www.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/02/22/cell.phone.brain.activity/index.html | |||
| Intense terahertz pulses cause DNA damage but also induce DNA repair | |||
| http://phys.org/news/2013-03-intense-terahertz-pulses-dna.html | |||
| Cell phones affect brain activity, study says | |||
| http://www.sfgate.com/health/article/Cell-phones-affect-brain-activity-study-says-2528988.php | |||
| The WHO now lists mobile phone use in the same "carcinogenic hazard" category as lead, engine exhaust and chloroform. | |||
| http://www.cnn.com/2011/HEALTH/05/31/who.cell.phones/index.html | |||
| {{Radio spectrum}} | {{Radio spectrum}} | ||
Revision as of 15:21, 2 February 2015
| Extremely high frequency (ITU) | |
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| Frequency range | 30 to 300 GHz |
| Wavelength range | 1 cm to 1 mm |
| Related bands | |
| Millimetre band (IEEE) | |
| Frequency range | 110 to 300 GHz |
| Wavelength range | 2.73 to 1 mm |
| Related bands | EHF (IEEE) |
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Extremely high frequency (EHF) is the ITU designation for the band of radio frequencies in the electromagnetic spectrum from 30 to 300 gigahertz, above which electromagnetic radiation is considered to be low (or far) infrared light, also referred to as terahertz radiation. Radio waves in this band have wavelengths from ten to one millimetre, giving it the name millimetre band or millimetre wave, sometimes abbreviated MMW or mmW.
Compared to lower bands, radio waves in this band have high atmospheric attenuation; they are absorbed by the gases in the atmosphere. Therefore they have a short range and can only be used for terrestrial communication over about a kilometer. In particular, signals in the 57–64 GHz region are subject to a resonance of the oxygen molecule and are severely attenuated. Even over relatively short distances, rain fade is a serious problem, caused when absorption by rain reduces signal strength. In climates other than deserts absorption due to humidity also has an impact on propagation. While this absorption limits potential communications range, it also allows for smaller frequency reuse distances than lower frequencies. The small wavelength allows modest size antennas to have a small beam width, further increasing frequency reuse potential.
Propagation
Millimeter waves travel solely by line-of-sight, and are blocked by building walls and attenuated by foliage. The high free space loss and atmospheric absorption limits propagation to a few kilometers. Thus they are useful for densely packed communications networks such as personal area networks that improve spectrum utilization through frequency reuse.
They show "optical" propagation characteristics and can be reflected and focused by small metal surfaces around 1 ft. diameter, and diffracted by building edges. At millimeter wavelengths, surfaces appear rougher so diffuse reflection increases. Multipath propagation, particularly reflection from indoor walls and surfaces, causes serious fading. Doppler shift of frequency can be significant even at pedestrian speeds. In portable devices shadowing due to the human body is a problem. Since they penetrate clothing and their small wavelength allows them to reflect from small metal objects they are used in millimeter wave scanners for airport security scanning.
Applications
Scientific research
This band is commonly used in radio astronomy and remote sensing. Ground-based radio astronomy is limited to high altitude sites such as Kitt Peak and Atacama Large Millimeter Array (ALMA) due to atmospheric absorption issues. Satellite-based remote sensing near 60 GHz can determine temperature in the upper atmosphere by measuring radiation emitted from oxygen molecules that is a function of temperature and pressure. The ITU non-exclusive passive frequency allocation at 57-59.3 is used for atmospheric monitoring in meteorological and climate sensing applications,and is important for these purposes due to the properties of oxygen absorption and emission in Earth’s atmosphere. Currently operational U.S. satellite sensors such as the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit (AMSU) on one NASA satellite (Aqua) and four NOAA (15-18) satellites and the Special Sensor Microwave Imager Sounder (SSMI/S) on Department of Defense satellite F-16 make use of this frequency range.
Telecommunications
In the United States, the band 38.6 - 40.0 GHz is used for licensed high-speed microwave data links, and the 60 GHz band can be used for unlicensed short range (1.7 km) data links with data throughputs up to 2.5 Gbit/s. It is used commonly in flat terrain.
The 71-76, 81-86 and 92-95 GHz bands are also used for point-to-point high-bandwidth communication links. These frequencies, as opposed to the 60 GHz frequency, do not suffer from the effects of oxygen absorption, but require a transmitting license in the US from the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). There are plans for 10 Gbit/s links using these frequencies as well. In the case of the 92–95 GHz band, a small 100 MHz range has been reserved for space-borne radios, making this reserved range limited to a transmission rate of under a few gigabits per second.
The band is essentially undeveloped and available for use in a broad range of new products and services, including high-speed, point-to-point wireless local area networks and broadband Internet access. WirelessHD is another recent technology that operates near the 60 GHz range. Highly directional, "pencil-beam" signal characteristics permit different systems to operate close to one another without causing interference. Potential applications include radar systems with very high resolution.
The upcoming Wi-Fi standard IEEE 802.11ad will run on the 60 GHz (V band) spectrum with data transfer rates of up to 7 Gbit/s.
Uses of the millimeter wave bands include point-to-point communications, intersatellite links, and point-to-multipoint communications.
Because of shorter wavelengths, the band permits the use of smaller antennas than would be required for similar circumstances in the lower bands, to achieve the same high directivity and high gain. The immediate consequence of this high directivity, coupled with the high free space loss at these frequencies, is the possibility of a more efficient use of the spectrum for point-to-multipoint applications. Since a greater number of highly directive antennas can be placed in a given area than less directive antennas, the net result is higher reuse of the spectrum, and higher density of users, as compared to lower frequencies. Furthermore, because one can place more voice channels or broadband information using a higher frequency to transmit the information, this spectrum could potentially be used as a replacement for or supplement to fiber optics.
As reported in incisor.tv monthly magazine, the WiMedia Alliance is looking at using the 60 GHz range in their road map.
Weapons systems
Millimeter wave radar is used in short-range fire control radar in tanks and aircraft, and automated guns (CIWS) on naval ships to shoot down incoming missiles. The small wavelength of millimeter waves allows them to track the stream of outgoing bullets as well as the target, allowing the computer fire control system to change the aim to bring them together.
With Raytheon the U.S. Air Force has developed a nonlethal weapon system called Active Denial System (ADS) which emits a beam of radiation with a wavelength of 3 mm. The weapon is reportedly not dangerous and causes no physical harm, but is extremely painful and causes the target to feel an intense burning pain, as if their skin is going to catch fire.
Security screening
Main article: Millimeter wave scannerA recent development has been imagers for security applications as clothing and other organic materials are translucent in some mm-wave atmospheric windows. Privacy advocates are concerned about the use of this technology because, in some cases, it allows screeners to see airport passengers as if without clothing.
The TSA has deployed a $170,000 machine, in the month of February 2009, for use in Tulsa International Airport according to USA Today. Machines will follow in Las Vegas, San Francisco, Albuquerque and Salt Lake City by May 2009. Similar units have been deployed in Baltimore (BWI) and Raleigh (RDU) for some time. These machines were deployed in the Jersey City PATH train system for two weeks in 2006.
Prior to a software upgrade the technology did not mask any part of the bodies of the people who were being scanned. However, passengers' faces were deliberately masked by the system. The photos were screened by technicians in a closed room, then deleted immediately upon search completion. Privacy advocates are concerned. "We're getting closer and closer to a required strip-search to board an airplane," said Barry Steinhardt of the American Civil Liberties Union. To address this issue, upgrades have eliminated the need for an officer in a separate viewing area. The new software generates a generic image of a human. There is no anatomical differentiation between male and female on the image, and if an object is detected, the software only presents a yellow box in the area. If the device does not detect anything of interest, no image is presented. Passengers can decline scanning and be screened via a metal detector and patted down.
Three security scanners using millimeter waves were put into use at Schiphol Airport in Amsterdam on 15 May 2007, with more expected to be installed later. The passenger's head is masked from the view of the security personnel.
According to Farran Technologies, a manufacturer of one model of the millimeter wave scanner, the technology exists to extend the search area to as far as 50 meters beyond the scanning area which would allow security workers to scan a large number of people without their awareness that they are being scanned.
Medicine
Most widely used in former USSR nations, low intensity (usually 10 mW/cm or less) electromagnetic radiation of extremely high frequency (especially in the range 40 - 70 GHz, which corresponds to wavelength of 7.5 - 4.3 mm) is used in human medicine for the treatment of many types of diseases. This type of therapy is called Millimeter Wave (MMW) Therapy or Extremely High Frequency (EHF) Therapy. More than 10 000 devices are used for Millimeter Wave Therapy worldwide and more than a million people have been treated with millimeter wave therapy during its documented history. Established in 1992, the Russian Journal Millimeter waves in biology and medicine is dedicated to the scientific basis and clinical applications of Millimeter Wave Therapy. More than 50 issues of it have been published.
Police Speed Radar
Police in the US, Europe, and Australia use speed-detecting radar in the Ka-band (33.4 - 36.0 GHz).
See also
- Electromagnetic shielding
- Journal of Infrared, Millimeter, and Terahertz Waves
- Knife-edge effect
- Microwave
- Terahertz radiation
References
- ^ Huang, Kao-Cheng; Zhaocheng Wang (2011). Millimeter Wave Communication Systems. John Wiley & Sons. pp. Sections 1.1.1 - 1.2. ISBN 1118102754.
- FCC.gov, Comments of IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Society, FCC RM-11104, 10/17/07
- Rfdesign.com, Multigigabit wireless technology at 70 GHz, 80 GHz and 90 GHz, RF Design, May 2006
- Incisor.tv
- "Slideshow: Say Hello to the Goodbye Weapon". Wired. 5 December 2006. Retrieved 4 June 2009.
- Newscientisttech.com
- ^ Frank, Thomas (18 February 2009). "Body scanners replace metal detectors in tryout at Tulsa airport". USA Today. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
- "Mirror for Star Ledger Article "PATH riders to face anti-terror screening -- Program will begin at station in Jersey City". 2006-07-12. p. 014.
- "Statement of Robert Kane to House of Representatives" (PDF). 2011-11-03. p. 2.
- Bat inspires space tech for airport security / Ireland / ESA in your country / ESA
- M. Rojavin and M. Ziskin, Medical application of millimetre waves, QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, vol. 91, no. 1, p. 57, 1998, Qjmed.oxfordjournals.org
- ^ Pakhomov, A. G., Murphy, P. R., Low-intensity millimeter waves as a novel therapeutic modality, IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 2000, vol. 28, no. 1, DX.doi.org
- Betskii, O. V. , Devyatkov, N. D., Kislov, V., Low Intensity Millimeter Waves in Medicine and Biology, Critical Reviews in Biomedical Engineering, 2000, vol. 28 no. 1&2, p. 247-268 Begellhouse.com
- ^ Betskii, O. V., Kotrovskaya T. I., Lebedeva, N. N., Millimeter Waves in Biology and Medicine, III Всероссийская конференция «Радиолокация и радиосвязь» – ИРЭ РАН, 26-30 октября 2009, JRE.cplire.ru
- Benran.ru
- http://copradar.com/preview/chapt7/ch7d1.html
External links
- FCC bulletin on MMW propagation
- FCC 70/80/90 GHz overview.
- FCC 57–64 GHz rules.
- Definition of frequency bands (VLF, ELF... etc.)
- US Patent 7220488 - Deflecting magnetic field shield
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