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{{Infobox language #REDIRECT ]
|name=Chitrali language
|nativename=
|states=]
|region=
|speakers={{sigfig|1000,000|2}}
|date=1992–2000
|ref=e17
|familycolor=Indo-European
|fam2=]
|fam3=]
|fam4=]
|fam5=Chitrali
|script=]
|nation=
|iso3=khw
|glotto=khow1242
|glottorefname=Khowar
|lingua=59-AAB-aa
}}

'''Chitrali''', is an ] of the ] branch, spoken by 1,000,000 people in ] in ], in the ] district of ] (including the ], Phandar ] and Gupis), and in parts of Upper ]. ] have also migrated heavily to Pakistan's major urban centres with ], ], ] and ], having sizeable populations. It is spoken as a second language in the rest of ] and ].

Khowar has been influenced by ] to a greater degree than other Dardic languages, and less by Sanskrit than ] or the Kohistani languages. ] (''Tribes of the Hindoo Koosh'') was among the first westerners to study Khowar and claimed that further research would prove Khowar to be equally derived from "Zend" (], Old Persian) and Sanskrit.{{cite quote|date=October 2013}}

The ] ] ] wrote that Chitral is the area of the greatest linguistic diversity in the world. Although Khowar is the predominant language of Chitral, more than ten other languages are spoken here. These include ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ] and ]. Since many of these languages have no written form, letters are usually written in ], Pakistan's national language.

Khowar is designated as one of 14 regional ], ].{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}

==Phonology==

Khowar has a variety of dialects which may vary phonemically.<ref name=Edelman>{{cite book|last=Edelman|first=D. I.|title=The Dardic and Nuristani Languages|year=1983|publisher=Institut vostokovedenii︠a︡ (Akademii︠a︡ nauk SSSR)|location=Moscow|pages=210}}</ref> The following tables lay out the basic phonology of Khowar.<ref name=Bashir1>{{Citation
|last= Bashir |first= Elena L.
|title= Topics in Kalasha Syntax: An areal and typological perspective
|journal= Ph.d Dissertation, University of Michigan
|year= 1988
|url=http://salc.uchicago.edu/sites/salc.uchicago.edu/files/bashirdissertation.pdf
| pages= 37–40
}}</ref><ref name=Bashir2>{{Citation
|last= Bashir |first= Elena L., Maula Nigah and Rahmat Karim Baig
|title= A Digital Khowar-English Dictionary with Audio
|url= http://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/khowar/
}}</ref>

===Vowels===

{|class="wikitable"
!
!]
!]
!]
|-align=center
!]
|{{IPA|i}} || || {{IPA|u}}
|-align=center
!]
|{{IPA|e}}
|
|{{IPA|o}}
|-align=center
!]
|
|{{IPA|a}}
|
|}

Khowar may also have nasalized vowels and a series of ] {{IPA|/aː/}}, {{IPA|/eː/}}, {{IPA|/iː/}}, {{IPA|/oː/}}, and {{IPA|/uː/}}. Sources are inconsistent on whether length is phonemic, with one author stating "vowel-length is observed mainly as a substitute one. The vowel-length of phonological value is noted far more rarely."<ref name=Edelman/> Unlike the neighboring and related ], Khowar does not have retroflex vowels.<ref name=Bashir1/>

===Consonants===

{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|-style="font-size: 90%;"
!colspan=2|
! ]
! ]
! ]
! ]
! ]
! Post-<br>velar
! ]
|-
!colspan=2| ]
| {{IPAlink|m}}
| {{IPAlink|n}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan=2| ]
! <small>]<br>/]</small>
| {{IPAlink|p}}<br>{{IPAlink|b}}
| {{IPAlink|t}}<br>{{IPAlink|d}}
| {{IPAlink|ʈ}}<br>{{IPAlink|ɖ}}
|
| {{IPAlink|k}}<br>{{IPAlink|g}}
| ({{IPAlink|q}})<br>&nbsp;
|
|-
! <small>]</small>
| pʰ
| tʰ
| ʈʰ
|
| kʰ
|
|
|-
!rowspan=2| ]
! <small>voiceless<br>/voiced</small>
|
| {{IPAlink|ts}}<br>{{IPAlink|dz}}
| {{IPAlink|ʈʂ}}<br>{{IPAlink|ɖʐ}}
| {{IPAlink|tʃ}}<br>{{IPAlink|dʒ}}
|
|
|
|-
! <small>aspirated</small>
|
| tsʰ (?)
| ʈʂʰ
| tʃʰ
|
|
|
|-
! ]
! <small>voiceless<br>/voiced</small>
| {{IPAlink|f}}<br>&nbsp;
| {{IPAlink|s}}<br>{{IPAlink|z}}
| {{IPAlink|ʂ}}<br>{{IPAlink|ʐ}}
| {{IPAlink|ʃ}}<br>{{IPAlink|ʒ}}
| {{IPAlink|x}}<br>{{IPAlink|ɣ}}
|
| {{IPAlink|h}}<br>&nbsp;
|-
!colspan=2 rowspan=2| ]<br>/]
|
|
|
| {{IPAlink|j}}
| {{IPAlink|w}}
|
|
|-
|
| {{IPAlink|l}}(ʲ) {{IPAlink|ɫ}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!colspan=2| ]
|
| {{IPAlink|ɾ}}
|
|
|
|
|
|}

The phonemic status of /tsʰ/ is unclear in the sources

===Tone===

Khowar, like many ], has either phonemic tone or stress distinctions.<ref name=Baart>{{Citation
|last= Baart |first= Joan L. G.
|title= Tonal features in languages of northern Pakistan
|year= 2003
|publisher=National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics
|url=http://www.fli-online.org/documents/linguistics/tone_in_np.pdf
| pages= 3, 6
}}</ref>

==Comparative Vocabulary==

The names of the days of the week, in Khowar, are compared with their equivalents in ], ], and English.
{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! English
! Shina
! Sanskrit
! Khowar
|-
| Sunday
| Adit
| Aditya var
| yak shambey
|-
| Monday
| Tsunduro
| Som var
| du shambey
|-
| Tuesday
| Ungaroo
| Mangal var
| sey shambey
|-
| Wednesday
| Bodo
| Budh var
| char shambey
|-
| Thursday
| Bressput
| Brihaspati var
| panch shambey
|-
| Friday
| Shooker
| Shukra var
| Adina

|-
| Saturday
| Shimshere
| Sanisch var
| shambey
|}

==Dialects==
* Standard Khowar

==Writing system==

Khowar has been written in the ] since the early twentieth century. But Chitrali has its own script Prior to that, the administrative and literary language of the region was ] and works such as poetry and songs in Khowar were passed down in ]. Today ] and ] are the official languages and the only major literary usage of Khowar is in both poetry and prose composition. Khowar has also been written in the Roman script since the 1960s.

==Khowar media==

===Television channels===
{{main|Television in Pakistan}}

{| class="wikitable"
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''TV Channel'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Genre'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Founded'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Official Website'''
|-
| Khyber News TV ({{Nastaliq|خیبر نیوز ٹیلی ویژن}})||News and current affairs || &nbsp; || http://www.khybernews.tv/
|-
|AVT Khyber TV ({{Nastaliq|اے وی ٹی خیبر}}) || Entertainment || &nbsp; || http://www.avtkhyber.tv/
|-
| K2 TV ({{Nastaliq|کے ٹو}}) || Entertainment, news and current affairs || &nbsp; || http://www.kay2.tv/
|-
|}

===Radio===
These are not dedicated Khowar channels but play most programmes in Khowar.

{{main|Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation}}
{| class="wikitable"
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Radio Channel'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Genre'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Founded'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Official Website'''
|-
|Radio Pakistan Chitral||Entertainment||||http://www.radio.gov.pk/
|-
|Radio Pakistan Peshawar||Entertainment||||http://www.radio.gov.pk/
|-
|Radio Pakistan Gilgit||Entertainment||||http://www.radio.gov.pk/
|}

===Newspapers===
{{see also|List of newspapers in Pakistan#Khowar}}
{| class="wikitable"
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Newspaper'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''City(ies)'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Founded'''
| align="center" style="background:#f0f0f0;"|'''Official Website'''
|-
| Chitral Vision ({{Nastaliq|چترال وژن}})||Karachi, ], ]||
|-
|}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Allam Iqbal’s poetry’s versified khowar translation by Rahmat Aziz Chitrali.jpg|]’s poetry’s versified khowar translation by ]
File:Chitral-Vision Urdu and Khowar language Newspaper.jpg|'']'', ] and Khowar Language coloured newspaper of ], ]
</gallery>

==See also==
* ]
* ]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Additional references===
* Bashir, Elena (2001) ''Spatial Representation in Khowar''. Proceedings of the 36th Annual Meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society. Chicago: Chicago Linguistic Society.
* {{cite book |last=Decker |first=D. Kendall |year=1992 |title=Languages of Chitral |ISBN= 969-8023-15-1 |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_work.asp?id=32850}}
* L’Homme, Erik (1999) ''Parlons Khowar''. Langue et culture de l’ancien royaume de Chitral au Pakistan. Paris: L’Harmattan
* ] (1936) ''Iranian Elements in Khowar''. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, Vol. VIII, London.
* ] (2001) ''Khowar language''. University publisher. Pakistan
* Morgenstierne, Georg (1947) ''Some Features of Khowar Morphology''. Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskap, Vol. XIV, Oslo.
* Morgenstierne, Georg (1957) ''Sanskritic Words in Khowar.'' Felicitation Volume Presented to S.K. Belvalkar. Benares. 84-98
* ] (1981) ''Khowar-English Dictionary''. Peshawar. ISBN 0-923891-15-3.
* Decker, Kendall D. (1992). ''Languages of Chitral (Sociolinguistic Survey of Northern Pakistan, 5)''. National Institute of Pakistani Studies, 257 pp.&nbsp;ISBN 969-8023-15-1.

==External links==
{{Commons|Khowar language}}
{{Incubator|code= khw/Main Page}}
* {{cite web| url=http://www.nb.no/baser/morgenstierne/english/index.html| title=Georg Morgenstierne| publisher=National Library of Norway| year=2001| accessdate=2009-01-11}}
* {{cite web| url=http://nuristan.info/lngFrameL.html| title=Khow`ar Lexicon| author=Strand, Richard F.| year=2011| accessdate=2012-01-16}}
* {{cite web| url=http://nuristan.info/IndoAryan/Chitral/Khow/KhowLanguage/Lexicon/phon.html| title=The Sound System of Khow`ar| author=Strand, Richard F.| year=2012| accessdate=2012-01-16}}
{{Languages of Pakistan}}

]
]
]
]

Revision as of 14:55, 26 February 2015

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