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	During Byzantine and Ottoman years, the city was known in Greek as Άγιοι Απόστολοι (Ayii Apostoli), rendered in ] as Постол (Postol), until it reverted to its ancient name in ].		During Byzantine and Ottoman years, the city was known in Greek as Άγιοι Απόστολοι (Ayii Apostoli), rendered in ] as Постол (Postol), until it reverted to its ancient name in ].


	==History==		==History==

	The city was founded by ] (413–399 BC) specifically to become the capital of his kingdom, to replace the older palace-city of Aigi (]). After this, it was the seat of ] and of ], his son. In ] Pella was sacked by the Romans, and its treasury was transported to Rome. Later the city was destroyed by an earthquake and eventually was rebuilt over its ruins. By ] ] could describe it in passing as ''"now insignificant, with very few inhabitants"''.		The city was founded by ] (413–399 BC) specifically to become the capital of his kingdom, to replace the older palace-city of Aigi (]). After this, it was the seat of ] and of ], his son. In ] Pella was sacked by the Romans, and its treasury was transported to Rome. Later the city was destroyed by an earthquake and eventually was rebuilt over its ruins. By ] ] could describe it in passing as ''"now insignificant, with very few inhabitants"''.

	Pella is first mentioned by ] (VII, 123) in relation to ]' campaign and by ] (II, 99,4 and 100,4) in relation to Macedonian expansion and the war against ], the king of the ]. According to ], in the ~~begining~~ of the ] it was the largest Maedonian city. It was probably built as the capital of the kingdom by ], although there appears to be some possibility that it may have been ]. It attracted Greek artists such the painter ], the poet ] and the ] ] who finishes his days there writing and producing ''Archelaus''.		Pella is first mentioned by ] (VII, 123) in relation to ]' campaign and by ] (II, 99,4 and 100,4) in relation to Macedonian expansion and the war against ], the king of the ]. According to ], in the beginning of the ] it was the largest Maedonian city. It was probably built as the capital of the kingdom by ], although there appears to be some possibility that it may have been ]. It attracted Greek artists such the painter ], the poet ] and the ] ] who finishes his days there writing and producing ''Archelaus''.

	The reign of ] likely represented the height of the city, as this is the period which has left us the most archaeological evidence (see below)		The reign of ] likely represented the height of the city, as this is the period which has left us the most archaeological evidence (see below)
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	:"''...and he observed that it was not without good reason that it had been chosen as the royal residence. It is situated on the south-west slope of a hill and surrounded by a marsh too deep to be crossed on foot either in summer or winter. The citadel the "Phacus," which is close to the city, stands in the marsh itself, projecting like an island, and is built on a huge substructure which is strong enough to carry a wall and prevent any damage from the infiltration from the water of the lagoon. At a distance it appears to be continuous with the city wall, but it is really separated by a channel which flows between the two walls and is connected with the city by a bridge. Thus it cuts off all means of access from an external foe, and if the king shut anyone up there, there could be no possibility of escape except by the bridge, which could be very easily guarded..''" <ref>Titus Livius ''The History of Rome, Vol. VI'' Translator Rev. Canon Roberts 1912 accessed 15 July 2006.</ref>		:"''...and he observed that it was not without good reason that it had been chosen as the royal residence. It is situated on the south-west slope of a hill and surrounded by a marsh too deep to be crossed on foot either in summer or winter. The citadel the "Phacus," which is close to the city, stands in the marsh itself, projecting like an island, and is built on a huge substructure which is strong enough to carry a wall and prevent any damage from the infiltration from the water of the lagoon. At a distance it appears to be continuous with the city wall, but it is really separated by a channel which flows between the two walls and is connected with the city by a bridge. Thus it cuts off all means of access from an external foe, and if the king shut anyone up there, there could be no possibility of escape except by the bridge, which could be very easily guarded..''" <ref>Titus Livius ''The History of Rome, Vol. VI'' Translator Rev. Canon Roberts 1912 accessed 15 July 2006.</ref>

	In the ], Pella was the capital of the third district, and was possibly the seat of the Roman governor. Crossed by the ](] VII, 323), Pella remained a significant point on the route between ] and ]. ] stayed here in ], but by then the provincial seat had already ~~transfered~~ to Thessalonika.		In the ], Pella was the capital of the third district, and was possibly the seat of the Roman governor. Crossed by the ](] VII, 323), Pella remained a significant point on the route between ] and ]. ] stayed here in ], but by then the provincial seat had already transferred to Thessalonika.

	The city went into decline for reasons unknown (possibly an earthquake) by the end of the 1st century BC. It was the object of a colonial deduction sometime between 45 and 30 BC; in any case currency was marked ''Colonia Iulia Augusta Pella''. ] settled peasants there whose land he had usurped to give to his veterans (] LI, 4). But unlike other Macedonian colonies such as ], ], and ] it never came under the jurisdiction of ''ius Italicum'' or Roman law. Four pairs of colonial magistrates (''IIvirs quinquennales'') are known for this period.		The city went into decline for reasons unknown (possibly an earthquake) by the end of the 1st century BC. It was the object of a colonial deduction sometime between 45 and 30 BC; in any case currency was marked ''Colonia Iulia Augusta Pella''. ] settled peasants there whose land he had usurped to give to his veterans (] LI, 4). But unlike other Macedonian colonies such as ], ], and ] it never came under the jurisdiction of ''ius Italicum'' or Roman law. Four pairs of colonial magistrates (''IIvirs quinquennales'') are known for this period.

	The decline of the city was rapid, in spite of colonization: ] and ] both attest to the ruin of the ancient capital of ] and ]; though their accounts may be ~~exagerated~~. In fact, the Roman city was somewhat to the west of and distinct from the original capital; which explains some contradictions between coinage, ]s, and testimonial accounts. In the Byzantine period, the Roman site was occupied by a fortified village.		The decline of the city was rapid, in spite of colonization: ] and ] both attest to the ruin of the ancient capital of ] and ]; though their accounts may be exaggerated. In fact, the Roman city was somewhat to the west of and distinct from the original capital; which explains some contradictions between coinage, ]s, and testimonial accounts. In the Byzantine period, the Roman site was occupied by a fortified village.

	== Urban area ==		== Urban area ==
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	The city is built on the island of Phacos, a promotory which dominates the wetlands which encircle Pella to the south, and a lake which opened to the sea in the Hellenistic period.		The city is built on the island of Phacos, a promotory which dominates the wetlands which encircle Pella to the south, and a lake which opened to the sea in the Hellenistic period.


	=== Palace===		=== Palace===
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Revision as of 20:37, 30 July 2006

For other uses, see Pella (disambiguation).

Pella (Greek: Πέλλα) was an ancient Macedonian city located in modern Greece.

During Byzantine and Ottoman years, the city was known in Greek as Άγιοι Απόστολοι (Ayii Apostoli), rendered in Slavic as Постол (Postol), until it reverted to its ancient name in 1936.

History

The city was founded by Archelaus I of Macedon (413–399 BC) specifically to become the capital of his kingdom, to replace the older palace-city of Aigi (Vergina). After this, it was the seat of Philip II of Macedon and of Alexander the Great, his son. In 168 BC Pella was sacked by the Romans, and its treasury was transported to Rome. Later the city was destroyed by an earthquake and eventually was rebuilt over its ruins. By 180 AD Lucian could describe it in passing as "now insignificant, with very few inhabitants".

Pella is first mentioned by Herodotus (VII, 123) in relation to Xerxes' campaign and by Thucydides (II, 99,4 and 100,4) in relation to Macedonian expansion and the war against Sitalces, the king of the Thraciabns. According to Xenophon, in the beginning of the 4th century BCE it was the largest Maedonian city. It was probably built as the capital of the kingdom by Archelaus I of Macedon, although there appears to be some possibility that it may have been Amyntas III of Macedon. It attracted Greek artists such the painter Zeuxis, the poet Timotheus of Miletus and the tragic author Euripides who finishes his days there writing and producing Archelaus.

The reign of Antigonus II Gonatas likely represented the height of the city, as this is the period which has left us the most archaeological evidence (see below)

Pella is further mentioned by Polybius and Livy as the capital of Philip V of Macedon and of Perseus of Macedon during the Macedonian Wars. It is here in the writings of Livy that we find the only description of how the city looked in 167 BCE to Lucius Aemilius Paulus Macedonicus, the Roman who defeated Perseus at the Battle of Pydna:

"...and he observed that it was not without good reason that it had been chosen as the royal residence. It is situated on the south-west slope of a hill and surrounded by a marsh too deep to be crossed on foot either in summer or winter. The citadel the "Phacus," which is close to the city, stands in the marsh itself, projecting like an island, and is built on a huge substructure which is strong enough to carry a wall and prevent any damage from the infiltration from the water of the lagoon. At a distance it appears to be continuous with the city wall, but it is really separated by a channel which flows between the two walls and is connected with the city by a bridge. Thus it cuts off all means of access from an external foe, and if the king shut anyone up there, there could be no possibility of escape except by the bridge, which could be very easily guarded.."

In the Roman province of Macedonia, Pella was the capital of the third district, and was possibly the seat of the Roman governor. Crossed by the Via Egnatia(Strabo VII, 323), Pella remained a significant point on the route between Dyrrachium and Thessalonika. Cicero stayed here in 58 BCE, but by then the provincial seat had already transferred to Thessalonika.

The city went into decline for reasons unknown (possibly an earthquake) by the end of the 1st century BC. It was the object of a colonial deduction sometime between 45 and 30 BC; in any case currency was marked Colonia Iulia Augusta Pella. Augustus settled peasants there whose land he had usurped to give to his veterans (Dio Cassius LI, 4). But unlike other Macedonian colonies such as Philippi, Dion, and Cassandreia it never came under the jurisdiction of ius Italicum or Roman law. Four pairs of colonial magistrates (IIvirs quinquennales) are known for this period.

The decline of the city was rapid, in spite of colonization: Dio Chrysostom and Lucian both attest to the ruin of the ancient capital of Philip II of Macedon and Alexander the Great; though their accounts may be exaggerated. In fact, the Roman city was somewhat to the west of and distinct from the original capital; which explains some contradictions between coinage, epigraphs, and testimonial accounts. In the Byzantine period, the Roman site was occupied by a fortified village.

Urban area

File:Pella plan.jpg

Schematic plan of Pella

The city is built on the island of Phacos, a promotory which dominates the wetlands which encircle Pella to the south, and a lake which opened to the sea in the Hellenistic period.

Palace

The city wall mentioned by Livy is only partly known. It consists of a rampart of crude bricks (about 50 cm square) raised on a stone foundation; some of which has been located North of the palace, and some in the South next to the lake. Inside the ramparts, three hills occupy the North, and the palace is situated on a place of honour on the central hill. Partly searched, it occupied a considerable area of perhaps 60,000 square metres). The plan is still not well known, but has been related to that of the city plan (see diagram).

The Pella palace consisted of several — possibly seven — large architectural groupings juxtaposed in two rows, each including a series of rooms arranged around a central square courtyard, generally with porticos. Archaeologists have thus far identified a palaestra and baths. The south facade of the palace, towards the city, consisted of one large (at least 153 metres long) portico, constructed on a two metres high foundation. The relationship between the four principal complexes is defined by an interruption in the portico occuupied by a triple propylaeum, 15 metres high, which gave the palace an imposing monumental air when seen from the city below.

Dating of the palace has posed some problems: the large buildings could date the reign of Philippe II, but other buildings appear to be earlier. The baths date from the reign of Cassander.

The size of the complex indicates that, unlike the palace at Vergina, this was not only a royal residence or a grandiose monument but also a place of government which was required to accomodate a portion of the administrative apparatus of the kingdom.

Hippodamean plan

The city proper was located South of and below the palace. Designed on a grid plan as envisaged by Hippodamus of Miletus, it consists of two series of parallel streets which intersect at right angles and form a grid of eight rows of rectangular blocks. These blocks are of a consistent width — each approximately 45 metres — and a length which varies from 111 to 152 metres; 125 metres being the most common. The streets are form 9 to 10 metres wide, except for the middle East-West arterial, which is up to 15 metres wide. This street is the primary access to the central public agora, which occupied a space of ten blocks. Two North-South streets area also a bit wider than the rest, and serve to connect the city to the port further South. The streets had sewers and were equipped to convey water to individual residences.

This type of plan dates to the first half of 4th century BCE, and is very close to the ideal in design, though it distinguishes itself by large block size; Olynthus in Chalcidice for example had blocks of 86.3 x 35 metres. On the other hand, later Hellenistic urban foundations have blocks comparable to those of Pella: 112 x 58 m in Laodicea ad Mare, or 120 x 46 m in Aleppo.

The agora holds pride of place in the centre of the city, occupying an imposing 200 by 181 metres; 262 x 238 metres if one counts the potrticos which surround it on all sides.

Archaeology

Based of the descriptions provided by Titus Livius, the site was excavated by voyagers including Holand, Pouqueville, Beaujour, Cousinéry, Delacoulonche, Hahn, Glotz and Struck in the 19th century. The first excavation was begun by G. Oikonomos in 1914-1915. The systematic exploration of the site began in 1953 and full excavation was being done in 1957. The first series of campaigns were completed in 1963, including more excavations in 1980. These digs continue in the part identified as the agora.

In the late 1970s, the archaeologist Manolis Andronikos discovered the grave of Philip II of Macedon, who was the father of Alexander III of Macedon. Among the findings was a box made of gold along with the golden Vergina Star, which was an apple of discord between Greece and the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia in the early 1990s.

In February of 2006 a farmer accidentally uncovered the largest funeral tomb ever found in Greece. The names of the noble ancient Macedonian family are still on inscriptions and painted sculptures and walls have survived. The tomb dates to the 2nd or 3rd century BC, following the rule of Alexander the Great.

Archelaus invited the painter Zeuxis, the greatest painter of the time, to decorate it. He was later the host of the Athenian playwright Euripides in his retirement. Euripides Bacchae premiered here, about 408 BC. Pella was the birthplace of Philip II of Macedon and of Alexander the Great, his son. The hilltop palace of Philip, where Aristotle tutored young Alexander, is being excavated.

In antiquity, Pella was a port connected to the Thermaic Gulf by a navigable inlet, but the harbor has silted, leaving the site landlocked.

Archaeological digs in progress since 1957 have uncovered a small part of the city, which was made rich by Alexander and his heirs. The large agora or market, was surrounded by the shaded colonnades of stoae, and streets of enclosed houses with frescoed walls round inner courtyards. The first trompe-l'oeil wall murals imitating perspective views ever seen were on walls at Pella. There are temples to Aphrodite, Demeter and Cybele, and Pella's pebble-mosaic floors, dating after the lifetime of Alexander, are famous: some reproduce Greek paintings; one shows a lion-griffin attacking a stag, a familiar motif also of Scythian art, another depicts Dionysus riding a leopard.

The famous poet Aratus died in Pella c. 240 BC. Pella was sacked by the Romans in 168 BC, when its treasury was transported to Rome. It was then destroyed by earthquake in the 1st century BC; shops and workshops dating from the catastrophe have been found with remains of their merchandise. The city was eventually rebuilt over its ruins, which preserved them, but ca 180 AD Lucian could describe it in passing as "now insignificant, with very few inhabitants" .

Notes

Titus Livius The History of Rome, Vol. VI Translator Rev. Canon Roberts 1912 (XLIV, 46) online at U Virginia accessed 15 July 2006.
BBC World News. "Greek tomb find excites experts" dated 12 February 2006, 19:40 GMT accessed 12 July 2006

Bibliography

Ch. J. Makaronas, Pella: Capital of Ancient Macedonia, pp 59-65, in Scientific American, Special Issue, "Ancient Cities", c 1994.
Ph. Petsas, Pella. Alexander the Great's Capital, Thessaloniki, 1977.
D. Papakonstandinou-Diamandourou, Πέλλα, ιστορική επισκόπησις και μαρτυρίαι Pella, istoriki episkopisis kai martyriai (in Greek), Thessaloniki, 1971.
Template:Fr R. Ginouvès, et al., La Macédoine, CNRS Éditions, Paris, 1993, pp 90-98.
Template:Fr F. Papazoglou, Les villes de Macédoine romaine, BCH Suppl. 16, 1988, 135-139.
Ph. Petsas, Pella. Alexander the Great's Capital, Thessaloniki, 1977.

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