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| ] spelling out "Moon Relay." This picture was transmitted via moon bounce as part of the official Navy inauguration of the system.]]The '''Communication Moon Relay''' project (also known as simply '''Moon Relay''', or, alternately, '''Operation Moon Bounce''') was a ] project carried out by the ]. Its objective was to develop a secure and reliable method of ] communication by using the ] as a natural ]. Most of the project's work took place during the ] at the ]. Operation Moon Relay was spun off from a classified ] program known as ] (PAMOR). | |||
| ==Background== | |||
| Communication Moon Relay grew out of many ideas and concepts in radio espionage. Some impetus for the project was provided by post-] efforts to develop methods of tracking radio signals, particularly those originating in ] and the ]. Other sources included earlier proposals to use the Moon as a radio wave reflector, which date back to ]. A related ] program, which detected ] waves bounced off the Moon in ], attracted the attention of ], a staff member of the ] and a former ] commander, who proposed that the Navy undertake a program to use the Moon as a secure communications satellite. | |||
| Prior to the Moon Relay project, wireless transmission was limited by the distance that radio waves would promulgate when reflected off the Earth's ]. The Moon, and, later, artificial satellites, provided a target from which to reflect radio waves, enabling them to travel much farther. | |||
| ]The developments in Moon circuit communications eventually came to the attention of ], a radio ] at the Naval Research Laboratory. His interest was piqued by a paper published by researchers at an ] laboratory. Trexler developed plans for a system designed to intercept Soviet radar signals by detecting the transmissions that bounced off the Moon. This program, codenamed "Joe," began making regular observations in ]. Within a year, "Joe" was made an official Navy intelligence program, the ] (PAMOR). | |||
| In ] ], a new ] ] for the PAMOR project was completed at ]. The first tests of this antenna were impressive; the returning signal was of much higher ] than expected. This presented the possibility of using a Moon circuit as a communications circuit. Unfortunately for PAMOR, collecting Soviet radar signals would require a larger antenna. Efforts began to have such an antenna constructed at ]. | |||
| ==Development== | |||
| With the PAMOR project requiring a larger antenna, the Stump Neck antenna was pushed into service for testing whether communication via the Moon was possible. This marked the emergence of the Moon Relay as a separate project. Test transmissions between Stump Neck and ] were carried out; the first satellite transmission of voice occurred on ], ]. These were followed by the first transcontinental test of the system on ], ]; the receiving site was the ] in ]. After corrections to reduce signal loss, the transmissions were extended to ]. | |||
| The Navy received the new system favorably. A Navy contract for the project soon followed the successful tests, and, among other things, it was recommended that American submarines use Moon-reflection paths for communications to shore. | |||
| ==Expansion== | |||
| The Moon Relay project was soon transferred to the Communications Section of the Radar Division of the Naval Research Laboratory. Under this department, the system was upgraded to use the ] (UHF) band. The experimental system was transformed into a fully operational lunar relay system linking ] with Washington, DC, which became functional in ]. The new system was officially inaugurated in ] ], when ] ] ] sent a message to ] ] using the system. | |||
| The finished system used two sets of transmitters at ] and ] and two sets of receivers at ] and ]. It was later expanded to accommodate ship-to-shore transmissions to and from the ]. | |||
| ==Results== | |||
| The Moon Relay system became obsolete in the later ] as the Navy implemented its artificial ] communication system. However, the information gleaned from the project in fact made the later artificial system possible. Additionally, the equipment used in the Communications Moon Relay project was of much use to U.S. Navy ]s, as they used it to examine the Moon when the Moon was not in a position conducive to radio transmission. Although relatively short-lived, the Moon Relay served as a bridge to modern American military satellite systems. | |||
| ==References== | |||
| *Van Keuren, David K. (1997). Moon in Their Eyes: Moon Communication Relay at the Naval Research Laboratory, 1951-1962. In Butrica, Andrew J. (Ed.), ''Beyond the Ionosphere: Fifty Years of Satellite Communication'' (] SP-4217), pp. 9-18. | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| * | |||
| * | |||
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Revision as of 06:32, 24 October 2004
The Communication Moon Relay project (also known as simply Moon Relay, or, alternately, Operation Moon Bounce) was a telecommunication project carried out by the United States Navy. Its objective was to develop a secure and reliable method of wireless communication by using the Moon as a natural communications satellite. Most of the project's work took place during the 1950s at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory. Operation Moon Relay was spun off from a classified military espionage program known as Passive Moon Relay (PAMOR).
Background
Communication Moon Relay grew out of many ideas and concepts in radio espionage. Some impetus for the project was provided by post-World War II efforts to develop methods of tracking radio signals, particularly those originating in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union. Other sources included earlier proposals to use the Moon as a radio wave reflector, which date back to 1928. A related U.S. Army Signal Corps program, which detected radar waves bounced off the Moon in 1946, attracted the attention of Donald Menzel, a staff member of the Harvard College Observatory and a former United States Navy Reserve commander, who proposed that the Navy undertake a program to use the Moon as a secure communications satellite.
Prior to the Moon Relay project, wireless transmission was limited by the distance that radio waves would promulgate when reflected off the Earth's ionosphere. The Moon, and, later, artificial satellites, provided a target from which to reflect radio waves, enabling them to travel much farther.
The developments in Moon circuit communications eventually came to the attention of James Trexler, a radio engineer at the Naval Research Laboratory. His interest was piqued by a paper published by researchers at an ITT laboratory. Trexler developed plans for a system designed to intercept Soviet radar signals by detecting the transmissions that bounced off the Moon. This program, codenamed "Joe," began making regular observations in August 1949. Within a year, "Joe" was made an official Navy intelligence program, the Passive Moon Relay (PAMOR).
In September 1950, a new parabolic antenna for the PAMOR project was completed at Stump Neck, Maryland. The first tests of this antenna were impressive; the returning signal was of much higher fidelity than expected. This presented the possibility of using a Moon circuit as a communications circuit. Unfortunately for PAMOR, collecting Soviet radar signals would require a larger antenna. Efforts began to have such an antenna constructed at Sugar Grove, West Virginia.
Development
With the PAMOR project requiring a larger antenna, the Stump Neck antenna was pushed into service for testing whether communication via the Moon was possible. This marked the emergence of the Moon Relay as a separate project. Test transmissions between Stump Neck and Washington, DC were carried out; the first satellite transmission of voice occurred on July 24, 1954. These were followed by the first transcontinental test of the system on November 20, 1955; the receiving site was the U.S. Navy Electronics Laboratory in San Diego, California. After corrections to reduce signal loss, the transmissions were extended to Wahiawa, Hawaii.
The Navy received the new system favorably. A Navy contract for the project soon followed the successful tests, and, among other things, it was recommended that American submarines use Moon-reflection paths for communications to shore.
Expansion
The Moon Relay project was soon transferred to the Communications Section of the Radar Division of the Naval Research Laboratory. Under this department, the system was upgraded to use the ultra high frequency (UHF) band. The experimental system was transformed into a fully operational lunar relay system linking Hawaii with Washington, DC, which became functional in 1959. The new system was officially inaugurated in January 1960, when Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Arleigh Burke sent a message to Commander-in-Chief of the Pacific Fleet Felix B. Stump using the system.
The finished system used two sets of transmitters at Annapolis, Maryland and Opana, Hawaii and two sets of receivers at Cheltenham, Maryland and Wahiawa, Hawaii. It was later expanded to accommodate ship-to-shore transmissions to and from the USS Oxford.
Results
The Moon Relay system became obsolete in the later 1960s as the Navy implemented its artificial satellite communication system. However, the information gleaned from the project in fact made the later artificial system possible. Additionally, the equipment used in the Communications Moon Relay project was of much use to U.S. Navy astronomers, as they used it to examine the Moon when the Moon was not in a position conducive to radio transmission. Although relatively short-lived, the Moon Relay served as a bridge to modern American military satellite systems.
References
- Van Keuren, David K. (1997). Moon in Their Eyes: Moon Communication Relay at the Naval Research Laboratory, 1951-1962. In Butrica, Andrew J. (Ed.), Beyond the Ionosphere: Fifty Years of Satellite Communication (NASA SP-4217), pp. 9-18.