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==Criticism== ==Criticism==


Mainstream medical ] regard most orthomolecular therapies as insufficiently proven for clinical use,<ref name="bccancer"/> and criticize leading orthomolecular proponents for making unsubstantiated claims such as ]'s claim that ] is a legitimate treatment for ]<ref>http://www.canstats.org/readdetail.asp?id=542</ref>. Proponents contend that many mainstream doctors have little familiarity with the detailed concepts and clinical background of orthomolecular medicine. Mainstream medicine disputes the validity of most orthomolecular therapies based on the lack of authoritative studies and the poor results from the studies that have been done. Proponents dispute the results of mainstream studies, arguing that those studies used much lower doses, frequencies, duration or assimilable forms than they recommend or suffered from other special conditions, contamination, populations or ] treatment often not clearly published in the ]. Mainstream medical ] regard most orthomolecular therapies as insufficiently proven for clinical use,<ref name="bccancer"/> and criticize leading orthomolecular proponents for making unsubstantiated claims such as ]'s claim that ] is a legitimate treatment for ].<ref>http://www.canstats.org/readdetail.asp?id=542</ref> Proponents contend that many mainstream doctors have little familiarity with the detailed concepts and clinical background of orthomolecular medicine. Mainstream medicine disputes the validity of most orthomolecular therapies based on the lack of authoritative studies and the poor results from the studies that have been done. Proponents dispute the results of mainstream studies, arguing that those studies used much lower doses, frequencies, duration or assimilable forms than they recommend or suffered from other special conditions, contamination, populations or ] treatment often not clearly published in the ].


] has been criticized for making overbroad claims<ref></ref> for the efficacy of vitamin C but has received some support for modified claims in the last few years.<ref></ref><ref name="ref1">{{cite journal | author=Douglas RM, Hemila H | title=Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold | journal=PLoS Med | year=2005 | pages=e168; quiz e217 | volume=2 | issue=6 | id=PMID 15971944}}</ref> Contemporaries of Pauling report that he "frequently" suffered from colds.<ref> James Lowell, Ph.D., ''Nutrition Forum'' May 1985.</ref> ] has been criticized for making overbroad claims<ref></ref> for the efficacy of vitamin C but has received some support for modified claims in the last few years.<ref></ref><ref name="ref1">{{cite journal | author=Douglas RM, Hemila H | title=Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold | journal=PLoS Med | year=2005 | pages=e168; quiz e217 | volume=2 | issue=6 | id=PMID 15971944}}</ref> Contemporaries of Pauling report that he "frequently" suffered from colds.<ref> James Lowell, Ph.D., ''Nutrition Forum'' May 1985.</ref>


The relationship of mainstream medicine to orthomolecular proponents has usually been adversarial, with the latter accusing mainstream medicine of a conspiracy to suppress their discipline. The ] even labelled orthomolecular medicine as a "]" in 1976.<ref>Committee on Nutrition, American Academy of Pediatrics. Megavitamin therapy for childhood ] and learning disabilities. Pediatrics 58:910­912, 1976. PMID: 995522</ref> The relationship of mainstream medicine to orthomolecular proponents has usually been adversarial, with the latter accusing mainstream medicine of a conspiracy to suppress their discipline.<ref name="kunin"/> The ] even labelled orthomolecular medicine as a "]" in 1976.<ref>Committee on Nutrition, American Academy of Pediatrics. Megavitamin therapy for childhood ] and learning disabilities. Pediatrics 58:910­912, 1976. PMID: 995522</ref>
Many health professionals see orthomolecular medicine as an encouragement for individuals to dose themselves with large amounts of vitamins and other nutritients in an unsupervised way, which may be damaging to health.<ref name="bccancer"/> although<ref name="bccancer"/> goes on to say: "Megadose vitamins A, B<sub>6</sub>, C and E plus zinc decrease bladder tumor recurrence in patients receiving BCG immunotherapy. ...Overall recurrence was 24 out of 30 patients (80%) in Recommended Daily Allowance arm and 14 out of 35 (40%) in the high dose arm."<ref name="lamm"/>. Risks<ref></ref> of megavitamins may include increased risk of ]<ref>Rapola JM, et al. Randomized trial of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements on incidence of major coronary events in men with previous myocardial infarction. Lancet 1997;349;1715-20.</ref>, ], ], ], ], ] effects, ] ], ], spontaneous ], ], ], ], and ].<ref name="bccancer"/><ref></ref> Health professionals see orthomolecular medicine as an encouragement for individuals to dose themselves with large amounts of vitamins and other nutritients in an unsupervised way, which may be damaging to health.<ref name="bccancer"/> Risks<ref></ref> of megavitamins may include increased risk of ]<ref>Rapola JM, et al. Randomized trial of alpha-tocopherol and beta-carotene supplements on incidence of major coronary events in men with previous myocardial infarction. Lancet 1997;349;1715-20.</ref>, ], ], ], ], ] effects, ] ], ], spontaneous ], ], ], ], and ].<ref name="bccancer"/><ref></ref>
<ref></ref><ref> Roberts HJ. Vitamin E . Lancet 1995 Mar 18;345:737</ref><ref> Kaegi E, on behalf of the Task Force on Alternative Therapies of the Canadian Breast Cancer Research Initiative. Unconventional therapies to cancer: 5. Vitamins A, C, and E. Canadian Medical Association 1998; 158:1483-88.</ref><ref>http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/DSH/colds.html</ref> <ref></ref><ref> Roberts HJ. Vitamin E . Lancet 1995 Mar 18;345:737</ref><ref> Kaegi E, on behalf of the Task Force on Alternative Therapies of the Canadian Breast Cancer Research Initiative. Unconventional therapies to cancer: 5. Vitamins A, C, and E. Canadian Medical Association 1998; 158:1483-88.</ref><ref>http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/DSH/colds.html</ref>


The accumulated evidence of randomized clinical trials with ] have been informative, given the promise initially held for vitamin E based on theoretical and ] grounds. Meta analysis of several randomized clinical trials of antioxidants, including vitamin E, have not shown any benefit to vitamin E supplementation for preventing ].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Vivekananthan D, Penn M, Sapp S, Hsu A, Topol E | title = Use of antioxidant vitamins for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of randomised trials. | journal = Lancet | volume = 361 | issue = 9374 | pages = 2017-23 | year = 2003 | id = PMID 12814711}}</ref> Indeed, vitamin E supplementation may increase the risk for congestive heart failure<ref>{{cite journal | author = Lonn E, Bosch J, Yusuf S, Sheridan P, Pogue J, Arnold J, Ross C, Arnold A, Sleight P, Probstfield J, Dagenais G | title = Effects of long-term vitamin E supplementation on cardiovascular events and cancer: a randomized controlled trial. | journal = JAMA | volume = 293 | issue = 11 | pages = 1338-47 | year = 2005 | id = PMID 15769967}}</ref>. A subsequent meta analysis published in 2005 found that "high dose" vitamin E (>400 units/day was associated with an all cause mortality risk difference of 39 per 10,000 persons)<ref>{{cite journal | author = Miller E, Pastor-Barriuso R, Dalal D, Riemersma R, Appel L, Guallar E | title = Meta-analysis: high-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality. | journal = Ann Intern Med | volume = 142 | issue = 1 | pages = 37-46 | year = 2005 | id = PMID 15537682}}</ref>. Furthermore, a significant relationship was seen between dose and all-cause mortality, with increased risk with doses exceeding 150 I.U. per day. This meta analysis, however, was criticized on a number of grounds <ref> </ref>. A criticism which the authors did not rebutt was that the mortality effect was a confounder resulting entirely from excess mortality in a few studies of combined vitamin E and beta carotene in smokers--- a supplement and habit combination previously suspected of special risk. <ref>PMID 16027469</ref> The accumulated evidence of randomized clinical trials with ] have been informative, given the promise initially held for vitamin E based on theoretical and ] grounds. Meta analysis of several randomized clinical trials of antioxidants, including vitamin E, have not shown any benefit to vitamin E supplementation for preventing ].<ref>{{cite journal | author = Vivekananthan D, Penn M, Sapp S, Hsu A, Topol E | title = Use of antioxidant vitamins for the prevention of cardiovascular disease: meta-analysis of randomised trials. | journal = Lancet | volume = 361 | issue = 9374 | pages = 2017-23 | year = 2003 | id = PMID 12814711}}</ref> Indeed, vitamin E supplementation may increase the risk for congestive heart failure<ref>{{cite journal | author = Lonn E, Bosch J, Yusuf S, Sheridan P, Pogue J, Arnold J, Ross C, Arnold A, Sleight P, Probstfield J, Dagenais G | title = Effects of long-term vitamin E supplementation on cardiovascular events and cancer: a randomized controlled trial. | journal = JAMA | volume = 293 | issue = 11 | pages = 1338-47 | year = 2005 | id = PMID 15769967}}</ref>. A subsequent meta analysis published in 2005 found that "high dose" vitamin E (>400 units/day was associated with an all cause mortality risk difference of 39 per 10,000 persons)<ref>{{cite journal | author = Miller E, Pastor-Barriuso R, Dalal D, Riemersma R, Appel L, Guallar E | title = Meta-analysis: high-dosage vitamin E supplementation may increase all-cause mortality. | journal = Ann Intern Med | volume = 142 | issue = 1 | pages = 37-46 | year = 2005 | id = PMID 15537682}}</ref>. Furthermore, a significant relationship was seen between dose and all-cause mortality, with increased risk with doses exceeding 150 I.U. per day. This meta analysis, however, was criticized on a number of grounds <ref> </ref>. A criticism which the authors did not rebutt was that the mortality effect was a confounder resulting entirely from excess mortality in a few studies of combined vitamin E and beta carotene in smokers--- a supplement and habit combination previously suspected of special risk. <ref>PMID 16027469</ref>


Many physicians express concern that megavitamin and orthomolecular therapies used solely as alternative treatments can create dangerous delays in obtaining their conventional treatments, such as ] and ] for ].<ref></ref> For example, in a highly publicized ] case, the chemotherapy treatment of a 13-year-old cancer patient, ], was delayed, possibly fatally, because his parents were influenced by claims of orthomolecular cures for cancer.<ref>http://www.healthwatcher.net/Quackerywatch/Cancer/Dueck/index.html</ref> Sustained megadoses of vitamin C may inhibit the ] system, a particular danger for ] and ] patients resorting to orthomolecular medicine.<ref> Eylar E, et al. Sustained levels of ] are toxic and ] for human ]. Puerto Rico Health Sciences Journal 1996;15:21-6.</ref> Physicians express concern that megavitamin and orthomolecular therapies used solely as alternative treatments can create dangerous delays in obtaining their conventional treatments, such as ] and ] for ].<ref name="bccancer"/> For example, in a highly publicized ] case, the chemotherapy treatment of a 13-year-old cancer patient, ], was delayed, possibly fatally, because his parents were influenced by claims of orthomolecular cures for cancer.<ref>http://www.healthwatcher.net/Quackerywatch/Cancer/Dueck/index.html</ref> Sustained megadoses of vitamin C may inhibit the ] system, a particular danger for ] and ] patients resorting to orthomolecular medicine.<ref>Eylar E, et al. Sustained levels of ] are toxic and ] for human ]. Puerto Rico Health Sciences Journal 1996;15:21-6.</ref>


Sometimes proponents claim partisan politics, pharmaceutical industry influence, and competitive considerations to be significant factors; on the other hand, prominent orthomolecular proponents sell lines of orthomolecular products, orthomolecular practitioners sell expensive tests of questionable benefit such as ],<ref>http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/hair.html</ref> and the ]'s funding comes mostly from ], the leading manufacturer of Vitamin C supplements.<ref>http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/pauling.html</ref> At least one orthomolecular therapy has been officially sanctioned within ]<ref></ref> Sometimes proponents claim partisan politics, pharmaceutical industry influence, and competitive considerations to be significant factors; on the other hand, prominent orthomolecular proponents sell lines of orthomolecular products, orthomolecular practitioners sell expensive tests of questionable benefit such as ],<ref>http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/hair.html</ref> and the ]'s funding comes mostly from ], the leading manufacturer of Vitamin C supplements.<ref>http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/pauling.html</ref> At least one orthomolecular therapy has been officially sanctioned within ]<ref></ref>
<ref></ref><ref>Kaitin, K. I., and Jeffrey Brown. 1995. A Drug Lag Update. Drug Information Journal 29: 361–73.</ref>. Japan has different, often more onerous drug approval regulations<ref></ref> than the ] ]<ref></ref>. <ref></ref><ref>Kaitin, K. I., and Jeffrey Brown. 1995. A Drug Lag Update. Drug Information Journal 29: 361–73.</ref>. Japan has different, often more onerous drug approval regulations<ref></ref> than the ] ]<ref></ref>{{failed verification}}.


==Notable orthomolecular doctors== ==Notable orthomolecular doctors==

Revision as of 03:08, 18 August 2006

Orthomolecular medicine and optimum nutrition present a paradigm that many diseases and abnormalities result from various chemical imbalances or deficiencies and can be prevented, treated, or sometimes cured, by restoring proper levels of natural type chemical substances, such as vitamins, dietary minerals, enzymes, antioxidants, amino acids, essential fatty acids, prohormones, dietary fiber and intestinal short chain fatty acids.

Orthomolecular medicine is a minority practice amongst a small proportion of medical practitioners. Orthomolecular treatments are utilized in complementary and alternative medicine fields. The controversial field of orthomolecular psychiatry deals with the use of orthomolecular medicine to treat psychiatric problems.

The orthomolecular field, although viewed by its supporters as science-based, remains controversial among mainstream medical organizations, including the American Cancer Society, the American Psychiatric Association, the National Institute of Mental Health, the American Academy of Pediatrics, CHAMPUS, and the Canadian Paediatric Society, because of unsubstantiated claims, lack of proven benefits, and serious toxic effects. Orthomolecular proponents, however, argue that recent mainstream nutritional studies provide support for their theories.

History and development

Orthomolecular megavitamin therapies, such as "megadose" usage of tocopherols and ascorbates, date back to the 1930s.

The term "orthomolecular" was first used by Linus Pauling in 1968, to express the "idea of the right molecules in the right amounts within the context of psychiatry" and subsequently defined "orthomolecular medicine" as "the treatment of disease by the provision of the optimum molecular environment, especially the optimum concentrations of substances normally present in the human body." or as "the preservation of good health and the treatment of disease by varying the concentrations in the human body of substances that are normally present in the body and are required for health."

Since 1968 the orthomolecular field has developed further through the works of researchers. Despite thus it still is often closely associated by the public with Pauling's advocacy of multi-gram doses of vitamin C for optimal health.

Method

Orthomolecular medicine posits that many typical diets are insufficient for long term health; thus, orthomolecular medical diagnoses and treatment often focus on use of natural substances found in a normal diet such as vitamins, dietary minerals, enzymes, antioxidants, amino acids, essential fatty acids, dietary fiber and intestinal short chain fatty acids.

Orthomolecular medicine argues that some diseases reflect biochemical anomalies and that it is advantageous to recognize and to correct these anomalies at an early stage, before they result in recognizable diseases.

The orthomolecular practitioner relies heavily on laboratory testing. In addition to standard clinical chemistries, orthomolecular practitioners now employ a wide range of laboratory analysis, including those for amino acids, organic acids, vitamins and minerals, functional vitamin status, hormones, immunology, microbiology, and gastrointestinal function. Many of these tests have not been accepted by mainstream medicine.

Orthomolecular therapy consists in attempting to provide optimal amounts of substances normal to the body, most commonly by oral administration. In the early days of orthomolecular medicine, this usually meant high-dose, single-agent nutrient therapy. However, some ailments are said to require the withholding of normal substances. Thus, "optimal" is a matter of the "clinical judgment" of the orthomolecular practitioner. Most often, the orthomolecular practitioner uses many substances--amino acids, enzymes, non-essential nutrients, hormones, vitamins, minerals, etc.--in a therapeutic effort to restore those (or derivative substances) to levels statistically normal for healthy young persons.

Often supplementation with relatively large doses of vitamins is given and the name megavitamin therapy has become popularly associated with the field. Megavitamin therapy is the administration of large amounts of vitamins, often many times greater than the recommended dietary allowance (RDA). Short chained fatty acids are produced by fermentation of dietary fiber in the colon, then absorbed and utilized, often aided with a combination of probiotics, prebiotics and "glyconutrients" added to the diet.

The substances may be administered by changing the diet to emphasize certain elements high in nutrients, dietary supplementation with tablets, or intravenous injection of nutrient solutions.

Popularity

A survey released in May 2004 by the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine focused on who used complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), what was used, and why it was used in the United States by adults age 18 years and over during 2002. According to this recent survey, megavitamin therapy was the twelfth most commonly used CAM therapy (2.8%) in the United States during 2002, though the study did not distinguish between full-scale orthodox orthomolecular medicine and lay use of relatively publicized Vitamin C megadose supplements.. Poor adults were more likely to use megavitamin therapy than non-poor adults.

Relation to mainstream medicine

Orthomolecular medicine claims an evolving nutritional pharmacology that overlaps between natural medicine and mainstream medicine. The International Society for Orthomolecular Medicine has some conventionally-trained doctors among its members and authors. However, the leading orthomolecular medicine website, Orthomolecular Medicine Online, run by the Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine, takes the position that orthomolecular medicine is to be considered different from mainstream medicine, which the website refers to as allopathic medicine, a term typically used in a pejorative sense by alternative medicine proponents.

In turn, mainstream medicine is often dismissive of orthomolecular medicine: "Scientific research has found no benefit from orthomolecular therapy for any disease." Supporters claim that some aspects of orthomolecular medicine, and in particular the optimal nutrition subset, have support in mainstream scientific research in a variety of areas:

  • Studies finding that >RDA of "A, B6, C and E plus zinc", folic acid and selenium reduce the incidence of cancers
  • Studies finding that supplementation of long-chain omega-3 essential fatty acids reduced the incidence of cardiac mortality in secondary prevention trials
  • Early studies finding that vitamin C and vitamin E reduce coronary disease mortality
  • Studies finding that niacin and zinc reduce overall mortality rates
  • Bruce Ames's studies on the effects of vitamins on genetic diseases and biochemical aging processes
  • The advocacy of daily multivitamins in cancer prevention by Bruce Ames and by others in a JAMA review article for "chronic disease prevention in adults"

Many of these studies' findings have not been fully accepted. For example, subsequent randomized clinical trials have consistently found lack of benefit to vitamin E supplementation. Indeed, vitamin E supplementation may increase the risk for congestive heart failure. Reconciling and confirming the conclusions of individual nutritional studies is a subject of ongoing research.

Moreover, these studies all come from mainstream medical sources that do not claim to support orthomolecular doctrine, and in at least some cases, explicitly reject claims of orthomolecular proponents that nutritional supplements are desireable. Ames supports daily USRDA multivitamin supplements, but has not endorsed global use of megavitamin therapy propounded by orthomolecular medicine.

Some orthomolecular proponents claim vindication because the American Heart Association dietary guidelines recommend two servings of fish per week for the general population, and to "consider" fish-oil supplements for patients with coronary disease who cannot obtain one gram of fish-derived omega-3 by dietary means . An omega-3 supplement (OMECOR) was approved by the American FDA in 1995 for treatment of hypertriglyceridemia. However, the AHA's official policy statement says "There aren’t sufficient data to suggest that healthy people benefit by taking certain vitamin or mineral supplements in excess of the RDAs," and does not recommend other supplements, while recommending artificial drugs such as statins, all in contravention to orthomolecular theory. The AHA does not recommend orthomolecular medicine.

The skepticism regarding orthomolecular medicine comes in part from some of its proponents making far more sweeping claims than those supported by double-blind controlled studies. Claims have been made that nutrition can cure or treat "alcoholism, allergies, arthritis, autism, epilepsy, hypertension, hypoglycemia, migraine headaches, depression, learning disabilities, retardation, mental and metabolic disorders, skin problems, and hyperactivity."

Criticism

Mainstream medical physicians regard most orthomolecular therapies as insufficiently proven for clinical use, and criticize leading orthomolecular proponents for making unsubstantiated claims such as Robert Cathcart's claim that vitamin C is a legitimate treatment for SARS. Proponents contend that many mainstream doctors have little familiarity with the detailed concepts and clinical background of orthomolecular medicine. Mainstream medicine disputes the validity of most orthomolecular therapies based on the lack of authoritative studies and the poor results from the studies that have been done. Proponents dispute the results of mainstream studies, arguing that those studies used much lower doses, frequencies, duration or assimilable forms than they recommend or suffered from other special conditions, contamination, populations or statistical treatment often not clearly published in the documentation.

Linus Pauling has been criticized for making overbroad claims for the efficacy of vitamin C but has received some support for modified claims in the last few years. Contemporaries of Pauling report that he "frequently" suffered from colds.

The relationship of mainstream medicine to orthomolecular proponents has usually been adversarial, with the latter accusing mainstream medicine of a conspiracy to suppress their discipline. The American Academy of Pediatrics even labelled orthomolecular medicine as a "cult" in 1976. Health professionals see orthomolecular medicine as an encouragement for individuals to dose themselves with large amounts of vitamins and other nutritients in an unsupervised way, which may be damaging to health. Risks of megavitamins may include increased risk of coronary heart disease, hypertension, thrombophlebitis, peripheral neuropathy, ataxia, neurological effects, liver toxicity, congenital abnormalities, spontaneous abortion, gouty arthritis, jaundice, kidney stones, and diarrhea.

The accumulated evidence of randomized clinical trials with vitamin E have been informative, given the promise initially held for vitamin E based on theoretical and epidemiological grounds. Meta analysis of several randomized clinical trials of antioxidants, including vitamin E, have not shown any benefit to vitamin E supplementation for preventing coronary heart disease. Indeed, vitamin E supplementation may increase the risk for congestive heart failure. A subsequent meta analysis published in 2005 found that "high dose" vitamin E (>400 units/day was associated with an all cause mortality risk difference of 39 per 10,000 persons). Furthermore, a significant relationship was seen between dose and all-cause mortality, with increased risk with doses exceeding 150 I.U. per day. This meta analysis, however, was criticized on a number of grounds . A criticism which the authors did not rebutt was that the mortality effect was a confounder resulting entirely from excess mortality in a few studies of combined vitamin E and beta carotene in smokers--- a supplement and habit combination previously suspected of special risk.

Physicians express concern that megavitamin and orthomolecular therapies used solely as alternative treatments can create dangerous delays in obtaining their conventional treatments, such as radiation and chemotherapy for cancer. For example, in a highly publicized Canadian case, the chemotherapy treatment of a 13-year-old cancer patient, Tyrell Dueck, was delayed, possibly fatally, because his parents were influenced by claims of orthomolecular cures for cancer. Sustained megadoses of vitamin C may inhibit the immune system, a particular danger for AIDS and cancer patients resorting to orthomolecular medicine.

Sometimes proponents claim partisan politics, pharmaceutical industry influence, and competitive considerations to be significant factors; on the other hand, prominent orthomolecular proponents sell lines of orthomolecular products, orthomolecular practitioners sell expensive tests of questionable benefit such as hair analysis, and the Linus Pauling Institute's funding comes mostly from Hoffmann-La Roche, the leading manufacturer of Vitamin C supplements. At least one orthomolecular therapy has been officially sanctioned within Japan . Japan has different, often more onerous drug approval regulations than the United States Food & Drug Administration.

Notable orthomolecular doctors

Orthomolecular scientists

Reference links

  2. The American Heritage Stedman's Medical Dictionary, 2nd Edition, 2004.
  3. Definition of Orthomolecular medicine at www.orthomed.org Accessed June 2006 and What is Orthomolecular Medicine?, Linus Pauling Inst.
  4. ^ Cassileth BR. Alternative medicine handbook: the complete reference guide to alternative and complementary therapies. New York: W.W.Norton & Co., 1998:67.
  5. ^ "Vitamin Therapy, Megadose / Orthomolecular Therapy" British Columbia Provincial Health Services Authority 2000
  6. ^ http://www.quackwatch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/ortho.html
  7. ^ http://orthomed.org/wund.html
  8. American Cancer Society 2006 "Orthomolecular Medicine has not been scientifically proven to help most of the conditions for which it is promoted. However, vitamins, minerals, and other supplements have been and continue to be studied to see if they can help or prevent many types of illness."
  9. Nutrition Committee, Canadian Paediatric Society. Megavitamin and megamineral therapy in childhood. Canadian Medical Association Journal 143:1009 1013, 1990, reaffirmed April 2000.
  10. Orthomolecular Medicine News Service (OMNS) Listing or research and news items favourable to the Orthomolecular point of view.
  11. New/Old Findings on Unique Vitamin E
  12. AscorbateWeb: Timeline from 1935 to 1939
  13. Orthomolecular psychiatry. Varying the concentrations of substances normally present in the human body may control mental disease,Science 1968 Apr 19;160(825):265-71.(PMID 5641253)
  14. Definition of Orthomolecular medicine at www.orthomed.org Accessed June 2006 and What is Orthomolecular Medicine?, Linus Pauling Inst.
  15. NCCAM.NIH table 1 on page 8
  16. Id. p. 4
  17. http://orthomed.org
  18. ^ http://orthomed.org/kunin.html
  19. http://www.us.oup.com/pdf/0195140710_01.pdf
  20. http://www.ncahf.org/articles/a-b/allopathy.html
  21. Cite error: The named reference lamm was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  22. Multivitamin use, folate, and colon cancer in women in the Nurses' Health Study. Giovannucci E, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Hunter DJ, Fuchs C, Rosner BA, Speizer FE, Willett WC; Ann Intern Med" 1998 Oct 1;129(7):517-24 PMID: 9758570 Long-term use (>15 years) of folate-containing multivitamin supplements produced an almost 5-fold reduction in the incidence of colon cancer.
  23. Are dietary factors involved in DNA methylation associated with colon cancer? Slattery ML, Schaffer D, Edwards SL, Ma KN, Potter JD in Nutr Cancer 1997;28(1):52-62 PMID: 9200151
  24. Dietary intake of folic acid and colorectal cancer risk in a cohort of women. Terry P, Jain M, Miller AB, Howe GR, Rohan TE in Int J Cancer 2002 Feb 20;97(6):864-7 PMID: 11857369
  25. ^ Effects of selenium supplementation for cancer prevention in patients with carcinoma of the skin. A randomized controlled trial. Nutritional Prevention of Cancer Study Group. Clark LC, Combs GF Jr, Turnbull BW, Slate EH, Chalker DK, Chow J, Davis LS, Glover RA, Graham GF, Gross EG, Krongrad A, Lesher JL Jr, Park HK, Sanders BB Jr, Smith CL, Taylor JR. JAMA 1996 Dec 25;276(24):1957-63 PMID: 8971064 200ug/d of selenium for 4.5 years resulted in a 17% reduction of totality mortality by over 11 years (in total), due to a 50% reduction of (all) cancer mortality, 37% reduction in (all) cancer occurrence
  26. Reduction of cancer mortality and incidence by selenium supplementation. Combs GF Jr, Clark LC, Turnbull BW in Med Klin 1997 Sep 15;92 Suppl 3:42-5. PMID: 9342915
  27. Reduction of cancer risk with an oral supplement of selenium. Combs GF Jr, Clark LC, Turnbull BW in Biomed Environ Sci 1997 Sep;10(2-3):227-34 PMID: 9315315
  28. http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/77/2/279?ijkey=9ab8b23f0bdf45f83af656d8623815f69608ad01&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
  29. GISSI-Prevenzione Investigators. Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E in 11,324 patients with myocardial infarction: results of the GISSI-Prevenzione trial. Lancet 1999;354:447–55.
  31. ^ Vitamin E and vitamin C supplement use and risk of all-cause and coronary heart disease mortality in older persons: the Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly. Losonczy KG, Harris TB, Havlik RJ in Am J Clin Nutr 1996 Aug;64(2):190-6 PMID: 8694019 34% reduction in total mortality over 9 years from vitamin E use (47% reduction coronary disease mortality; 42% reduction in total mortality over 9 years from) vitamin C & E use (53% reduction in coronary disease mortality)
  32. Fifteen year mortality in Coronary Drug Project patients: long-term benefit with niacin. Canner PL, Berge KG, Wenger NK, Stamler J, Friedman L, Prineas RJ, Friedewald W in J Am Coll Cardiol 1986 Dec;8(6):1245-55 PMID: 3782631 "With a mean follow-up of 15 years, nearly 9 years after termination of the trial, mortality from all causes in each of the drug groups, except for niacin, was similar to that in the placebo group. Mortality in the niacin group was 11% lower than in the placebo group (52.0 versus 58.2%; p = 0.0004)." Dose used = 2g 3g/day for 6 years. The drop in mortality was only evident after 6-8 years.
  33. Associations of Mortality With Ocular Disorders and an Intervention of High-Dose Antioxidants and Zinc in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study: AREDS Report No. 13. AREDS Research Group (Authors: Traci E. Clemons, PhD; Natalie Kurinij, PhD; Robert D. Sperduto, MD.) in Arch Ophthalmol. 2004 May;122(5):716-26. PMID: 15136320 "Participants randomly assigned to receive zinc had lower mortality than those not taking zinc (RR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.61-0.89)."
  34. Bruce N Ames, Ilan Elson-Schwab and Eli A Silver (2002). "High-dose vitamin therapy stimulates variant enzymes with decreased coenzyme binding affinity (increased Km): relevance to genetic disease and polymorphisms". American Society for Clinical Nutrition. 75: 616–658. Retrieved 2006-08-12.
  35. Age-associated mitochondrial oxidative decay: improvement of carnitine acetyltransferase substrate-binding affinity and activity in brain by feeding old rats acetyl-L- carnitine and/or R-alpha -lipoic acid. Liu J, Killilea DW, Ames BN in Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002 Feb 19;99(4):1876-81 (PMID 11854488)
  36. Memory loss in old rats is associated with brain mitochondrial decay and RNA/DNA oxidation: partial reversal by feeding acetyl-L-carnitine and/or R-alpha -lipoic acid. Liu J, Head E, Gharib AM, Yuan W, Ingersoll RT, Hagen TM, Cotman CW, Ames BN in Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Feb 19;99(4):2356-61. (PMID 11854529)
  37. Feeding acetyl-L-carnitine and lipoic acid to old rats significantly improves metabolic function while decreasing oxidative stress. Hagen TM, Liu J, Lykkesfeldt J, Wehr CM, Ingersoll RT, Vinarsky V, Bartholomew JC, Ames BN in Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002 Feb 19;99(4):1870-5. (PMID 11854487)
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Bibliography

Advocates

  • Abram Hoffer (1998) Putting It All Together: The New Orthomolecular Nutrition, McGraw-Hill, ISBN 0879836334
  • Abram Hoffer, M.D. with Linus Pauling (2004) Healing Cancer: Complementary Vitamin & Drug Treatments, CCNM Press, ISBN 1897025114
  • Pauling, Linus (1986) How to Live Longer and Feel Better, W. H. Freeman and Company, ISBN 0-380-70289-4
  • Roger J. Williams, Dwight K. Kalita (1979) Physician's Handbook on Orthomolecular Medicine, Keats Publishing, ISBN 0879831995
  • Melvyn R. Werbach, Jeffrey Moss (1999) Textbook of Nutritional Medicine, Third Line Press, ISBN 0961855096
  • Joseph E. Pizzorno, Jr., Michael T. Murray (November 2005) Textbook of Natural Medicine, 3rd edition, Churchill Livingstone, ISBN 0443073007 · 2368pp

Critics

  • Barrie R. Cassileth (1998) Alternative medicine handbook: the complete reference guide to alternative and complementary therapies. New York: W.W.Norton & Co., ISBN 0393045668

See also

External links

Support

Criticism

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