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'''Satyendra Nath Bose''' /sɐθ.jin.ðrɐ nɑθ bos/ (], ] – ], ]) was an ] physicist specializing in ]. | '''Satyendra Nath Bose''' /sɐθ.jin.ðrɐ nɑθ bos/ (], ] – ], ]) was an ] physicist specializing in ]. | ||
Bose was born in ] (Calcutta), the eldest of seven children. | Bose was born in ] (Calcutta), the eldest of seven children. | ||
His father, Surendranath Bose, worked in the Engineering Department of the ]. | His father, Surendranath Bose, worked in the Engineering Department of the ]. Bose attended Hindu High School in Calcutta, and later attended Presidency College, also in Calcutta, | ||
always earning the highest marks. From 1916 to 1921 he was a lecturer in the physics department of Calcutta University. In 1921, he joined the physics department of the then recently founded ] University, again as a lecturer. In 1926 he became a professor and was made head of the physics department, and continued teaching at Dacca University until 1945. At that time he returned to Calcutta, | |||
Bose attended Hindu High School in Calcutta, | |||
⚫ | and taught at Calcutta University until 1956, when he retired and was made professor emeritus. | ||
and later attended Presidency College, also in Calcutta, | |||
always earning the highest marks. | |||
From 1916 to 1921 he was a lecturer in the physics department of Calcutta University. | |||
In 1921, he joined the physics department of the then recently founded ] University, | |||
again as a lecturer. | |||
In 1926 he became a professor and was made head of the physics department, | |||
and continued teaching at Dacca University until 1945. | |||
At that time he returned to Calcutta, | |||
and taught at Calcutta University until 1956, | |||
⚫ | when he retired and was made professor emeritus. | ||
==The error that wasn't== | |||
While at Dacca University, | |||
<div class="thumb tleft"> | |||
Bose wrote a short article, "Planck's Law and the Hypothesis of Light Quanta", which he sent to ] after it was rejected by the ''Philosophical Magazine''. | |||
<div style="width: 150px"> | |||
Einstein was favorably impressed and recommended the article for publication in the '']'', | |||
{| width="150" cellpadding="3" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 3px; border: 1px solid #8888aa" | |||
and Einstein personally translated the article from English into German. | |||
|- | |||
|+ '''Possible outcomes of flipping two coins''' | |||
|- | |||
| Two heads || Two tails || One of each | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
<div style="thumbcaption"> | |||
There are three outcomes. What is the probability of producing two heads? | |||
</div> | |||
</div> | |||
</div> | |||
While at Dacca University, Bose wrote a short article called ''Planck's Law and the Hypothesis of Light Quanta'', describing the ] and based on a lecture he had given on the ]. During this lecture, in which he had intended to show his students that theory predicted results not in accordance with experimental results, Bose made an embarrassing statistical error which gave a prediction that agreed with observations, a contradiction. | |||
<div class="thumb tright"> | |||
Bose's article introduced ] of ]. | |||
<div style="width: 150px"> | |||
Einstein adopted the idea, and extended it to atoms and predicted the existence of phenomena called later as ]. | |||
{| width="150" cellpadding="3" style="background: #ffffff; margin-bottom: 3px; border: 1px solid #8888aa" | |||
] and ] are named after Bose as well. | |||
|- | |||
|+ '''Outcome probabilities''' | |||
|- | |||
| rowspan="2" colspan="2" | | |||
! colspan="2" | Coin 1 | |||
|- | |||
! Head || Tail | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" | Coin 2 | |||
! Head | |||
| HH || HT | |||
|- | |||
! Tail | |||
| TH || TT | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
<div style="thumbcaption"> | |||
Since the coins are distinct, there are two outcomes which produce a head and a tail. The probability of two heads is one-fourth. | |||
</div> | |||
</div> | |||
</div> | |||
The error was a simple mistake that would appear obviously wrong to anyone with a basic understanding of ], and similar to arguing that flipping two ]s will produce two heads one-third of the time. However, it produced correct results, and Bose realized it might not be a mistake at all. | |||
]s refused to publish Bose's paper. It was their contention that he had presented to them a simple mistake, and Bose's findings were ignored. Discouraged, he wrote to ], who immediately agreed with him. ]s stopped laughing when Einstein sent '']'' his own paper to accompany Bose's. | |||
Bose's ideas were well received in the world of physics, | |||
and he was granted leave from the University of Dacca to travel to Europe in 1924. | |||
He spent a year in Paris and worked with ], and met several other well-known scientists. | |||
He then spent another year abroad, working with Einstein in ]. | |||
Upon his return to Dhaka, | |||
he was made a professor in 1926. | |||
He did not have a doctorate, | |||
and so ordinarily he would not be qualified for the post, | |||
but Einstein recommended him. | |||
Because photons are indistinguishable from each other, one cannot treat any two photons having equal energy as being different from each other. By analogy, if the coins in the above example behaved like photons and other ]s, the probability of producing two heads would indeed be one-third. Bose's "error" is now called ]. | |||
⚫ | Apart from physics he did some research in ] and ] (Bengali, English). He made deep studies in chemistry, geology, zoology, anthropology, engineering and other sciences. Being ] of origin he devoted a lot of time to promote ] as teaching language and to develop the region as well. | ||
Einstein adopted the idea and extended it to atoms. From this, he predicted the existence of phenomena which became known as ], a dense collection of bosons (which are ] particles with integer ], named after Bose). | |||
⚫ | He is considered as one of the most intelligent, broad-minded scientists of the ]. | ||
==Later work== | |||
<!-- | |||
Bose's ideas were afterward well received in the world of physics, and he was granted leave from the University of Dacca to travel to ] in ]. He spent a year in ] and worked with ], and met several other well-known scientists. He then spent another year abroad, working with Einstein in ]. Upon his return to Dhaka, he was made a professor in 1926. He did not have a doctorate, and so ordinarily he would not be qualified for the post, but Einstein recommended him. | |||
⚫ | Apart from physics he did some research in ] and ] (Bengali, English). He made deep studies in chemistry, geology, zoology, anthropology, engineering and other sciences. Being ] of origin he devoted a lot of time to promote ] as teaching language and to develop the region as well. | ||
== References == | |||
⚫ | He is considered as one of the most intelligent, broad-minded scientists of the ]. | ||
''(a citation of Bose's paper in the Zeitschrift für Physik would be very helpful here)'' --> | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
* S.N. Bose. "Plancks Gesetz und Lichtquantenhypothese", ''Zeitschrift für Physik'' 26:178-181 (1924). ''(The German translation of Bose's paper on Planck's law)'' | * S.N. Bose. "Plancks Gesetz und Lichtquantenhypothese", ''Zeitschrift für Physik'' 26:178-181 (1924). ''(The German translation of Bose's paper on Planck's law)'' | ||
Revision as of 04:17, 8 November 2004
Satyendra Nath Bose /sɐθ.jin.ðrɐ nɑθ bos/ (January 1, 1894 – February 4, 1974) was an Indian physicist specializing in mathematical physics. Bose was born in Kolkata (Calcutta), the eldest of seven children. His father, Surendranath Bose, worked in the Engineering Department of the East India Railway. Bose attended Hindu High School in Calcutta, and later attended Presidency College, also in Calcutta, always earning the highest marks. From 1916 to 1921 he was a lecturer in the physics department of Calcutta University. In 1921, he joined the physics department of the then recently founded Dacca University, again as a lecturer. In 1926 he became a professor and was made head of the physics department, and continued teaching at Dacca University until 1945. At that time he returned to Calcutta, and taught at Calcutta University until 1956, when he retired and was made professor emeritus.
The error that wasn't
Two heads | Two tails | One of each |
There are three outcomes. What is the probability of producing two heads?
While at Dacca University, Bose wrote a short article called Planck's Law and the Hypothesis of Light Quanta, describing the photoelectric effect and based on a lecture he had given on the ultraviolet catastrophe. During this lecture, in which he had intended to show his students that theory predicted results not in accordance with experimental results, Bose made an embarrassing statistical error which gave a prediction that agreed with observations, a contradiction.
Coin 1 | |||
---|---|---|---|
Head | Tail | ||
Coin 2 | Head | HH | HT |
Tail | TH | TT |
Since the coins are distinct, there are two outcomes which produce a head and a tail. The probability of two heads is one-fourth.
The error was a simple mistake that would appear obviously wrong to anyone with a basic understanding of statistics, and similar to arguing that flipping two fair coins will produce two heads one-third of the time. However, it produced correct results, and Bose realized it might not be a mistake at all.
Physics journals refused to publish Bose's paper. It was their contention that he had presented to them a simple mistake, and Bose's findings were ignored. Discouraged, he wrote to Albert Einstein, who immediately agreed with him. Physicists stopped laughing when Einstein sent Zeitschrift für Physik his own paper to accompany Bose's.
Because photons are indistinguishable from each other, one cannot treat any two photons having equal energy as being different from each other. By analogy, if the coins in the above example behaved like photons and other bosons, the probability of producing two heads would indeed be one-third. Bose's "error" is now called Bose-Einstein statistics.
Einstein adopted the idea and extended it to atoms. From this, he predicted the existence of phenomena which became known as Bose-Einstein condensate, a dense collection of bosons (which are strongly-interacting particles with integer spin, named after Bose).
Later work
Bose's ideas were afterward well received in the world of physics, and he was granted leave from the University of Dacca to travel to Europe in 1924. He spent a year in Paris and worked with Marie Curie, and met several other well-known scientists. He then spent another year abroad, working with Einstein in Berlin. Upon his return to Dhaka, he was made a professor in 1926. He did not have a doctorate, and so ordinarily he would not be qualified for the post, but Einstein recommended him.
Apart from physics he did some research in biochemistry and literature (Bengali, English). He made deep studies in chemistry, geology, zoology, anthropology, engineering and other sciences. Being Bengali of origin he devoted a lot of time to promote Bengali as teaching language and to develop the region as well.
He is considered as one of the most intelligent, broad-minded scientists of the 20th century.
References
- S.N. Bose. "Plancks Gesetz und Lichtquantenhypothese", Zeitschrift für Physik 26:178-181 (1924). (The German translation of Bose's paper on Planck's law)
External links
- Satyendra Nath Bose (biography at Calcuttaweb)
- Satyendranath Bose (at the MacTutor History of Mathematics archive)