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| '''Psychobiotics''' are defined by Dinan et al.<ref name="pmid23759244">{{cite journal|vauthors=Dinan TG, Stanton C, Cryan JF | title=Psychobiotics: a novel class of psychotropic. | journal=Biol Psychiatry | year= 2013 | volume= 74 | issue= 10 | pages= 720–6 | pmid=23759244 | doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.001 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23759244 }}</ref> as those living organisms that on sufficient ingestion produces a health benefit in those patients with ], or ], illnesses.<ref name="pmid25834446">{{cite journal|vauthors=Zhou L, Foster JA | title=Psychobiotics and the gut-brain axis: in the pursuit of happiness. | journal=Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat | year= 2015 | volume= 11 | issue= | pages= 715–23 | pmid=25834446 | doi=10.2147/NDT.S61997 | pmc=4370913 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25834446 }}</ref><ref name="pmid25722529">{{cite journal| author=Gnanavel S| title=Psychobiotics: the latest psychotropics. | journal=Indian J Psychol Med | year= 2015 | volume= 37 | issue= 1 | pages= 110 | pmid=25722529 | doi=10.4103/0253-7176.150862 | pmc=4341301 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25722529 }}</ref><ref name="pmid26598580">{{cite journal|vauthors=Evrensel A, Ceylan ME | title=The Gut-Brain Axis: The Missing Link in Depression. | journal=Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci | year= 2015 | volume= 13 | issue= 3 | pages= 239–244 | pmid=26598580 | doi=10.9758/cpn.2015.13.3.239 | pmc=4662178 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26598580 }}</ref><ref name="pmid26528128">{{cite journal|vauthors=Kelly JR, Kennedy PJ, Cryan JF, Dinan TG, Clarke G, Hyland NP | title=Breaking down the barriers: the gut microbiome, intestinal permeability and stress-related psychiatric disorders. | journal=Front Cell Neurosci | year= 2015 | volume= 9 | issue= | pages= 392 | pmid=26528128 | doi=10.3389/fncel.2015.00392 | pmc=4604320 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26528128 }}</ref><ref name="pmid25309394">{{cite journal|vauthors=Smythies LE, Smythies JR | title=Microbiota, the immune system, black moods and the brain-melancholia updated. | journal=Front Hum Neurosci | year= 2014 | volume= 8 | issue= | pages= 720 | pmid=25309394 | doi=10.3389/fnhum.2014.00720 | pmc=4163975 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25309394 }}</ref><ref name="pmid24422720">{{cite journal|vauthors=Selhub EM, Logan AC, Bested AC | title=Fermented foods, microbiota, and mental health: ancient practice meets nutritional psychiatry. | journal=J Physiol Anthropol | year= 2014 | volume= 33 | issue= | pages= 2 | pmid=24422720 | doi=10.1186/1880-6805-33-2 | pmc=3904694 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24422720 }}</ref> Research to understand the mechanisms of psychobiotics on the ] and ] is currently under way. Preliminary evidence suggests modulation of ], ], and ] pathways. Other possible mechanisms identified include modulation of the ], the ], ], ], and ] ].<ref name="pmid27045844">{{cite journal|author1=Hoban AE |author2=Stilling RM |author3=Ryan FJ |author4=Shanahan F |author5=Dinan TG |author6=Claesson MJ | title=Regulation of prefrontal cortex myelination by the microbiota. | journal=Transl Psychiatry | year= 2016 | volume= 6 | issue= | pages= e774 | pmid=27045844 | doi=10.1038/tp.2016.42 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27045844 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> | |||
| Additionally, research has correlated the oral microbiome to cognitive function.<ref name="pmid23963608">{{cite journal|vauthors=Noble JM, Scarmeas N, Papapanou PN | title=Poor oral health as a chronic, potentially modifiable dementia risk factor: review of the literature. | journal=Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep | year= 2013 | volume= 13 | issue= 10 | pages= 384 | pmid=23963608 | doi=10.1007/s11910-013-0384-x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23963608 }}</ref> | |||
| Psychobiotics can also be defined as microbes that have negative neurological interactions. Recently it was shown microbes may play a role in the formation of ].<ref name="pmid27225182">{{cite journal| author=Kumar DK, Choi SH, Washicosky KJ, Eimer WA, Tucker S, Ghofrani J| title=Amyloid-β peptide protects against microbial infection in mouse and worm models of Alzheimer's disease. | journal=Sci Transl Med | year= 2016 | volume= 8 | issue= 340 | pages= 340ra72 | pmid=27225182 | doi=10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf1059 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27225182 |display-authors=etal}} </ref> | |||
| == See also == | |||
| {{Columns-list|2| | |||
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| }} | |||
| == References == | |||
| {{Reflist}} | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
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