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'''Psychobiotics''' are defined by Dinan et al.<ref name="pmid23759244">{{cite journal|vauthors=Dinan TG, Stanton C, Cryan JF | title=Psychobiotics: a novel class of psychotropic. | journal=Biol Psychiatry | year= 2013 | volume= 74 | issue= 10 | pages= 720–6 | pmid=23759244 | doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.001 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23759244 }}</ref> as those living organisms that on sufficient ingestion produces a health benefit in those patients with ], or ], illnesses.<ref name="pmid25834446">{{cite journal|vauthors=Zhou L, Foster JA | title=Psychobiotics and the gut-brain axis: in the pursuit of happiness. | journal=Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat | year= 2015 | volume= 11 | issue= | pages= 715–23 | pmid=25834446 | doi=10.2147/NDT.S61997 | pmc=4370913 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25834446 }}</ref><ref name="pmid25722529">{{cite journal| author=Gnanavel S| title=Psychobiotics: the latest psychotropics. | journal=Indian J Psychol Med | year= 2015 | volume= 37 | issue= 1 | pages= 110 | pmid=25722529 | doi=10.4103/0253-7176.150862 | pmc=4341301 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25722529 }}</ref><ref name="pmid26598580">{{cite journal|vauthors=Evrensel A, Ceylan ME | title=The Gut-Brain Axis: The Missing Link in Depression. | journal=Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci | year= 2015 | volume= 13 | issue= 3 | pages= 239–244 | pmid=26598580 | doi=10.9758/cpn.2015.13.3.239 | pmc=4662178 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26598580 }}</ref><ref name="pmid26528128">{{cite journal|vauthors=Kelly JR, Kennedy PJ, Cryan JF, Dinan TG, Clarke G, Hyland NP | title=Breaking down the barriers: the gut microbiome, intestinal permeability and stress-related psychiatric disorders. | journal=Front Cell Neurosci | year= 2015 | volume= 9 | issue= | pages= 392 | pmid=26528128 | doi=10.3389/fncel.2015.00392 | pmc=4604320 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26528128 }}</ref><ref name="pmid25309394">{{cite journal|vauthors=Smythies LE, Smythies JR | title=Microbiota, the immune system, black moods and the brain-melancholia updated. | journal=Front Hum Neurosci | year= 2014 | volume= 8 | issue= | pages= 720 | pmid=25309394 | doi=10.3389/fnhum.2014.00720 | pmc=4163975 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25309394 }}</ref><ref name="pmid24422720">{{cite journal|vauthors=Selhub EM, Logan AC, Bested AC | title=Fermented foods, microbiota, and mental health: ancient practice meets nutritional psychiatry. | journal=J Physiol Anthropol | year= 2014 | volume= 33 | issue= | pages= 2 | pmid=24422720 | doi=10.1186/1880-6805-33-2 | pmc=3904694 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24422720 }}</ref> Research to understand the mechanisms of psychobiotics on the ] and ] is currently under way. Preliminary evidence suggests modulation of ], ], and ] pathways. Other possible mechanisms identified include modulation of the ], the ], ], ], and ] ].<ref name="pmid27045844">{{cite journal|author1=Hoban AE |author2=Stilling RM |author3=Ryan FJ |author4=Shanahan F |author5=Dinan TG |author6=Claesson MJ | title=Regulation of prefrontal cortex myelination by the microbiota. | journal=Transl Psychiatry | year= 2016 | volume= 6 | issue= | pages= e774 | pmid=27045844 | doi=10.1038/tp.2016.42 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27045844 |display-authors=etal}}</ref> '''Psychobiotics''' are defined by Dinan et al.<ref name="pmid23759244">{{cite journal|vauthors=Dinan TG, Stanton C, Cryan JF | title=Psychobiotics: a novel class of psychotropic. | journal=Biol Psychiatry | year= 2013 | volume= 74 | issue= 10 | pages= 720–6 | pmid=23759244 | doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.001 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23759244 }}</ref> as those living organisms that on sufficient ingestion produces a health benefit in those patients with ], or ], illnesses.<ref name="pmid25834446">{{cite journal|vauthors=Zhou L, Foster JA | title=Psychobiotics and the gut-brain axis: in the pursuit of happiness. | journal=Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat | year= 2015 | volume= 11 | issue= | pages= 715–23 | pmid=25834446 | doi=10.2147/NDT.S61997 | pmc=4370913 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25834446 }}</ref><ref name="pmid25722529">{{cite journal| author=Gnanavel S| title=Psychobiotics: the latest psychotropics. | journal=Indian J Psychol Med | year= 2015 | volume= 37 | issue= 1 | pages= 110 | pmid=25722529 | doi=10.4103/0253-7176.150862 | pmc=4341301 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25722529 }}</ref><ref name="pmid26598580">{{cite journal|vauthors=Evrensel A, Ceylan ME | title=The Gut-Brain Axis: The Missing Link in Depression. | journal=Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci | year= 2015 | volume= 13 | issue= 3 | pages= 239–244 | pmid=26598580 | doi=10.9758/cpn.2015.13.3.239 | pmc=4662178 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26598580 }}</ref><ref name="pmid26528128">{{cite journal|vauthors=Kelly JR, Kennedy PJ, Cryan JF, Dinan TG, Clarke G, Hyland NP | title=Breaking down the barriers: the gut microbiome, intestinal permeability and stress-related psychiatric disorders. | journal=Front Cell Neurosci | year= 2015 | volume= 9 | issue= | pages= 392 | pmid=26528128 | doi=10.3389/fncel.2015.00392 | pmc=4604320 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=26528128 }}</ref><ref name="pmid25309394">{{cite journal|vauthors=Smythies LE, Smythies JR | title=Microbiota, the immune system, black moods and the brain-melancholia updated. | journal=Front Hum Neurosci | year= 2014 | volume= 8 | issue= | pages= 720 | pmid=25309394 | doi=10.3389/fnhum.2014.00720 | pmc=4163975 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=25309394 }}</ref><ref name="pmid24422720">{{cite journal|vauthors=Selhub EM, Logan AC, Bested AC | title=Fermented foods, microbiota, and mental health: ancient practice meets nutritional psychiatry. | journal=J Physiol Anthropol | year= 2014 | volume= 33 | issue= | pages= 2 | pmid=24422720 | doi=10.1186/1880-6805-33-2 | pmc=3904694 | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=24422720 }}</ref> Research to understand the mechanisms of psychobiotics on the ] and ] is currently under way. Preliminary evidence suggests modulation of ], ], and ] pathways. Other possible mechanisms identified include modulation of the ], the ], ], ], and ] ].<ref name="pmid27045844">{{cite journal|author1=Hoban AE |author2=Stilling RM |author3=Ryan FJ |author4=Shanahan F |author5=Dinan TG |author6=Claesson MJ | title=Regulation of prefrontal cortex myelination by the microbiota. | journal=Transl Psychiatry | year= 2016 | volume= 6 | issue= | pages= e774 | pmid=27045844 | doi=10.1038/tp.2016.42 | pmc= 4872400 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>


Additionally, research has correlated the oral microbiome to cognitive function.<ref name="pmid23963608">{{cite journal|vauthors=Noble JM, Scarmeas N, Papapanou PN | title=Poor oral health as a chronic, potentially modifiable dementia risk factor: review of the literature. | journal=Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep | year= 2013 | volume= 13 | issue= 10 | pages= 384 | pmid=23963608 | doi=10.1007/s11910-013-0384-x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23963608 }}</ref> Additionally, research has correlated the oral microbiome to cognitive function.<ref name="pmid23963608">{{cite journal|vauthors=Noble JM, Scarmeas N, Papapanou PN | title=Poor oral health as a chronic, potentially modifiable dementia risk factor: review of the literature. | journal=Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep | year= 2013 | volume= 13 | issue= 10 | pages= 384 | pmid=23963608 | doi=10.1007/s11910-013-0384-x | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=23963608 }}</ref>


Psychobiotics can also be defined as microbes that have negative neurological interactions. Recently it was shown microbes may play a role in the formation of ].<ref name="pmid27225182">{{cite journal| author=Kumar DK, Choi SH, Washicosky KJ, Eimer WA, Tucker S, Ghofrani J| title=Amyloid-β peptide protects against microbial infection in mouse and worm models of Alzheimer's disease. | journal=Sci Transl Med | year= 2016 | volume= 8 | issue= 340 | pages= 340ra72 | pmid=27225182 | doi=10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf1059 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27225182 |display-authors=etal}} </ref> Psychobiotics can also be defined as microbes that have negative neurological interactions. Recently it was shown microbes may play a role in the formation of ].<ref name="pmid27225182">{{cite journal| author=Kumar DK, Choi SH, Washicosky KJ, Eimer WA, Tucker S, Ghofrani J| title=Amyloid-β peptide protects against microbial infection in mouse and worm models of Alzheimer's disease. | journal=Sci Transl Med | year= 2016 | volume= 8 | issue= 340 | pages= 340ra72 | pmid=27225182 | doi=10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf1059 | pmc= | url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/eutils/elink.fcgi?dbfrom=pubmed&tool=sumsearch.org/cite&retmode=ref&cmd=prlinks&id=27225182 |display-authors=etal}}</ref>


== See also == == See also ==

Revision as of 17:09, 31 July 2016

Psychobiotics are defined by Dinan et al. as those living organisms that on sufficient ingestion produces a health benefit in those patients with psychiatric, or neurological, illnesses. Research to understand the mechanisms of psychobiotics on the gut–brain axis and enteric nervous system is currently under way. Preliminary evidence suggests modulation of neuroimmunologic, neuroinflammatory, and neurohormonal pathways. Other possible mechanisms identified include modulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, the vagus nerve, microglia, myelination, and prefrontal cortex gene expression.

Additionally, research has correlated the oral microbiome to cognitive function.

Psychobiotics can also be defined as microbes that have negative neurological interactions. Recently it was shown microbes may play a role in the formation of amyloid-β.

See also

2

References

  1. Dinan TG, Stanton C, Cryan JF (2013). "Psychobiotics: a novel class of psychotropic". Biol Psychiatry. 74 (10): 720–6. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.05.001. PMID 23759244.
  2. Zhou L, Foster JA (2015). "Psychobiotics and the gut-brain axis: in the pursuit of happiness". Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 11: 715–23. doi:10.2147/NDT.S61997. PMC 4370913. PMID 25834446.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  3. Gnanavel S (2015). "Psychobiotics: the latest psychotropics". Indian J Psychol Med. 37 (1): 110. doi:10.4103/0253-7176.150862. PMC 4341301. PMID 25722529.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  4. Evrensel A, Ceylan ME (2015). "The Gut-Brain Axis: The Missing Link in Depression". Clin Psychopharmacol Neurosci. 13 (3): 239–244. doi:10.9758/cpn.2015.13.3.239. PMC 4662178. PMID 26598580.
  5. Kelly JR, Kennedy PJ, Cryan JF, Dinan TG, Clarke G, Hyland NP (2015). "Breaking down the barriers: the gut microbiome, intestinal permeability and stress-related psychiatric disorders". Front Cell Neurosci. 9: 392. doi:10.3389/fncel.2015.00392. PMC 4604320. PMID 26528128.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  6. Smythies LE, Smythies JR (2014). "Microbiota, the immune system, black moods and the brain-melancholia updated". Front Hum Neurosci. 8: 720. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00720. PMC 4163975. PMID 25309394.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  7. Selhub EM, Logan AC, Bested AC (2014). "Fermented foods, microbiota, and mental health: ancient practice meets nutritional psychiatry". J Physiol Anthropol. 33: 2. doi:10.1186/1880-6805-33-2. PMC 3904694. PMID 24422720.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  8. Hoban AE; Stilling RM; Ryan FJ; Shanahan F; Dinan TG; Claesson MJ; et al. (2016). "Regulation of prefrontal cortex myelination by the microbiota". Transl Psychiatry. 6: e774. doi:10.1038/tp.2016.42. PMC 4872400. PMID 27045844.
  9. Noble JM, Scarmeas N, Papapanou PN (2013). "Poor oral health as a chronic, potentially modifiable dementia risk factor: review of the literature". Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. 13 (10): 384. doi:10.1007/s11910-013-0384-x. PMID 23963608.
  10. Kumar DK, Choi SH, Washicosky KJ, Eimer WA, Tucker S, Ghofrani J; et al. (2016). "Amyloid-β peptide protects against microbial infection in mouse and worm models of Alzheimer's disease". Sci Transl Med. 8 (340): 340ra72. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aaf1059. PMID 27225182.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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