History of ancient Israel and Judah: Difference between revisions

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	{{citation style\|date=January 2015}}
	{{further\|Israelites\|History of Palestine\|Canaan#History\|Pre-history of the Southern Levant\|History of the Southern Levant\|History of the Levant}}
	] (blue) and ] (yellow), with their neighbors (tan) (8th century BCE)]]
	{{History of Israel}}
	{{Jews and Judaism sidebar \|History}}

	] and ] were related ] kingdoms of the ancient ]. The ] emerged as an important local power by the 9th century BCE before falling to the ] in 722 BCE. Israel's southern neighbor, the ], emerged in the 8th century BCE<ref name="Grabbe 2008, pp. 225–6">Grabbe 2008, pp. 225–6.</ref> and enjoyed a period of prosperity as a ] of first Assyria and then ] before a revolt against the ] led to its destruction in 586 BCE. Following the fall of Babylon to the ] king ] in 539 BCE, some Judean exiles returned to Jerusalem, inaugurating the formative period in the development of a distinctive Judahite identity in the Persian province of ]. Yehud was absorbed into the subsequent ] kingdoms that followed the conquests of ], but in the 2nd century BCE the Judaeans revolted against the Hellenist ] and created the ] kingdom. This, the last nominally independent ]n kingdom, came to an end in ]. With the installation of client kingdoms under the ], the Kingdom of Israel was wracked by civil disturbances which culminated in the ], the destruction of the Temple, the emergence of ] and ].

			Hi I'm billy maze
	==Periods==
	*] I: 1200–1000
	*Iron Age II: 1000–586
	*Neo-Babylonian: 586–539
	*Persian: 539–332
	*Hellenistic: 332–53{{sfn\|King\|Stager\|2001\|p=xxiii}}

	==Late Bronze Age background (1600–1200 BCE)==
	] museum, Paris)]]
	The ] seaboard – the ] – stretches 400 miles north to south from the ] to the ], and 70 to 100 miles east to west between the sea and the ].<ref>Miller 1986, p. 36.</ref> The coastal plain of the southern Levant, broad in the south and narrowing to the north, is backed in its southernmost portion by a zone of foothills, the ]; like the plain this narrows as it goes northwards, ending in the promontory of Mount Carmel. East of the plain and the Shephelah is a mountainous ridge, the "hill country of Judah" in the south, the "hill country of Ephraim" north of that, then Galilee and the Lebanon mountains. To the east again lie the steep-sided valley occupied by the ], the ], and the wadi of the Arabah, which continues down to the eastern arm of the Red Sea. Beyond the plateau is the Syrian desert, separating the Levant from Mesopotamia. To the southwest is Egypt, to the northeast Mesopotamia. The location and geographical characteristics of the narrow Levant made the area a battleground among the powerful entities that surrounded it.<ref>Coogan 1998, pp. 4–7.</ref>

	] in the Late Bronze Age was a shadow of what it had been centuries earlier: many cities were abandoned, others shrank in size, and the total settled population was probably not much more than a hundred thousand.<ref>Finkelstein 2001, p. 78.</ref> Settlement was concentrated in cities along the coastal plain and along major communication routes; the central and northern hill country which would later become the biblical kingdom of Israel was only sparsely inhabited<ref name=killebrew38>Killebrew 2005, pp. 38–9.</ref> although letters from the Egyptian archives indicate that ] was already a Canaanite city-state recognising Egyptian overlordship.<ref>Cahill in Vaughn 1992, pp. 27–33.</ref> Politically and culturally it was dominated by Egypt,<ref>Kuhrt 1995, p. 317.</ref> each city under its own ruler, constantly at odds with its neighbours, and appealing to the Egyptians to adjudicate their differences.<ref name=killebrew38/>

	The Canaanite city-state system ],<ref>Killebrew 2005, pp. 10–6.</ref> and Canaanite culture was then gradually absorbed into that of the ], ] and Israelites.<ref>Golden 2004b, pp. 61–2.</ref> The process was gradual, rather than swift,<ref name=mcnutt47>McNutt 1999, p. 47.</ref> and a strong Egyptian presence continued into the 12th century BCE, and, while some Canaanite cities were destroyed, others continued to exist in Iron Age I.<ref>Golden 2004a, p. 155.</ref>

	==Iron Age I (1200–1000 BCE)==
	]. While alternative translations exist, the majority of ] translate a set of hieroglyphs as "Israel", representing the first instance of the name ''Israel'' in the historical record.]]

	The name "Israel" first appears in the ] of the Egyptian pharaoh ] c. 1209 BCE: "Israel is laid waste and his seed is no more."<ref>Stager in Coogan 1998, p. 91.</ref> This "Israel" was a cultural and probably political entity of the central highlands, well enough established for the Egyptians to perceive it as a possible challenge to their ], but an ethnic group rather than an organised state;<ref>Dever 2003, p. 206.</ref> Archaeologist Paula McNutt says: "It is probably ... during Iron Age I a population began to identify itself as 'Israelite'," differentiating itself from its neighbours via prohibitions on ], an emphasis on ] and ], and religion.<ref>McNutt 1999, pp. 35.</ref>

	In the Late Bronze Age there were no more than about 25 villages in the highlands, but this increased to over 300 by the end of Iron Age I, while the settled population doubled from 20,000 to 40,000.<ref name=mcnutt70>McNutt 1999, pp.46-47.</ref> The villages were more numerous and larger in the north, and probably shared the highlands with ] ]s, who left no remains.<ref name=mcnutt69>McNutt 1999, p. 69.</ref> Archaeologists and historians attempting to trace the origins of these villagers have found it impossible to identify any distinctive features that could define them as specifically Israelite – ] and four-room houses have been identified outside the highlands and thus cannot be used to distinguish Israelite sites,<ref>Miller 1986, p. 72.</ref> and while the pottery of the highland villages is far more limited than that of lowland Canaanite sites, it develops typologically out of Canaanite pottery that came before.<ref name=killebrew13>Killebrew 2005, p. 13.</ref> ] proposed that the oval or circular layout that distinguishes some of the earliest highland sites, and the notable absence of pig bones from hill sites, could be taken as markers of ethnicity, but others have cautioned that these can be a "common-sense" adaptation to highland life and not necessarily revelatory of origins.<ref>Edelman in Brett 2002, p. 46-47.</ref> Other Aramaean sites also demonstrate a contemporary absence of pig remains at that time, unlike earlier Canaanite and later Philistine excavations.

	In '']'' (2001), Finkelstein and Silberman summarised recent studies. They described how, up until 1967, the Israelite heartland in the highlands of western Palestine was virtually an archaeological ''terra incognita''. Since then, intensive surveys have examined the traditional territories of the tribes of Judah, Benjamin, Ephraim, and Manasseh. These surveys have revealed the sudden emergence of a new culture contrasting with the Philistine and Canaanite societies existing in the ] earlier during Iron Age I.<ref name=Finkelstein>Finkelstein and Silberman (2001) Free Press, New York, p. 107, ISBN 0-684-86912-8</ref> This new culture is characterised by a lack of pork remains (whereas pork formed 20% of the Philistine diet in places), by an abandonment of the Philistine/Canaanite custom of having highly decorated pottery, and by the practice of circumcision. The Israelite ethnic identity had originated, not from ] and a subsequent ], but from a transformation of the existing Canaanite-Philistine cultures.<ref>Avraham Faust (2009) "How Did Israel Become a People? The Genesis of Israelite Identity. Biblical Archaeology Review 201: pp. 62-69, 92-94</ref>
	{{quote\|These surveys revolutionized the study of early Israel. The discovery of the remains of a dense network of highland villages — all apparently established within the span of few generations — indicated that a dramatic social transformation had taken place in the central hill country of Canaan around 1200 BCE. There was no sign of violent invasion or even the infiltration of a clearly defined ethnic group. Instead, it seemed to be a revolution in lifestyle. In the formerly sparsely populated highlands from the Judean hills in the south to the hills of Samaria in the north, far from the Canaanite cities that were in the process of collapse and disintegration, about two-hundred fifty hilltop communities suddenly sprang up. Here were the first Israelites.<ref>Finkelstein and Silberman (2001), p. 107</ref>}}

	From then on, over a period of hundreds of years until after the return of the exiles from Babylon, the Israelites and other tribes gradually absorbed the Canaanites. After the period of ] (~450 BCE) there is no more biblical record of them.<ref>Holy Bible. King James version. Ezra, Chapter 9</ref> The ], a dialect of ], became the language of the hill country, and later of the valleys and plains.<ref>
	{{cite web\|url= http://www.biblicaltraining.org/library/canaan\|title= Canaan\|publisher= }}
	</ref>

	Modern scholars therefore see Israel arising peacefully and internally from existing people in the highlands of Canaan.<ref>
	Compare: {{cite book
	\| last1 = Gnuse
	\| first1 = Robert Karl
	\| title = No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel
	\| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=0Kf1ZwDifdAC
	\| series = Journal for the study of the Old Testament: Supplement series
	\| volume = 241
	\| publisher = A&C Black
	\| publication-date = 1997
	\| location = Sheffield
	\| page = 31
	\| isbn = 9781850756576
	\| access-date = 2016-06-02
	\| quote = Out of the discussions a new model is beginning to emerge, which has been inspired, above all, by recent archaeological field research. There are several variations in this new theory, but they share in common the image of an Israelite community which arose peacefully and internally in the highlands of Palestine.
	}}
	</ref>

	==Iron Age II (1000–587 BCE)==
	], Tel Aviv.]]
	Unusually favourable climatic conditions in the first two centuries of Iron Age II brought about an expansion of population, settlements and trade throughout the region.<ref name=thompson408>Thompson 1992, p. 408.</ref> In the central highlands this resulted in unification in a kingdom with the ] as its capital,<ref name=thompson408/> possibly by the second half of the 10th century BCE when an inscription of the Egyptian pharaoh ], the biblical ], records a series of campaigns directed at the area.<ref name=mazar163>Mazar in Finkelstein 2007, p. 163.</ref> Israel had clearly emerged by the middle of the 9th century BCE, when the Assyrian king ] names "] the Israelite" among his enemies at the ] (853). At this time Israel was apparently engaged in a three-way contest with Damascus and Tyre for control of the ] and Galilee in the north, and with ], ] and ] in the east for control of ];<ref name=thompson408/> the ] (c. 830), left by a king of Moab, celebrates his success in throwing off the oppression of the "House of ]" (i.e., Israel). It bears what is generally thought to be the earliest extra-biblical ] reference to the name '']'' (]), whose temple goods were plundered by Mesha and brought before his own god ].{{citation needed\|date=October 2015}}

	French scholar ] has reconstructed a portion of line 31 of the ] as mentioning the "House of ]".<ref name="mazar163"/><ref>''Biblical Archaeology Review'' , pp. 30–37</ref> Other scholars disagree, saying that BYTDWD is a place name not a dynasty.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://vridar.info/bibarch/arch/teldan.htm\|title=TelDan\|website=vridar.info\|access-date=2016-05-26}}</ref> The ] stele (c. 841) tells of the death of a king of Israel, probably ], at the hands of a king of ].<ref name=mazar163/> A century later Israel came into increasing conflict with the expanding ], which first split its territory into several smaller units and then destroyed its capital, Samaria (722). Both the biblical and Assyrian sources speak of a massive deportation of people from Israel and their replacement with settlers from other parts of the empire – such ] were an established part of Assyrian imperial policy, a means of breaking the old power structure – and the former Israel never again became an independent political entity.<ref>Lemche 1998, p. 85.</ref>

	Judah emerged somewhat later than Israel, probably during the 9th century BCE, but the subject is one of considerable controversy.<ref name="Grabbe 2008, pp. 225–6"/> There are indications that during the 10th and 9th centuries BCE, the southern highlands had been divided between a number of centres, none with clear primacy.<ref>Lehman in Vaughn 1992, p. 149.</ref> During the reign of ], between c. 715 and 686 BCE, a notable increase in the power of the ] state can be observed.<ref>David M. Carr, ''Writing on the Tablet of the Heart: Origins of Scripture and Literature'', Oxford University Press, 2005, 164.</ref> This is reflected in archaeological sites and findings, such as the ]; a defensive city wall in ]; and the ], an aqueduct designed to provide Jerusalem with water during an impending siege by the ] led by ]; and the ], a lintel inscription found over the doorway of a tomb, has been ascribed to comptroller ]. ] on storage jar handles, excavated from strata in and around that formed by Sennacherib's destruction, appear to have been used throughout Sennacherib's 29-year reign, along with ]e from sealed documents, some that belonged to Hezekiah himself and others that name his servants;<ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.lmlk.com/research/lmlk_ahoh.htm\|title=LAMRYEU-HNNYEU-OBD-HZQYEU\|publisher=}}</ref>

	] is a piece of reddish-brown clay that belonged to King ] of Judah, who ruled from 732 to 716 BCE. This seal contains not only the name of the king, but the name of his father, King ]. In addition, Ahaz is specifically identified as "king of Judah." The ] inscription, which is set on three lines, reads as follows: "l'hzy/hwtmmlk*/yhdh", which translates as "belonging to Ahaz (son of) Yehotam, King of ]."<ref>, by Robert Deutsch, Archaeological Center.</ref>

	In the 7th century Jerusalem grew to contain a population many times greater than earlier and achieved clear dominance over its neighbours.<ref name=thompson410>Thompson 1992, pp. 410–1.</ref> This occurred at the same time that Israel was being destroyed by Assyria, and was probably the result of a cooperative arrangement with the Assyrians to establish Judah as an Assyrian vassal controlling the valuable olive industry.<ref name="thompson410"/> Judah prospered as an Assyrian ] (despite a ]), but in the last half of the 7th century BCE Assyria suddenly collapsed, and the ensuing competition between the Egyptian and ]s for control of the land led to the destruction of Judah in a series of campaigns between 597 and 582.<ref name=thompson410/>

	==Babylonian period==
	] of ]]]
	Babylonian Judah suffered a steep decline in both economy and population<ref>Grabbe 2004, p. 28.</ref> and lost the Negev, the Shephelah, and part of the Judean hill country, including Hebron, to encroachments from Edom and other neighbours.<ref>] in Blenkinsopp 2003, p. 291.</ref> Jerusalem, while probably not totally abandoned, was much smaller than previously, and the town of ] in the relatively unscathed northern section of the kingdom became the capital of the new Babylonian province of ].<ref>Davies 2009.</ref> (This was standard Babylonian practice: when the Philistine city of ] was conquered in 604, the political, religious and economic elite was banished and the administrative centre shifted to a new location).<ref>Lipschits 2005, p. 48.</ref> There is also a strong probability that for most or all of the period the temple at ] in Benjamin replaced that at Jerusalem, boosting the prestige of Bethel's priests (the Aaronites) against those of Jerusalem (the Zadokites), now in exile in Babylon.<ref>Blenkinsopp in Blenkinsopp 2003, pp. 103–5.</ref>

	The Babylonian conquest entailed not just the destruction of Jerusalem and its temple, but the liquidation of the entire infrastructure which had sustained Judah for centuries.<ref>Blenkinsopp 2009, p. 228.</ref> The most significant casualty was the state ideology of "Zion theology,"<ref>Middlemas 2005, pp. 1–2.</ref> the idea that the god of Israel had chosen Jerusalem for his dwelling-place and that the ] would reign there forever.<ref>Miller 1986, p. 203.</ref> The fall of the city and the end of Davidic kingship forced the leaders of the exile community – kings, priests, scribes and prophets – to reformulate the concepts of community, faith and politics.<ref>Middlemas 2005, p. 2.</ref> The exile community in Babylon thus became the source of significant portions of the Hebrew Bible: ] 40–55; ]; the final version of ]; the work of the hypothesized ] in the ]; and the final form of the history of Israel from ] to ].<ref name=middlemas10>Middlemas 2005, p. 10.</ref> Theologically, the Babylonian exiles were responsible for the doctrines of individual responsibility and universalism (the concept that one god controls the entire world) and for the increased emphasis on purity and holiness.<ref name=middlemas10/> Most significantly, the trauma of the exile experience led to the development of a strong sense of Hebrew identity distinct from other peoples,<ref>Middlemas 2005, p. 17.</ref> with increased emphasis on symbols such as circumcision and Sabbath-observance to sustain that distinction.<ref>Bedford 2001, p. 48.</ref>

	The concentration of the biblical literature on the experience of the exiles in Babylon disguises the fact that the great majority of the population remained in Judah; for them, life after the fall of Jerusalem probably went on much as it had before.<ref>Barstad 2008, p. 109.</ref> It may even have improved, as they were rewarded with the land and property of the deportees, much to the anger of the community of exiles remaining in Babylon.<ref>Albertz 2003a, p. 92.</ref> The assassination around 582 of the Babylonian governor by a disaffected member of the former royal House of David provoked a Babylonian crackdown, possibly reflected in the ], but the situation seems to have soon stabilised again.<ref>Albertz 2003a, pp. 95–6.</ref> Nevertheless, those unwalled cities and towns that remained were subject to slave raids by the Phoenicians and intervention in their internal affairs by ]s, Arabs, and Ammonites.<ref>Albertz 2003a, p. 96.</ref>

	==Persian period==
	{{main\|Yehud Medinata}}

	When Babylon fell to the Persian ] in 539 BCE, Judah (or ], the "province of Yehud") became an administrative division within the ]. Cyrus was succeeded as king by ], who added Egypt to the empire, incidentally transforming Yehud and the Philistine plain into an important frontier zone. His death in 522 was followed by a period of turmoil until ] seized the throne in about 521. Darius introduced a reform of the administrative arrangements of the empire including the collection, codification and administration of local law codes, and it is reasonable to suppose that this policy lay behind the redaction of the Jewish ].<ref name=blenkinsopp64>Blenkinsopp 1988, p. 64.</ref> After 404 the Persians lost control of Egypt, which became Persia's main rival outside Europe, causing the Persian authorities to tighten their administrative control over Yehud and the rest of the Levant.<ref>Lipschits in Lipschits 2006, pp. 86–9.</ref> Egypt was eventually reconquered, but soon afterward Persia fell to ], ushering in the Hellenistic period in the Levant.

	Yehud's population over the entire period was probably never more than about 30,000 and that of Jerusalem no more than about 1,500, most of them connected in some way to the Temple.<ref>Grabbe 2004, pp. 29–30.</ref> According to the biblical history, one of the first acts of ], the Persian conqueror of Babylon, was to commission Jewish exiles to return to Jerusalem and rebuild their Temple, a task which they are said to have completed c. 515.<ref>Nodet 1999, p. 25.</ref> Yet it was probably not until the middle of the next century, at the earliest, that Jerusalem again became the capital of Judah.<ref>Davies in Amit 2006, p. 141.</ref> The Persians may have experimented initially with ruling Yehud as a Davidic client-kingdom under descendants of ],<ref>Niehr in Becking 1999, p. 231.</ref> but by the mid–5th century BCE, Yehud had become, in practice, a theocracy, ruled by hereditary high priests,<ref>Wylen 1996, p. 25.</ref> with a Persian-appointed governor, frequently Jewish, charged with keeping order and seeing that taxes (tribute) were collected and paid.<ref>Grabbe 2004, pp. 154–5.</ref> According to the biblical history, ] and ] arrived in Jerusalem in the middle of the 5th century BCE, the former empowered by the Persian king to enforce the Torah, the latter holding the status of governor with a royal commission to restore Jerusalem's walls.<ref>Soggin 1998, p. 311.</ref> The biblical history mentions tension between the returnees and those who had remained in Yehud, the returnees rebuffing the attempt of the "peoples of the land" to participate in the rebuilding of the Temple; this attitude was based partly on the exclusivism that the exiles had developed while in Babylon and, probably, also partly on disputes over property.<ref>Miller 1986, p. 458.</ref> During the 5th century BCE, ] and ] attempted to re-integrate these rival factions into a united and ritually pure society, inspired by the prophecies of ] and his followers.<ref>Blenkinsopp 2009, p. 229.</ref>

	The Persian era, and especially the period between 538 and 400 BCE, laid the foundations for the unified Judaic religion and the beginning of a scriptural canon.<ref>Albertz 1994, pp. 437–8.</ref> Other important landmarks in this period include the replacement of Hebrew as the everyday language of Judah by Aramaic (although Hebrew continued to be used for religious and literary purposes)<ref>Kottsieper in Lipschits 2006, pp. 109–10.</ref> and Darius's reform of the empire's bureaucracy, which may have led to extensive revisions and reorganizations of the Jewish ].<ref name=blenkinsopp64/> The Israel of the Persian period consisted of descendants of the inhabitants of the old kingdom of Judah, returnees from the Babylonian exile community, Mesopotamians who had joined them or had been exiled themselves to Samaria at a far earlier period, Samaritans, and others.<ref>Becking in Albertz 2003b, p. 19.</ref>

	==Hellenistic period==
	] kingdom at its largest extent]]
	{{main\|Hasmonean\|Herodian Dynasty\|Iudaea Province\|Samaria}}

	On the death of ] (322 BCE), Alexander's generals divided the empire among themselves. ], the ruler of Egypt, seized ], but his successors lost it in 198 to the ] of Syria. At first, relations between Seleucids and Jews were cordial, but the attempt of ] (174–163) to impose Hellenic cults on Judea sparked a ] that ended in the expulsion of the Seleucids and the establishment of an independent Jewish kingdom under the ] dynasty. Some modern commentators see this period also as a civil war between orthodox and ].<ref>{{cite web\|last=Weigel \|first=David \|url=http://www.slate.com/articles/life/faithbased/2005/12/the_maccabees_and_the_hellenists.html \|title=Hanukkah as Jewish civil war - Slate Magazine \|publisher=Slate.com \|date= \|accessdate=2012-08-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=http://www.simpletoremember.com/articles/a/the_revolt_of_the_maccabees/ \|title=The Revolt of the Maccabees \|publisher=Simpletoremember.com \|date= \|accessdate=2012-08-15}}</ref> Hasmonean kings attempted to revive the Judah described in the Bible: a Jewish monarchy ruled from Jerusalem and including all territories once ruled by David and Solomon. In order to carry out this project, the ]s forcibly converted one-time Moabites, Edomites, and Ammonites to Judaism, as well as the lost kingdom of Israel.<ref>Davies 1992, pp. 149–50.</ref> Some scholars argue that the Hasmonean dynasty institutionalized the final ].<ref>Philip R. Davies in ''The Canon Debate'', page 50: "With many other scholars, I conclude that the fixing of a canonical list was almost certainly the achievement of the Hasmonean dynasty."</ref>

	In 63 BCE the Roman general ] conquered Jerusalem and made the Jewish kingdom a ] of Rome. In 40–39 BCE, ] was appointed ] by the ], and in 6 CE the last ] of Judea was deposed by the emperor ], his territories combined with ] and ] and annexed as ] under direct ] administration.<ref>Ben-Sasson 1976, p. 246.</ref> The name Judea (Iudaea) ceased to be used by Greco-Romans after the revolt of ] in 135 CE; the area was henceforth called ] (Greek: Παλαιστίνη, Palaistinē; Latin: Palaestina).

	==Religion==

	===Iron Age Yahwism===
	The religion of the Israelites of Iron Age I, like the ] from which it evolved and other ], was based on a cult of ancestors and worship of family gods (the "gods of the fathers").<ref>Tubbs, Jonathan (2006)"The Canaanites" (BBC Books)</ref><ref>Van der Toorn 1996, p.4.</ref> With the emergence of the monarchy at the beginning of Iron Age II the kings promoted their family god, ], as the ], but beyond the royal court, religion continued to be both polytheistic and family-centered.<ref>Van der Toorn 1996, p. 181–2.</ref> The major deities were not numerous – ], ], and Yahweh, with ] as a fourth god, and perhaps ] (the sun) in the early period.<ref name="Smith 2002, p. 57">Smith 2002, p. 57.</ref> At an early stage El and Yahweh became fused and Asherah did not continue as a separate state cult,<ref name="Smith 2002, p. 57"/> although she continued to be popular at a community level until Persian times.<ref>Dever (2005), p.</ref>

	Yahweh, the ] of both Israel and Judah, seems to have originated in ] and ] in southern Canaan and may have been brought to Israel by the ] and ] at an early stage.<ref>Van der Toorn 1999, p. 911–3.</ref> There is a general consensus among scholars that the first formative event in the emergence of the distinctive religion described in the Bible was triggered by the destruction of Israel by Assyria in c. 722 BCE. Refugees from the northern kingdom fled to Judah, bringing with them laws and a prophetic tradition of Yahweh. This religion was subsequently adopted by the landowners of Judah, who in 640 BCE placed the eight-year-old ] on the throne. Judah at this time was a vassal state of Assyria, but Assyrian power collapsed in the 630s, and around 622 Josiah and his supporters launched a bid for independence expressed as loyalty to "]". Judah's independence was expressed in the law-code in the Book of ], written as a treaty between Judah and Yahweh to replace the vassal-treaty with Assyria.<ref name="Dunn and Rogerson, pp.153–154">Dunn and Rogerson, pp.153–154</ref>

	=== <span id="Second Temple">The Babylonian exile and Second Temple Judaism</span> ===
	{{main\|Second Temple Judaism}}
	According to the ]s, as scholars call these Judean nationalists, the treaty with Yahweh would enable Israel's god to preserve both the city and the king in return for the people's worship and obedience. The destruction of Jerusalem, its Temple, and the Davidic dynasty by Babylon in 587/586 BCE was deeply traumatic and led to revisions of the national ] during the Babylonian exile. This revision was expressed in the ], the books of ]. ], ] and ], which interpreted the Babylonian destruction as divinely-ordained punishment for the failure of Israel's kings to worship Yahweh to the exclusion of all other deities.<ref name="Dunn and Rogerson, pp.153–154"/>

	The ] (520 BCE – 70 CE) differed in significant ways from what had gone before.<ref>Avery Peck, p.58</ref> Strict ] emerged among the priests of the Temple establishment during the seventh and sixth centuries BCE, as did beliefs regarding ]s and ]s.<ref>Grabbe (2004), pp. 243-244</ref> At this time, ], dietary laws, and ] gained more significance as symbols of ], and the institution of the ] became increasingly important. According to the ], most of the Torah was written during this time.<ref name="Avery Peck, p.59">Avery Peck, p.59</ref>

	==See also==
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]
	* ]

	==References==

	===Citations===
	{{reflist\|colwidth=30em}}

	===Bibliography===
	*{{Cite book\|last=Albertz\|first=Rainer\|title=A History of Israelite Religion, Volume I: From the Beginnings to the End of the Monarchy\|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press\|year=1994\|origyear=Vanderhoek & Ruprecht 1992\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yvZUWbTftSgC&pg=RA1-PA145&lpg=RA1-PA145&dq=History+of+Israelite+Religion,+Volume+1++Albertz#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Albertz\|first=Rainer\|title=A History of Israelite Religion, Volume II: From the Exile to the Maccabees\|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press\|year=1994\|origyear=Vanderhoek & Ruprecht 1992\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=exjyhvRy7YUC&dq=Albertz+a+history+of+israelite+religion&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Albertz\|first=Rainer\|title=Israel in Exile: The History and Literature of the Sixth Century B.C.E.\|publisher=Society of Biblical Literature\|date=2003a\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xx9YzJq2B9wC&dq=Rainer+Albertz,+%22Israel+in+exile%22&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Albertz\|first=Rainer\|last2=Becking\|first2=Bob, eds.\|title=Yahwism After the Exile: Perspectives on Israelite Religion in the Persian Era\|publisher=Koninklijke Van Gorcum\|date=2003b\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hwExATCqwvwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Yahwism+after+the+exile:+perspectives+on+Israelite+religion+in+the+Persian+era#v=onepage&q&f=false}} {{Cite book\|last=Becking\|first=Bob\|chapter=Law as Expression of Religion (Ezra 7–10)}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Amit\|first=Yaira, et al., eds.\|title=Essays on Ancient Israel in its Near Eastern Context: A Tribute to Nadav Na'aman\|publisher=Eisenbrauns\|year=2006\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ku4OKVrEd4MC&pg=PA467&lpg=PA467&dq=Essays+on+Ancient+Israel+in+its+Near+Eastern+Context:+A+Tribute+to+Nadav+Na%27aman#v=onepage&q=Essays%20on%20Ancient%20Israel%20in%20its%20Near%20Eastern%20Context%3A%20A%20Tribute%20to%20Nadav%20Na%27aman&f=false}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Avery-Peck\|first=Alan, et al., eds.\|title=The Blackwell Companion to Judaism\|publisher=Blackwell\|year=2003\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=asYoIwz9z2UC&pg=PA230&lpg=PA230&dq=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Judaism++By+Jacob+Neusner,+Alan+Avery-Peck#v=onepage&q=&f=false}} {{Cite book\|last=Murphy\|first=Frederick J. R\|chapter=Second Temple Judaism}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Barstad\|first=Hans M.\|title=History and the Hebrew Bible\|publisher=Mohr Siebeck\|year=2008\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zqJxkKy-cMMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Barstad+History+and+the+Hebrew+Bible:+studies+in+ancient+Israelite+and+ancient+Near#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Becking\|first=Bob, ed.\|title=Only One God? Monotheism in Ancient Israel and the Veneration of the Goddess Asherah\|publisher=Sheffield Academic Press\|year=2001\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z72KmReV-bIC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Only+One+God%3F+Monotheism+in+Ancient+Israel+and+the+Veneration+of+the+Goddess+Asherah#v=onepage&q&f=false}} {{Cite book\|last=Dijkstra\|first=Meindert\|chapter=El the God of Israel, Israel the People of YHWH: On the Origins of Ancient Israelite Yahwism}} {{Cite book\|last=Dijkstra\|first=Meindert\|chapter=I Have Blessed You by Yahweh of Samaria and His Asherah: Texts with Religious Elements from the Soil Archive of Ancient Israel}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Becking\|first=Bob\|last2=Korpel\|first2=Marjo Christina Annette, eds.\|title=The Crisis of Israelite Religion: Transformation of Religious Tradition in Exilic and Post-Exilic Times\|publisher=Brill\|year=1999\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lak_YWjCjDMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+crisis+of+Israelite+religion:+transformation+of+religious+tradition#v=onepage&q&f=false}} {{Cite book\|last=Niehr\|first=Herbert\|title=Religio-Historical Aspects of the Early Post-Exilic Period}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Bedford\|first=Peter Ross\|title=Temple Restoration in Early Achaemenid Judah\|publisher=Brill\|year=2001\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MOd320e710IC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Osarsiph&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Ben-Sasson\|first=H.H.\|title=A History of the Jewish People\|publisher=Harvard University Press\|year=1976\|isbn=0-674-39731-2}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Blenkinsopp\|first=Joseph\|title=Ezra-Nehemiah: A Commentary\|publisher=Eerdmans\|year=1988\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3PvirfZkfvQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Ezra-Nehemiah:+A+Commentary++By+Joseph+Blenkinsopp#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Blenkinsopp\|first=Joseph\|last2=Lipschits\|first2=Oded, eds.\|title=Judah and the Judeans in the Neo-Babylonian Period\|publisher=Eisenbrauns\|year=2003\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R65fhpcUFcgC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Judah+and+the+Judeans+in+the+neo-Babylonian+period#v=onepage&q&f=false}} {{Cite book\|last=Blenkinsopp\|first=Joseph\|chapter=Bethel in the Neo-Babylonian Period}} {{Cite book\|last=Lemaire\|first=André\|authorlink=André Lemaire\|title=Nabonidus in Arabia and Judea During the Neo-Babylonian Period}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Blenkinsopp\|first=Joseph\|title=Judaism, the First Phase: The Place of Ezra and Nehemiah in the Origins of Judaism\|publisher=Eerdmans\|year=2009\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m1V1DeBS6P0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Judaism,+the+first+phase:+the+place+of+Ezra+and+Nehemiah#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Bloch-Smith\|first=Elizabeth\|chapter=Bible, Archaeology, and the Social Sciences\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0wawEnu0UkC&pg=PA43&dq=Hebrew+Bible&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false\|editor=Frederick E. Greenspahn\|title=The Hebrew Bible: new insights and scholarship\|publisher=NYU Press\|year=2008}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Brett\|first=Mark G.\|title=Ethnicity and the Bible\|publisher=Brill\|year=2002\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RfFRhC4FpZkC&pg=PA45&lpg=PA45&dq=Finkelstein+haser-style+layout#v=onepage&q=Finkelstein%20haser-style%20layout&f=false}} {{Cite book\|last=Edelman\|first=Diana\|chapter=Ethnicity and Early Israel}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Bright\|first=John\|title=A History of Israel\|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press\|year=2000; 4th ed., 1st ed. 1959\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0VG67yLs-LAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Bright+History+of+Israel#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Coogan\|first=Michael D., ed.\|title=The Oxford History of the Biblical World\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|year=1998\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zFhvECwNQD0C&dq=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}} {{Cite book\|first=Lawrence E\|last=Stager\|chapter=Forging an Identity: The Emergence of Ancient Israel}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Coogan\|first=Michael D.\|title=A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|year=2009\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nlb1PQAACAAJ&dq=A+brief+introduction+to+the+old+testament+coogan}}
	*{{Cite journal\|last1=Coote\|first1=Robert B.\|last2=Whitelam\|first2=Keith W.\|year=1986\|title=The Emergence of Israel: Social Transformation and State Formation Following the Decline in Late Bronze Age Trade\|journal=]\|issue=37\|pages=107–47}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Davies\|first=Philip R.\|title=In Search of Ancient Israel\|publisher=Sheffield\|year=1992\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pMcM8GGO_n8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Philip+Davies+In+search+of+Ancient+Israel#v=onepage&q=&f=false}}
	*{{Cite journal\|last=Davies\|first=Philip R.\|title=The Origin of Biblical Israel\|journal=]\|issue=47\|volume=9\|year=2009\|url=http://www.arts.ualberta.ca/JHS/Articles/article_47.htm}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Day\|first=John\|title=Yahweh and the Gods and Goddesses of Canaan\|publisher=Sheffield Academic Press\|year=2002\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y-gfwlltlRwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Yahweh+and+the+gods+and+goddesses+of+Canaan#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Dever\|first=William\|title=What Did the Biblical Writers Know, and When Did They Know It?\|publisher=Eerdmans\|year=2001\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6-VxwC5rQtwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=What+did+the+biblical+writers+know,+and+when+did+they+know+it#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Dever\|first=William\|title=Who Were the Early Israelites and Where Did They Come From?\|publisher=Eerdmans\|year=2003\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8WkbUkKeqcoC&dq=Who+were+the+early+Israelites,+and+where+did+they+come+from%3F&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=&f=false}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Dever\|first=William\|title=Did God Have a Wife?: Archaeology and Folk Religion in Ancient Israel\|publisher=Eerdmans\|year=2005\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6AOE9sxg3bMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Did+God+have+a+wife%3F:+archaeology+and+folk+religion+in+ancient+Israel#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Dunn\|first=James D.G\|last2=Rogerson\|first2=John William, eds.\|title=Eerdmans commentary on the Bible\|publisher=Eerdmans\|year=2003\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2Vo-11umIZQC&pg=PA153&lpg=PA153&dq=John+W.+Rogerson+Deuteronomy#v=onepage&q=John%20W.%20Rogerson%20Deuteronomy&f=false}} {{Cite book\|last=Rogerson\|first=John William\|chapter=Deuteronomy}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Edelman\|first=Diana, ed.\|title=The Triumph of Elohim: From Yahwisms to Judaisms\|publisher=Kok Pharos\|year=1995\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bua2dMa9fJ4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+crisis+of+Israelite+religion:+transformation+of+religious+tradition&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Finkelstein\|first=Israel\|last2=Silberman\|first2=Neil Asher\|title=The Bible Unearthed\|year=2001\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lu6ywyJr0CMC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Bible+Unearthed:+Archaeology%27s+New+Vision+of+Ancient+Israel#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Finkelstein\|first=Israel\|last2=Mazar\|first2=Amihay\|last3=Schmidt\|first3=Brian B.\|title=The Quest for the Historical Israel\|publisher=Society of Biblical Literature\|year=2007\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jpbngoKHg8gC&dq=The+quest+for+the+historical+Israel:&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=&f=false}} {{Cite book\|last=Mazar\|first=Amihay\|chapter=The Divided Monarchy: Comments on Some Archaeological Issues}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Gnuse\|first=Robert Karl\|title=No Other Gods: Emergent Monotheism in Israel\|publisher=Sheffield Academic Press\|year=1997\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0Kf1ZwDifdAC&dq=Robert+Karl+Gnuse,+%22No+Other+Gods:+Emergent+Monotheism+in+Israel%22&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Golden\|first=Jonathan Michael\|title=Ancient Canaan and Israel: An Introduction\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|date=2004a\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EResmS5wOnkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Ancient+Canaan+and+Israel:+An+Introduction++By+Jonathan+M+Golden#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Golden\|first=Jonathan Michael\|title=Ancient Canaan and Israel: New Perspectives\|publisher=ABC-CLIO\|date=2004b\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yTMzJAKowyEC&pg=PA62&lpg=PA62&dq=Late+Bronze+collapse+in+Canaan#v=onepage&q=Late%20Bronze%20collapse%20in%20Canaan&f=false}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Goodison\|first=Lucy\|first2=Christine\|last2=Morris\|title=Goddesses in Early Israelite Religion in Ancient Goddesses: The Myths and the Evidence\|publisher=University of Wisconsin Press\|year=1998\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VSJWkrXfbLQC&dq=Family+religion+in+Babylonia,+Syria,+and+Israel&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Grabbe\|first=Lester L.\|title=A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period\|publisher=T&T Clark International\|year=2004\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VK2fEzruIn0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+history+of+the+Jews+and+Judaism+in+the+Second+Temple+Period#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Grabbe\|first=Lester L., ed.\|title=Israel in Transition: From Late Bronze II to Iron IIa (c. 1250–850 B.C.E.)\|publisher=T&T Clark International\|year=2008\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tR0Qpz2zRogC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Israel+in+transition:+from+late+Bronze+II+to+Iron+IIa+%28c.+1250-850+B.C.E.%29#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Killebrew\|first=Ann E.\|title=Biblical Peoples and Ethnicity: An Archaeological Study of Egyptians, Canaanites, and Early Israel, 1300–1100 B.C.E.\|publisher=Society of Biblical Literature\|year=2005\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VtAmmwapfVAC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Biblical+peoples+and+ethnicity:+an+archaeological#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=King\|first=Philip J.\|last2=Stager\|first2=Lawrence E.\|title=Life in Biblical Israel\|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press\|year=2001\|isbn=0-664-22148-3\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OtOhypZz_pEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Life+in+biblical+Israel++By+Philip+J.+King,+Lawrence+E.+Stager#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Kuhrt\|first=Amélie\|title=The Ancient Near East c. 3000–330 BCE\|publisher=Routledge\|year=1995\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V_sfMzRPTgoC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Am%C3%A9lie+Kuhrt+The+ancient+Near+East#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Lemche\|first=Niels Peter\|title=The Israelites in History and Tradition\|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press\|year=1998\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JIoY7PagAOAC&dq=lemche+the+israelites+in+history+and+tradition&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=&f=false}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Levy\|first=Thomas E.\|title=The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land\|publisher=Continuum International Publishing\|year=1998\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-etsKv-4V2oC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+archaeology+of+society+in+the+Holy+Land++Thomas+E.+Levy#v=onepage&q&f=false}} {{Cite book\|last=LaBianca\|first=Øystein S.\|last2=Younker\|first2=Randall W\|chapter=The Kingdoms of Ammon, Moab and Edom: The Archaeology of Society in Late Bronze/Iron Age Transjordan (c. 1400–500 CE)}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Lipschits\|first=Oded\|title=The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem\|publisher=Eisenbrauns\|year=2005\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=78nRWgb-rp8C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Lipschitz,+Oded+fall+and+rise#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Lipschits\|first=Oded, et al., eds.\|title=Judah and the Judeans in the Fourth Century B.C.E.\|publisher=Eisenbrauns\|year=2006\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6NsxZRnxE70C&pg=PA75&lpg=PA75&dq=Lipschits+Yehud#v=onepage&q=Lipschits%20Yehud&f=false}} {{Cite book\|last=Kottsieper\|first=Ingo\|chapter=And They Did Not Care to Speak Yehudit}} {{Cite book\|last=Lipschits\|first=Oded\|first2=David\|last2=Vanderhooft\|chapter=Yehud Stamp Impressions in the Fourth Century B.C.E.}}
	* Liverani, Mario (2005). ''Israel's History and the History of Israel'', London, Equinox.
	*{{Cite book\|last=Markoe\|first=Glenn\|title=Phoenicians\|publisher=University of California Press\|year=2000\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=smPZ-ou74EwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Phoenicians++Glenn+Markoe#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Mays\|first=James Luther, et al., eds.\|title=Old Testament Interpretation\|publisher=T&T Clarke\|year=1995\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SNLN1nEEys0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Old+Testament+Interpretation+James+Luther+Mays,+David+L.+Petersen,+Kent+Harold+Richards#v=onepage&q&f=false}} {{Cite book\|last=Miller\|first=J. Maxwell\|chapter=The Middle East and Archaeology}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=McNutt\|first=Paula\|title=Reconstructing the Society of Ancient Israel\|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press\|year=1999\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hd28MdGNyTYC&pg=PA33&lpg=PA33&dq=Reconstructing+the+Society+of+Ancient+Israel++By+Paula+M.+McNutt#v=onepage&q=&f=false}}
	*{{Cite journal\|last=Merrill\|first=Eugene H.\|year=1995\|title=The Late Bronze/Early Iron Age Transition and the Emergence of Israel\|journal=]\|volume=152\|issue=606\|pages=145–62}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Middlemas\|first=Jill Anne\|title=The Troubles of Templeless Judah\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|year=2005\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jrpx-op_-XkC&printsec=frontcover&dq=lester+grabbe+1995&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Miller\|first=James Maxwell\|last2=Hayes\|first2=John Haralson\|title=A History of Ancient Israel and Judah\|publisher=Westminster John Knox Press\|year=1986\|isbn=0-664-21262-X\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uDijjc_D5P0C&dq=A+history+of+ancient+Israel+and+Judah++By+James+Maxwell+Miller,+John+Haralson+Hayes&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=&f=false}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Miller\|first=Robert D.\|title=Chieftains of the Highland Clans: A History of Israel in the 12th and 11th Centuries B.C.\|publisher=Eerdmans\|year=2005\|url=http://books.google.com.kh/books?id=Gtm7NtK87poC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Chieftains+of+the+highland+clans#v=onepage&q=&f=false}}
	*{{cite book\|last1 = Moore\|first1 = Megan Bishop\|last2 = Kelle\|first2 = Brad E.\|title = Biblical History and Israel's Past\|year = 2011\|publisher = Eerdmans\|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Qjkz_8EMoaUC&printsec=frontcover\|ref = harv}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Nodet\|first=Étienne\|title=A Search for the Origins of Judaism: From Joshua to the Mishnah\|publisher=Sheffield Academic Press\|year=1999\|origyear=Editions du Cerf 1997\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rE49wYHz5YUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=A+search+for+the+origins+of+Judaism:+from+Joshua+to+the+Mishnah#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
	*{{Cite journal\|last=Pitkänen\|first=Pekka\|title=Ethnicity, Assimilation and the Israelite Settlement\|journal=]\|volume=55\|number=2\|year=2004\|pages=161–82\|url=http://www.tyndalehouse.com/tynbul/library/TynBull_2004_55_2_01_Pitkanen_EthnicityIsraelSettlement.pdf}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Silberman\|first=Neil Asher\|last2=Small\|first2=David B., eds.\|title=The Archaeology of Israel: Constructing the Past, Interpreting the Present\|publisher=Sheffield Academic Press\|year=1997\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qX7r2lAQdFkC&pg=PA238&lpg=PA238&dq=hesse+wapnish#v=onepage&q=hesse%20wapnish&f=false}} {{Cite book\|last=Hesse\|first=Brian\|last2=Wapnish\|first2=Paula\|chapter=Can Pig Remains Be Used for Ethnic Diagnosis in the Ancient Near East?}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Smith\|first=Mark S.\|title=Untold Stories: The Bible and Ugaritic Studies in the Twentieth Century\|publisher=Hendrickson Publishers\|year=2001}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Smith\|first=Mark S.\|last2=Miller\|first2=Patrick D.\|title=The Early History of God\|publisher=Eerdmans\|year=2002\|origyear=Harper & Row 1990\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1yM3AuBh4AsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Smith+Early+History+of+God#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Rendsburg\|first=Gary\|chapter=Israel without the Bible\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z0wawEnu0UkC&pg=PA43&dq=Hebrew+Bible&cad=3#v=onepage&q&f=false\|editor=Frederick E. Greenspahn\|title=The Hebrew Bible: new insights and scholarship\|publisher=NYU Press\|year=2008}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Soggin\|first=Michael J.\|title=An Introduction to the History of Israel and Judah\|publisher=Paideia\|year=1998\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dzw_H5GhkfYC&printsec=frontcover&dq=An+introduction+to+the+history+of+Israel+and+Judah++By+J.+Alberto+Soggin#v=onepage&q=&f=false}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Thompson\|first=Thomas L.\|title=Early History of the Israelite People\|publisher=Brill\|year=1992\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XqoMRPJca-wC&printsec=frontcover&dq=Early+history+of+the+Israelite+people:+from+the+written+and+archaeological+...++By+Thomas+L.+Thompson#v=onepage&q=&f=false}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Van der Toorn\|first=Karel\|title=Family Religion in Babylonia, Syria, and Israel\|publisher=Brill\|year=1996\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VSJWkrXfbLQC&dq=Family+religion+in+Babylonia,+Syria,+and+Israel&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Van der Toorn\|first=Karel\|last2=Becking\|first2=Bob\|last3=Van der Horst\|first3=Pieter Willem\|title=Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible\|publisher=Koninklijke Brill\|year=1999\|edition=2d\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yCkRz5pfxz0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Dictionary+of+Deities#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Vaughn\|first=Andrew G.\|last2=Killebrew\|first2=Ann E., eds.\|title=Jerusalem in Bible and Archaeology: The First Temple Period\|publisher=Sheffield\|year=1992\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yYS4VEu08h4C&dq=Jerusalem+in+Bible+and+archaeology:+the+First+Temple+period++By+Andrew+G.+Vaughn,+Ann+E.+Killebrew&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q=&f=false}} {{Cite book\|last=Cahill\|first=Jane M\|chapter=Jerusalem at the Time of the United Monarchy}} {{Cite book\|last=Lehman\|first=Gunnar\|chapter=The United Monarchy in the Countryside}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Wylen\|first=Stephen M.\|title=The Jews in the Time of Jesus: An Introduction\|publisher=Paulist Press\|year=1996\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SHgiy-k_wsUC&printsec=frontcover&dq=An+introduction+to+early+Judaism++By+James+C.+VanderKam&cad=1#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
	*{{Cite book\|last=Zevit\|first=Ziony\|author-link=Ziony Zevit\|title=The Religions of Ancient Israel: A Synthesis of Parallactic Approaches\|publisher=Continuum\|year=2001\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=db4hr55j0yYC&pg=PA1&dq=The+religion+of+ancient+Israel++By+Patrick+D.+Miller&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false}}

	==Further reading==
	{{Further reading\|date=August 2013}}
	*
	*, and also
	*
	*
	*
	*
	*
	*, '']'', 26 December 2005
	*
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	*
	*
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	*
	*
	*
	*
	{{The Bible and history}}
	{{Israel topics}}

	{{Use dmy dates\|date=January 2011}}

	{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Ancient Israel And Judah}}
	]
	]

Revision as of 16:38, 5 December 2016

Hi I'm billy maze