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==Origins of the name== ==Origins of the name==
The origin of the word ''rum'' is unclear. A common claim is that the name was derived from ''rumbullion'' meaning "a great tumult or uproar". {{inote|Pacult - RUM'S ANCIENT PEDIGREE}}{{fact}} The origin of the word ''rum'' is unclear. A common claim is that the name was derived from ''rumbullion'' meaning "a great tumult or uproar".<ref name=Pacult>{{cite news | last=Pacult | first=F. Paul | title=Mapping Rum By Region | date=July 2002 | publisher=Wine Enthusiast Magazine | url=http://www.winemag.com/ME2/dirmod.asp?sid=&nm=&type=Publishing&mod=Publications%3A%3AArticle&mid=8F3A7027421841978F18BE895F87F791&tier=4&id=F24EEC220FFD4B3A9A2E58D486F2CADE}}</ref>
Another claim is that the name is from the large drinking glasses used by Dutch seamen known as ''rummers'', from the ] word ''roemer'', a drinking glass.{{inote|Blue p. 72-73}}{{fact}} Another claim is that the name is from the large drinking glasses used by Dutch seamen known as ''rummers'', from the ] word ''roemer'', a drinking glass.<ref>Blue, p. 72-73</ref>
Other options include contractions of the words ''saccharum'', ] for sugar, or ''arôme'', ] for aroma.{{fact}} Other options include contractions of the words ''saccharum'', ] for sugar, or ''arôme'', ] for aroma.{{fact}}
Regardless of the original source, the name had come into common use by May ] when the General Court of Massachusetts made illegal the sale of strong liquor "whether knowne by the name of rumme, strong ], wine, brandy, etc., etc."{{inote|Blue p. 73}} Regardless of the original source, the name had come into common use by May ] when the General Court of Massachusetts made illegal the sale of strong liquor "whether knowne by the name of rumme, strong ], wine, brandy, etc., etc."<ref>Blue p. 73</ref>
In current usage, the name used for a rum is often based on the rum's place of origin. For rums from Spanish-speaking locales the word ''ron'' is used. A ''ron añejo'' indicates a rum that has been significantly aged and is often used for premium products. ''Rhum'' is the term used for rums from French-speaking locales, while ''rhum vieux'' is an aged French rum that meets several other requirements. In current usage, the name used for a rum is often based on the rum's place of origin. For rums from Spanish-speaking locales the word ''ron'' is used. A ''ron añejo'' indicates a rum that has been significantly aged and is often used for premium products. ''Rhum'' is the term used for rums from French-speaking locales, while ''rhum vieux'' is an aged French rum that meets several other requirements.
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==History== ==History==
===Origins=== ===Origins===
The precursors to rum date back to antiquity. Development of fermented drinks produced from sugarcane juice is believed to have first occurred either in ancient India or China,{{inote|Pacult - RUM'S ANCIENT PEDIGREE}} and spread from there. The precursors to rum date back to antiquity. Development of fermented drinks produced from sugarcane juice is believed to have first occurred either in ancient India or China,<ref name=Pacult/> and spread from there.
An example of such an early drink is ''brum''. Produced by the ], brum dates back thousands of years. {{inote|Blue p. 72}} An example of such an early drink is ''brum''. Produced by the ], brum dates back thousands of years.<ref>Blue p. 72</ref>
] also recorded a ] account of a "very good wine of sugar" that was offered to him in what is modern-day ].{{inote|Pacult - RUM'S ANCIENT PEDIGREE}} ] also recorded a ] account of a "very good wine of sugar" that was offered to him in what is modern-day ].<ref name=Pacult/>


The first distillation of rum took place on the sugarcane plantations of the Caribbean in the 17th century. The first distillation of rum took place on the sugarcane plantations of the Caribbean in the 17th century.
Plantation ]s first discovered that ], a ] of the sugar refining process, fermented into alcohol. {{inote|Blue p. 70}} Plantation ]s first discovered that ], a ] of the sugar refining process, fermented into alcohol.<ref name=Blue70>Blue p. 70</ref>
Later, distillation of these alcoholic by-products concentrated the alcohol and removed impurities, producing the first true rums. Tradition suggests that rum first originated on the island of ]. Later, distillation of these alcoholic by-products concentrated the alcohol and removed impurities, producing the first true rums. Tradition suggests that rum first originated on the island of ].
Regardless of its initial source, early Caribbean rums were not known for high quality. Regardless of its initial source, early Caribbean rums were not known for high quality.
<!-- Richard Ligon wrote in ] that slaves on plantations on ] would consume ''kill-devil''; he described it as a "hot, hellish and terrible liquor" . {{inote|Wissing}} --> <!-- Richard Ligon wrote in ] that slaves on plantations on ] would consume ''kill-devil''; he described it as a "hot, hellish and terrible liquor" . {{inote|Wissing}} -->
A ] document from Barbados stated "The chief fuddling they make in the island is Rumbullion, alias Kill-Divil, and this is made of sugar canes distilled, a hot, hellish, and terrible liquor". {{inote|Blue p. 70}} A ] document from Barbados stated "The chief fuddling they make in the island is Rumbullion, alias Kill-Divil, and this is made of sugar canes distilled, a hot, hellish, and terrible liquor".<ref name=Blue70/>


===Colonial America=== ===Colonial America===
After rum's development in the Caribbean, the drink's popularity spread to ]. After rum's development in the Caribbean, the drink's popularity spread to ].
To support the demand for the drink, the first rum distillery in the colonies was set up in ] on current day ]. ] had a distillery three years later.{{inote|Blue p. 74}} The manufacture of rum became early Colonial New England's largest and most prosperous industry. The rum produced there was quite popular, and was even considered the best in the world during much of the ]. ] rum even joined ] as an accepted currency in Europe for a period of time. {{inote|Blue p. 76}} To support the demand for the drink, the first rum distillery in the colonies was set up in ] on current day ]. ] had a distillery three years later.<ref name=Blue74>Blue p. 74</ref> The manufacture of rum became early Colonial New England's largest and most prosperous industry. The rum produced there was quite popular, and was even considered the best in the world during much of the ]. ] rum even joined ] as an accepted currency in Europe for a period of time.<ref name=Blue76>Blue p. 76</ref>
Estimates of rum consumption in the American colonies before the ] had every man, woman, or child drinking an average of 3 ]s (13.5 ]s) of rum each year. {{inote|Tannahill p. 295}} Estimates of rum consumption in the American colonies before the ] had every man, woman, or child drinking an average of 3 ]s (13.5 ]s) of rum each year.<ref name=Tannahill295>Tannahill p. 295</ref>


To support this demand for the molasses to produce rum, along with the ] during the ] and ], a labor source to work the sugar plantations in the Caribbean was needed. To support this demand for the molasses to produce rum, along with the ] during the ] and ], a labor source to work the sugar plantations in the Caribbean was needed.
A ] was established between ], the Caribbean, and the colonies to help support this need. {{inote|Tannahill p. 296}} A ] was established between ], the Caribbean, and the colonies to help support this need.<ref name=Tannahill296>Tannahill p. 296</ref>
The circular exchange of slaves, molasses, and rum was quite profitable, and the disruption to the trade caused by the ] in ] may have even helped cause the ]. {{inote|Tannahill p. 295}} The circular exchange of slaves, molasses, and rum was quite profitable, and the disruption to the trade caused by the ] in ] may have even helped cause the ].<ref name=Tannahill295/>


The popularity of rum continued after the American Revolution with ] insisting on a barrel of ] rum at his ] inauguration. {{inote|Frost}} The popularity of rum continued after the American Revolution with ] insisting on a barrel of ] rum at his ] inauguration.<ref name=Frost>{{cite news | last=Frost | first=Doug | title=Rum makers distill unsavory history into fresh products | date=], ] | publisher=San Francisco Chronicle | url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/01/06/WIGMQAL3K21.DTL}}</ref>
Eventually the restrictions on rum from the British islands of the Caribbean combined with the development of American ] led to a decline in the drink's popularity. Eventually the restrictions on rum from the British islands of the Caribbean combined with the development of American ] led to a decline in the drink's popularity.
<!--Rum's association with piracy comes from the fact that it was a locally available drink during the peak years for ]. Further embellishment to this association was made with literary works such as the poem "Fifteen men on the Dead Man's Chest'" by ] in his book '']''. --> <!--Rum's association with piracy comes from the fact that it was a locally available drink during the peak years for ]. Further embellishment to this association was made with literary works such as the poem "Fifteen men on the Dead Man's Chest'" by ] in his book '']''. -->


===Naval rum=== ===Naval rum===
Rum's association with piracy began with ] ]s trading on the valuable commodity. As some of the privateers became pirates and buccaneers, their fondness for rum remained, the association between the two only being strengthened by literary works such as ]'s '']''. {{inote|Pack p. 15}} Rum's association with piracy began with ] ]s trading on the valuable commodity. As some of the privateers became pirates and buccaneers, their fondness for rum remained, the association between the two only being strengthened by literary works such as ]'s '']''.<ref>Pack p. 15</ref>


<!-- ]''; circa 1905]] - Image commented out due to uncertainty regarding its source and copyright status --> <!-- ]''; circa 1905]] - Image commented out due to uncertainty regarding its source and copyright status -->
The association of rum with the ] began in ] when the British fleet captured the island of ]. With the availability of domestically produced rum, the British changed the daily ration of liquor given to seamen from French ] to rum. {{inote|Blue p. 77}} The association of rum with the ] began in ] when the British fleet captured the island of ]. With the availability of domestically produced rum, the British changed the daily ration of liquor given to seamen from French ] to rum.<ref>Blue p. 77</ref>
While the ration was originally given neat, or mixed with lemon juice, the practice of watering down the rum began around ]. To help minimize the effect of the alcohol on his sailors, Admiral ] directed that the rum ration be watered down before being issued. In honor of the ] cloak the Admiral wore in rough weather, the mixture of water and rum became known as '']''. {{inote|Tannahill p. 273}} While the ration was originally given neat, or mixed with lemon juice, the practice of watering down the rum began around ]. To help minimize the effect of the alcohol on his sailors, Admiral ] directed that the rum ration be watered down before being issued. In honor of the ] cloak the Admiral wore in rough weather, the mixture of water and rum became known as '']''.<ref>Tannahill p. 273</ref>
The Royal Navy continued to give its sailors a daily rum ration, known as a "tot," until the practice was abolished after ], ]. {{inote|Pack p. 123}} The Royal Navy continued to give its sailors a daily rum ration, known as a "tot," until the practice was abolished after ], ].<ref>Pack p. 123</ref>


A story involving naval rum is that following his victory at the ], ]'s body was preserved in a cask of rum to allow transport back to ]. Upon arrival, however, the cask was opened and found to be empty of rum. The pickled body was removed and, upon inspection, it was discovered that the sailors had drilled a hole in the bottom of the cask and drank all the rum, in the process drinking Nelson's blood. Thus, this tale serves as a basis for the term ''Nelson's Blood'' being used to describe rum. The details of the story are disputed, with some historians claiming the term originated instead from a ] to Admiral Nelson. {{inote|Blue p. 78}} A story involving naval rum is that following his victory at the ], ]'s body was preserved in a cask of rum to allow transport back to ]. Upon arrival, however, the cask was opened and found to be empty of rum. The pickled body was removed and, upon inspection, it was discovered that the sailors had drilled a hole in the bottom of the cask and drank all the rum, in the process drinking Nelson's blood. Thus, this tale serves as a basis for the term ''Nelson's Blood'' being used to describe rum. The details of the story are disputed, with some historians claiming the term originated instead from a ] to Admiral Nelson.<ref>Blue p. 78</ref>


===Colonial Australia=== ===Colonial Australia===
:''See Also: ]'' :''See Also: ]''
Rum became an important trade good in the early period of the colony of ]. The value of rum was based upon the lack of coinage among the population of the colony, and due to the drink's ability to allow its consumer to temporarily forget about the lack of creature comforts available in the new colony. The value of rum was such that convict settlers could be induced to work the lands owned by officers of the New South Wales Corps. Due to rum's popularity among the settlers, the colony gained a reputation for drunkenness even though their alcohol consumption was less than levels commonly consumed in England at the time. {{inote|Clarke p. 26}} Rum became an important trade good in the early period of the colony of ]. The value of rum was based upon the lack of coinage among the population of the colony, and due to the drink's ability to allow its consumer to temporarily forget about the lack of creature comforts available in the new colony. The value of rum was such that convict settlers could be induced to work the lands owned by officers of the New South Wales Corps. Due to rum's popularity among the settlers, the colony gained a reputation for drunkenness even though their alcohol consumption was less than levels commonly consumed in England at the time.<ref>Clarke p. 26</ref>


When ] became governor of the colony in ], he attempted to When ] became governor of the colony in ], he attempted to
remedy the perceived problem with drunkenness by outlawing the use of rum as a medium of exchange. In response to this action, and several others, the New South Wales Corps marched, with fixed bayonets, to Government House and placed Bligh under arrest. The mutineers continued to control the colony until the arrival of Governor Lachlan Macquarie in ]. {{inote|Clarke p. 29}} remedy the perceived problem with drunkenness by outlawing the use of rum as a medium of exchange. In response to this action, and several others, the New South Wales Corps marched, with fixed bayonets, to Government House and placed Bligh under arrest. The mutineers continued to control the colony until the arrival of Governor Lachlan Macquarie in ].<ref>Clarke p. 29</ref>


===Caribbean light rum=== ===Caribbean light rum===
Until the second half of the ] all rums were heavy or dark rums that were considered appropriate for the working poor, unlike the refined double-distilled spirits of Europe. In order to expand the market for rum, the Spanish Royal Development Board offered a prize to anyone who could improve the rum making process. This resulted in many refinements in the process which greatly improved the quality of rum{{inote|Barty-King}}. Until the second half of the ] all rums were heavy or dark rums that were considered appropriate for the working poor, unlike the refined double-distilled spirits of Europe. In order to expand the market for rum, the Spanish Royal Development Board offered a prize to anyone who could improve the rum making process. This resulted in many refinements in the process which greatly improved the quality of rum.<ref>{{cite book | author=Barty-King, H. | title=Rum Yesterday and Today | publisher=Heinemann, Toronto, Canada | year=1983 |id= }}</ref>
One of the most important figures in this development process was ], who moved from ] to ] in ]. Don Facundo's experiments with distillation techniques, charcoal filtering, cultivating of specialized yeast strains, and aging with American oak casks helped to produce a smoother and mellower drink typical of modern light rums. It was with this new rum that Don Facundo founded ] in ]. {{inote|Blue p. 89}} One of the most important figures in this development process was ], who moved from ] to ] in ]. Don Facundo's experiments with distillation techniques, charcoal filtering, cultivating of specialized yeast strains, and aging with American oak casks helped to produce a smoother and mellower drink typical of modern light rums. It was with this new rum that Don Facundo founded ] in ].<ref>Blue p. 89</ref>


==Categorization== ==Categorization==
Dividing rum into meaningful groupings is complicated by the fact that there is no single standard for what constitutes rum. Instead rum is defined by the varying rules and laws of the nations that produce the spirit. The differences in definitions include issues such as spirit ], minimum aging, and even naming standards. Dividing rum into meaningful groupings is complicated by the fact that there is no single standard for what constitutes rum. Instead rum is defined by the varying rules and laws of the nations that produce the spirit. The differences in definitions include issues such as spirit ], minimum aging, and even naming standards.


Examples of the differences in proof is ], requiring their rum possess a minimum alcohol content of 50 ], while ] and ] require only a minimum of 40 ABV. ] requires rum be aged a minimum of 8 months, the ] and Panama requires one year, and Venezuela requires two years. Naming standards also vary, with ] defining rums as ''white'', ''gold'', ''light'', and ''extra light''. ] uses the terms ''white'', ''overproof'', and ''matured'', while the ] defines ''rum'', ''rum liqueur'', and ''flavored rum''. {{inote|Blue p. 81-82}} Examples of the differences in proof is ], requiring their rum possess a minimum alcohol content of 50 ], while ] and ] require only a minimum of 40 ABV. ] requires rum be aged a minimum of 8 months, the ] and Panama requires one year, and Venezuela requires two years. Naming standards also vary, with ] defining rums as ''white'', ''gold'', ''light'', and ''extra light''. ] uses the terms ''white'', ''overproof'', and ''matured'', while the ] defines ''rum'', ''rum liqueur'', and ''flavored rum''.<ref>Blue p. 81-82</ref>


Despite these differences in standards and nomenclature, the following divisions are provided to help show the wide variety of rums that are produced. Despite these differences in standards and nomenclature, the following divisions are provided to help show the wide variety of rums that are produced.
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] is a spirit similar to rum that is produced in ]. ] is a spirit similar to rum that is produced in ].
The ]n spirit ''Batavia Arrack'', or '']'', is a spirit similar to rum that includes rice in its production. {{inote|Cooper p. 60}} The ]n spirit ''Batavia Arrack'', or '']'', is a spirit similar to rum that includes rice in its production.<ref>Cooper p. 60</ref>


A spirit known as '']'', distilled from molasses infused with ], with additional sugarcane juice added after distillation, is produced in ] and northern ]. {{inote | Selsky}} A spirit known as '']'', distilled from molasses infused with ], with additional sugarcane juice added after distillation, is produced in ] and northern ].<ref>{{cite news | first=Andrew | last=Selsky | title=Age-old drink losing kick | publisher=The Miami Herald | date=]}}</ref>


=== Grades === === Grades ===
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===Fermentation=== ===Fermentation===
] is harvested to make sugarcane juice and molasses.]] ] is harvested to make sugarcane juice and molasses.]]
Most rum produced is made from molasses. Within the Caribbean, much of this molasses is from ]. {{inote|Frost}} Most rum produced is made from molasses. Within the Caribbean, much of this molasses is from ].<ref name=Frost/>
A notable exception is the French-speaking islands where sugarcane juice is the preferred base ingredient. {{inote|Pacult}} A notable exception is the French-speaking islands where sugarcane juice is the preferred base ingredient.<ref name=Pacult/>


To the base ingredient ], and potentially water, are added to start fermentation. To the base ingredient ], and potentially water, are added to start fermentation.
While some rum producers allow wild yeast to perform the fermentation, most use specific strains of yeast to help provide a consistent taste and predictable fermentation time. {{inote|Vaughan}} While some rum producers allow wild yeast to perform the fermentation, most use specific strains of yeast to help provide a consistent taste and predictable fermentation time.<ref name=Vaughan>{{cite news | last=Vaughan | first=Mark | title=Tropical Delights | date=] ] | publisher=Cigar Aficionado | url=http://www.cigaraficionado.com/Cigar/CA_Features/CA_Feature_Basic_Template/0,2344,736,00.html}}</ref>
], the yeast-rich foam from previous fermentations, is the traditional yeast source in ]. {{inote|Cooper p. 54}} ], the yeast-rich foam from previous fermentations, is the traditional yeast source in ].<ref>Cooper p. 54</ref>
“The yeast employed will determine the final taste and aroma profile," “The yeast employed will determine the final taste and aroma profile,"
says Jamaican master blender Joy Spence. {{inote|Pacult|The Importance of Yeast}} says Jamaican master blender Joy Spence.<ref name=Pacult/>
Distillers that make lighter rums, such as ], prefer to use faster-working yeasts. {{inote|Pacult|The Importance of Yeast}} Distillers that make lighter rums, such as ], prefer to use faster-working yeasts.<ref name=Pacult/>
Use of slower-working yeasts causes more ]s to accumulate during fermentation, allowing for a fuller-tasting rum. {{inote|Vaughan}} Use of slower-working yeasts causes more ]s to accumulate during fermentation, allowing for a fuller-tasting rum.<ref name=Vaughan/>


=== Distillation=== === Distillation===
As with all other aspects of rum production, there is no standard method used for distillation. As with all other aspects of rum production, there is no standard method used for distillation.
While some producers work in batches using ]s, most rum production is done using ] distillation. {{inote|Vaughan}} While some producers work in batches using ]s, most rum production is done using ] distillation.<ref name=Vaughan/>
Pot still output contains more ]s than the output from column stills and thus produces a fuller-tasting rum. {{inote|Pacult|Bubbling Out of Control}} Pot still output contains more ]s than the output from column stills and thus produces a fuller-tasting rum.<ref name=Pacult/>


===Aging and blending=== ===Aging and blending===
Many countries require that rum be ] for at least one year. This aging is commonly performed in used ] casks, {{inote|Vaughan}} Many countries require that rum be ] for at least one year. This aging is commonly performed in used ] casks,<ref name=Vaughan/>
but may also be performed in stainless steel tanks or other types of wooden casks. but may also be performed in stainless steel tanks or other types of wooden casks.
Due to the tropical climate common to most rum-producing areas, rum matures at a much faster rate than is typical for Scotch or Cognac. Due to the tropical climate common to most rum-producing areas, rum matures at a much faster rate than is typical for Scotch or Cognac.
An indication of this faster rate is the ], or amount of product lost to ]. An indication of this faster rate is the ], or amount of product lost to ].
While products aged in France or Scotland see about 2% loss each year, rum producers may see as much as 10%. {{inote|Vaughan}} While products aged in France or Scotland see about 2% loss each year, rum producers may see as much as 10%.<ref name=Vaughan/>

After aging, rum is normally blended to ensure a consistent flavor. After aging, rum is normally blended to ensure a consistent flavor.
As part of this blending process, light rums may be filtered to remove any color gained during aging. As part of this blending process, light rums may be filtered to remove any color gained during aging.
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Besides rum punch, cocktails such as the ] and ] have well-known stories of their invention in the Caribbean. Besides rum punch, cocktails such as the ] and ] have well-known stories of their invention in the Caribbean.
] in the US helped expand rum's horizons with inventions such as the ] and ]. ] in the US helped expand rum's horizons with inventions such as the ] and ].
Other well-known cocktails containing rum include the ], a drink made popular by ]' song "]",{{inote|Blue p. 80}} Other well-known cocktails containing rum include the ], a drink made popular by ]' song "]",<ref>Blue p. 80</ref>
and the ]. and the ].
Cold-weather drinks made with rum include the ] and ]. {{inote|Cooper p.54-55}} Cold-weather drinks made with rum include the ] and ].<ref>Cooper p.54-55</ref>
In addition to these well-known cocktails, a number of local specialties utilize rum. Examples of these local drinks include ]'s ''Dark and Stormy'' (dark rum with ]), and the ''Painkiller'' from the ]. In addition to these well-known cocktails, a number of local specialties utilize rum. Examples of these local drinks include ]'s ''Dark and Stormy'' (dark rum with ]), and the ''Painkiller'' from the ].


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*] *]


==References== ==Notes==
<!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences/)> tags--> <!--See http://en.wikipedia.org/Wikipedia:Footnotes for an explanation of how to generate footnotes using the <ref(erences/)> tags-->
<div class="references-small"> <div class="references-small"><references /></div>

<references />
==References==
*{{cite book | author=Barty-King, H. | title=Rum Yesterday and Today | publisher=Heinemann, Toronto, Canada | year=1983 |id= }}
*{{cite book | author=Blue, Anthony Dias | title=The Complete Book of Spirits : A Guide to Their History, Production, and Enjoyment | publisher=] | year=2004 | id=ISBN 0-06-054218-7}} *{{cite book | author=Blue, Anthony Dias | title=The Complete Book of Spirits : A Guide to Their History, Production, and Enjoyment | publisher=] | year=2004 | id=ISBN 0-06-054218-7}}
*{{cite book | author=Clarke, Frank G. | title=The History of Australia | publisher=Greenwood Press | year=2002 | id=ISBN 0-313-31498-5}} *{{cite book | author=Clarke, Frank G. | title=The History of Australia | publisher=Greenwood Press | year=2002 | id=ISBN 0-313-31498-5}}
*{{cite book | author=Cooper, Rosalind | title=Spirits & Liqueurs | publisher=HPBooks | year=1982 | id=ISBN 0-89586-194-1}} *{{cite book | author=Cooper, Rosalind | title=Spirits & Liqueurs | publisher=HPBooks | year=1982 | id=ISBN 0-89586-194-1}}
*{{cite news | last=Frost | first=Doug | title=Rum makers distill unsavory history into fresh products | date=], ] | publisher=San Francisco Chronicle | url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2005/01/06/WIGMQAL3K21.DTL}}
<!-- *{{cite news | last=Gerlach | first=David | title=Rum's The Word | date=], ] | publisher=New York Post | url=http://specialsections.nypost.com/news/nypost/tempo/20040714/p60.asp}} --> <!-- *{{cite news | last=Gerlach | first=David | title=Rum's The Word | date=], ] | publisher=New York Post | url=http://specialsections.nypost.com/news/nypost/tempo/20040714/p60.asp}} -->
*{{cite book | author=Henderson, James | title=The Caribbean & the Bahamas | publisher=Globe Pequot Press | year=2001 | id=}}
*{{cite book | author=Pack, James | title=Nelson's Blood: The Story of Naval Rum | publisher=Naval Institute Press | year=1982 | id=ISBN 0-87021-944-8}} *{{cite book | author=Pack, James | title=Nelson's Blood: The Story of Naval Rum | publisher=Naval Institute Press | year=1982 | id=ISBN 0-87021-944-8}}
*{{cite news | last=Pacult | first=F. Paul | title=Mapping Rum By Region | date=July 2002 | publisher=Wine Enthusiast Magazine | url=http://www.winemag.com/issues/july02/proof_positive.htm}}
<!-- *{{cite news | last=Selsky | first=Andrew | title=Age-old drink losing kick | date=], ] | publisher=The Miami Herald | url=http://}} -->
*{{cite news | first=Andrew | last=Selsky | title=Age-old drink losing kick | publisher=The Miami Herald | date=]}}
*{{cite book | author=Tannahill, Reay | title=Food in History | publisher=Stein and Day | year=1973 | id=ISBN 0-8128-1437-1 }} *{{cite book | author=Tannahill, Reay | title=Food in History | publisher=Stein and Day | year=1973 | id=ISBN 0-8128-1437-1 }}
*{{cite news | last=Vaughan | first=Mark | title=Tropical Delights | date=] ] | publisher=Cigar Aficionado | url=http://www.cigaraficionado.com/Cigar/CA_Features/CA_Feature_Basic_Template/0,2344,736,00.html}}
</div>


===Further reading=== ===Further reading===

Revision as of 18:01, 19 September 2006

Caribbean rum, circa 1941
For other uses, see Rum (disambiguation).

Rum is a distilled beverage made from sugarcane by-products such as molasses and sugarcane juice by a process of fermentation and distillation. The distillate, a clear liquid, is then usually aged in oak and other casks. While there are rum producers in places such as Australia, India, Reunion Island, and elsewhere around the world, the majority of rum production occurs in and around the Caribbean and along the Demerara river in South America. Some major rum brands include Bacardi, Barbancourt, Brugal, Captain Morgan, Appleton Estate, Havana Club, Stroh, Matusalem, Mount Gay, Bundaberg, Myers, Malibu Rum, Gosling's, Cruzan, Pusser's, Flor de Caña, Don Q, and Ron Zacapa Centenario.

Rum is produced in a variety of styles. Light rums are commonly used in mixed drinks, while golden and dark rums are appropriate for use in cooking as well as cocktails. Premium brands of rum are also available that are made to be consumed neat or on the rocks.

Rum plays a part in the culture of most islands of the West Indies, and has famous associations with the British Royal Navy and piracy. Rum has also served as a popular medium of exchange that helped to promote slavery along with providing economic instigation for Australia's Rum Rebellion and the American Revolution.

Origins of the name

The origin of the word rum is unclear. A common claim is that the name was derived from rumbullion meaning "a great tumult or uproar". Another claim is that the name is from the large drinking glasses used by Dutch seamen known as rummers, from the Dutch word roemer, a drinking glass. Other options include contractions of the words saccharum, Latin for sugar, or arôme, French for aroma. Regardless of the original source, the name had come into common use by May 1657 when the General Court of Massachusetts made illegal the sale of strong liquor "whether knowne by the name of rumme, strong water, wine, brandy, etc., etc."

In current usage, the name used for a rum is often based on the rum's place of origin. For rums from Spanish-speaking locales the word ron is used. A ron añejo indicates a rum that has been significantly aged and is often used for premium products. Rhum is the term used for rums from French-speaking locales, while rhum vieux is an aged French rum that meets several other requirements.

Some of the many other names for rum are Rumbullion, Rumbustion, Barbados water, Rumscullion, Devil's Death (or "Kill-Devill"), Nelson's Blood, and Rumbo. A version of rum from Newfoundland is referred to by the name Screech (see Newfoundland Screech), while some low-grade West Indies rums are called tafia.

History

Origins

The precursors to rum date back to antiquity. Development of fermented drinks produced from sugarcane juice is believed to have first occurred either in ancient India or China, and spread from there. An example of such an early drink is brum. Produced by the Malay people, brum dates back thousands of years. Marco Polo also recorded a 14th-century account of a "very good wine of sugar" that was offered to him in what is modern-day Iran.

The first distillation of rum took place on the sugarcane plantations of the Caribbean in the 17th century. Plantation slaves first discovered that molasses, a by-product of the sugar refining process, fermented into alcohol. Later, distillation of these alcoholic by-products concentrated the alcohol and removed impurities, producing the first true rums. Tradition suggests that rum first originated on the island of Barbados. Regardless of its initial source, early Caribbean rums were not known for high quality. A 1651 document from Barbados stated "The chief fuddling they make in the island is Rumbullion, alias Kill-Divil, and this is made of sugar canes distilled, a hot, hellish, and terrible liquor".

Colonial America

After rum's development in the Caribbean, the drink's popularity spread to Colonial America. To support the demand for the drink, the first rum distillery in the colonies was set up in 1664 on current day Staten Island. Boston, Massachusetts had a distillery three years later. The manufacture of rum became early Colonial New England's largest and most prosperous industry. The rum produced there was quite popular, and was even considered the best in the world during much of the 18th century. Rhode Island rum even joined gold as an accepted currency in Europe for a period of time. Estimates of rum consumption in the American colonies before the American Revolutionary War had every man, woman, or child drinking an average of 3 Imperial gallons (13.5 liters) of rum each year.

To support this demand for the molasses to produce rum, along with the increasing demand for sugar in Europe during the 17th and 18th centuries, a labor source to work the sugar plantations in the Caribbean was needed. A triangular trade was established between Africa, the Caribbean, and the colonies to help support this need. The circular exchange of slaves, molasses, and rum was quite profitable, and the disruption to the trade caused by the Sugar Act in 1764 may have even helped cause the American Revolution.

The popularity of rum continued after the American Revolution with George Washington insisting on a barrel of Barbados rum at his 1789 inauguration. Eventually the restrictions on rum from the British islands of the Caribbean combined with the development of American whiskey led to a decline in the drink's popularity.

Naval rum

Rum's association with piracy began with English privateers trading on the valuable commodity. As some of the privateers became pirates and buccaneers, their fondness for rum remained, the association between the two only being strengthened by literary works such as Robert Louis Stevenson's Treasure Island.

The association of rum with the British Royal Navy began in 1655 when the British fleet captured the island of Jamaica. With the availability of domestically produced rum, the British changed the daily ration of liquor given to seamen from French brandy to rum. While the ration was originally given neat, or mixed with lemon juice, the practice of watering down the rum began around 1740. To help minimize the effect of the alcohol on his sailors, Admiral Edward Vernon directed that the rum ration be watered down before being issued. In honor of the grogram cloak the Admiral wore in rough weather, the mixture of water and rum became known as grog. The Royal Navy continued to give its sailors a daily rum ration, known as a "tot," until the practice was abolished after July 31, 1970.

A story involving naval rum is that following his victory at the Battle of Trafalgar, Horatio Nelson's body was preserved in a cask of rum to allow transport back to England. Upon arrival, however, the cask was opened and found to be empty of rum. The pickled body was removed and, upon inspection, it was discovered that the sailors had drilled a hole in the bottom of the cask and drank all the rum, in the process drinking Nelson's blood. Thus, this tale serves as a basis for the term Nelson's Blood being used to describe rum. The details of the story are disputed, with some historians claiming the term originated instead from a toast to Admiral Nelson.

Colonial Australia

See Also: Rum Rebellion

Rum became an important trade good in the early period of the colony of New South Wales. The value of rum was based upon the lack of coinage among the population of the colony, and due to the drink's ability to allow its consumer to temporarily forget about the lack of creature comforts available in the new colony. The value of rum was such that convict settlers could be induced to work the lands owned by officers of the New South Wales Corps. Due to rum's popularity among the settlers, the colony gained a reputation for drunkenness even though their alcohol consumption was less than levels commonly consumed in England at the time.

When William Bligh became governor of the colony in 1806, he attempted to remedy the perceived problem with drunkenness by outlawing the use of rum as a medium of exchange. In response to this action, and several others, the New South Wales Corps marched, with fixed bayonets, to Government House and placed Bligh under arrest. The mutineers continued to control the colony until the arrival of Governor Lachlan Macquarie in 1810.

Caribbean light rum

Until the second half of the 19th century all rums were heavy or dark rums that were considered appropriate for the working poor, unlike the refined double-distilled spirits of Europe. In order to expand the market for rum, the Spanish Royal Development Board offered a prize to anyone who could improve the rum making process. This resulted in many refinements in the process which greatly improved the quality of rum. One of the most important figures in this development process was Don Facundo Bacardi Masso, who moved from Spain to Santiago de Cuba in 1843. Don Facundo's experiments with distillation techniques, charcoal filtering, cultivating of specialized yeast strains, and aging with American oak casks helped to produce a smoother and mellower drink typical of modern light rums. It was with this new rum that Don Facundo founded Bacardí y Compañía in 1862.

Categorization

Dividing rum into meaningful groupings is complicated by the fact that there is no single standard for what constitutes rum. Instead rum is defined by the varying rules and laws of the nations that produce the spirit. The differences in definitions include issues such as spirit proof, minimum aging, and even naming standards.

Examples of the differences in proof is Colombia, requiring their rum possess a minimum alcohol content of 50 ABV, while Chile and Venezuela require only a minimum of 40 ABV. Mexico requires rum be aged a minimum of 8 months, the Dominican Republic and Panama requires one year, and Venezuela requires two years. Naming standards also vary, with Argentina defining rums as white, gold, light, and extra light. Barbados uses the terms white, overproof, and matured, while the United States defines rum, rum liqueur, and flavored rum.

Despite these differences in standards and nomenclature, the following divisions are provided to help show the wide variety of rums that are produced.

Regional Variations

Within the Caribbean, each island or production area has a unique style. For the most part, these styles can be grouped by the language that is traditionally spoken. Due to the overwhelming influence of Puerto Rican rum, most rum consumed in the United States is produced in the Spanish-speaking style.

  • English-speaking islands are known for darker rums with a fuller taste that retains a greater amount of the underlying molasses flavor. Rums from Jamaica, Bermuda, and the Demerera region are typical of this style. However, rums from Barbados may be made in either the English (molasses) or French (sugar cane juice) style.
  • French-speaking islands are best known for their agricultural rums (rhum agricole). These rums, being produced exclusively from sugarcane juice, retain a greater amount of the original flavor of the sugarcane. Rums from Haïti, Martinique and Guadeloupe are typical of this style.

Cachaça is a spirit similar to rum that is produced in Brazil. The Indonesian spirit Batavia Arrack, or Arrak, is a spirit similar to rum that includes rice in its production.

A spirit known as Aguardiente, distilled from molasses infused with anise, with additional sugarcane juice added after distillation, is produced in Central America and northern South America.

Grades

File:Three rums jvp.jpg
Example of dark, gold, and light rums.

The grades and variations used to describe rum depend on the location that a rum was produced. Despite these variations the following terms are frequently used to describe various types of rum:

  • Light Rums, also referred to as light, silver, and white rums. In general, light rum has very little flavor aside from a general sweetness, and serves accordingly as a base for cocktails. Light rums are sometimes filtered after aging to remove any color.
  • Gold Rums, also called amber rums, are medium-bodied rums which are generally aged. The rum can obtain its flavor through addition of spices and caramel/color (a variation often sold as Spiced Rum), but historically gains its darker color from aging in wooden casks (typically oak).
  • Dark Rum, also known as black rum, classes as a grade darker than gold rum. It is generally aged longer, in heavily charred barrels. Dark rum has a much stronger flavor than either light or gold rum, and hints of spices can be detected, along with a strong molasses or caramel overtone. It is used to provide substance in rum drinks, as well as color. In addition to uses in mixed drinks, dark rum is the type of rum most commonly used in cooking. It was this type of rum immortalized in the song 'The Old Black Rum' by the Newfoundland folk group Great Big Sea.
  • Flavored Rum: Some manufacturers have begun to sell rums which they have infused with flavors of fruits such as mango, orange, citrus, coconut, and limke which is a lime rum found in Sweden. These serve to flavor similarly themed tropical drinks which generally comprise less than 40% alcohol.
  • Overproof Rum is rum which is much higher than the standard 40% alcohol. Most of these rums bear greater than 75%, in fact, and preparations of 151 to 160 proof occur commonly.
  • Premium Rum: As with other sipping spirits, such as Cognac and Scotch, a market exists for premium and super-premium spirits. These are generally boutique brands which sell very aged and carefully produced rums. They have more character and flavor than their "mixing" counterparts, and are generally consumed without the addition of other ingredients.

Production methodology

Unlike some other spirits, such as Cognac and Scotch, rum has no defined production methods. Instead, rum production is based on traditional styles that vary between locations and distillers.

Fermentation

Sugarcane is harvested to make sugarcane juice and molasses.

Most rum produced is made from molasses. Within the Caribbean, much of this molasses is from Brazil. A notable exception is the French-speaking islands where sugarcane juice is the preferred base ingredient.

To the base ingredient yeast, and potentially water, are added to start fermentation. While some rum producers allow wild yeast to perform the fermentation, most use specific strains of yeast to help provide a consistent taste and predictable fermentation time. Dunder, the yeast-rich foam from previous fermentations, is the traditional yeast source in Jamaica. “The yeast employed will determine the final taste and aroma profile," says Jamaican master blender Joy Spence. Distillers that make lighter rums, such as Bacardi, prefer to use faster-working yeasts. Use of slower-working yeasts causes more esters to accumulate during fermentation, allowing for a fuller-tasting rum.

Distillation

As with all other aspects of rum production, there is no standard method used for distillation. While some producers work in batches using pot stills, most rum production is done using column still distillation. Pot still output contains more congeners than the output from column stills and thus produces a fuller-tasting rum.

Aging and blending

Many countries require that rum be aged for at least one year. This aging is commonly performed in used bourbon casks, but may also be performed in stainless steel tanks or other types of wooden casks. Due to the tropical climate common to most rum-producing areas, rum matures at a much faster rate than is typical for Scotch or Cognac. An indication of this faster rate is the angel's share, or amount of product lost to evaporation. While products aged in France or Scotland see about 2% loss each year, rum producers may see as much as 10%. After aging, rum is normally blended to ensure a consistent flavor. As part of this blending process, light rums may be filtered to remove any color gained during aging. For darker rums, caramel may be added to the rum to adjust the color of the final product.

In cuisine

Besides rum punch, cocktails such as the Cuba Libre and Daiquiri have well-known stories of their invention in the Caribbean. Tiki culture in the US helped expand rum's horizons with inventions such as the Mai Tai and Zombie. Other well-known cocktails containing rum include the Piña Colada, a drink made popular by Rupert Holmes' song "Escape (The Piña Colada Song)", and the Mojito. Cold-weather drinks made with rum include the Rum toddy and Hot Buttered Rum. In addition to these well-known cocktails, a number of local specialties utilize rum. Examples of these local drinks include Bermuda's Dark and Stormy (dark rum with ginger beer), and the Painkiller from the British Virgin Islands.

Rum may also be used as a base in the manufacture of liqueurs. Spiced Rum is made by infusing rum with a combination of spices. Another combination is jagertee, a mixture of rum and black tea.

Rum may also be used in a number of cooked dishes. It may be used as a flavoring agent in items such as rum balls or rum cakes. Rum is commonly used to macerate fruit used in fruitcakes and is also used in marinades for some Caribbean dishes. Rum is also used in the preparation of Bananas Foster and some hard sauces.

Ti Punch is short for "petit punch", little punch. This is a very traditional drink in the French-speaking region of the Caribbean.

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Pacult, F. Paul (July 2002). "Mapping Rum By Region". Wine Enthusiast Magazine.
  2. Blue, p. 72-73
  3. Blue p. 73
  4. Blue p. 72
  5. ^ Blue p. 70
  6. Blue p. 74
  7. Blue p. 76
  8. ^ Tannahill p. 295
  9. Tannahill p. 296
  10. ^ Frost, Doug (January 6, 2005). "Rum makers distill unsavory history into fresh products". San Francisco Chronicle. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  11. Pack p. 15
  12. Blue p. 77
  13. Tannahill p. 273
  14. Pack p. 123
  15. Blue p. 78
  16. Clarke p. 26
  17. Clarke p. 29
  18. Barty-King, H. (1983). Rum Yesterday and Today. Heinemann, Toronto, Canada.
  19. Blue p. 89
  20. Blue p. 81-82
  21. Cooper p. 60
  22. Selsky, Andrew (2003-09-15). "Age-old drink losing kick". The Miami Herald. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  23. ^ Vaughan, Mark (1 June 1994). "Tropical Delights". Cigar Aficionado. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  24. Cooper p. 54
  25. Blue p. 80
  26. Cooper p.54-55

References

  • Blue, Anthony Dias (2004). The Complete Book of Spirits : A Guide to Their History, Production, and Enjoyment. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-054218-7.
  • Clarke, Frank G. (2002). The History of Australia. Greenwood Press. ISBN 0-313-31498-5.
  • Cooper, Rosalind (1982). Spirits & Liqueurs. HPBooks. ISBN 0-89586-194-1.
  • Pack, James (1982). Nelson's Blood: The Story of Naval Rum. Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-944-8.
  • Tannahill, Reay (1973). Food in History. Stein and Day. ISBN 0-8128-1437-1.

Further reading

  • Williams, Ian (2005). Rum: A Social and Sociable History of the Real Spirit of 1776. Nation Books. (extract)
  • Broom, Dave (2003). Rum. Abbeville Press.
  • Arkell, Julie (1999). Classic Rum. Prion Books.
  • Coulombe, Charles A (2004). Rum: The Epic Story of the Drink that Changed Conquered the World. Citadel Press.

External links

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