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| '''Human Germline Engineering''' is the process in which the genome of an individual is edited in such a way that the change is heritable. This is achieved through genetic alterations within the germinal cells, or the reproductive cells such as the ] and ].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=9VZ6EF_TUw8C&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=germline+engineering&ots=lW9PFpp5A-&sig=fG0_muv_E5UZu5cVPEjMyYdNhPI#v=onepage&q=germline%20engineering&f=false|title=Engineering the Human Germline: An Exploration of the Science and Ethics of Altering the Genes We Pass to Our Children|last=Stock|first=Gregory|last2=Campbell|first2=John|date=2000-02-03|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195350937|language=en}}</ref> The first attempt to edit the human germline was reported in 2015, where a group of Chinese scientists the gene editing technique ] to edit single |
'''Human Germline Engineering''' is the process in which the genome of an individual is edited in such a way that the change is heritable. This is achieved through genetic alterations within the germinal cells, or the reproductive cells such as the ] and ].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=9VZ6EF_TUw8C&oi=fnd&pg=PR9&dq=germline+engineering&ots=lW9PFpp5A-&sig=fG0_muv_E5UZu5cVPEjMyYdNhPI#v=onepage&q=germline%20engineering&f=false|title=Engineering the Human Germline: An Exploration of the Science and Ethics of Altering the Genes We Pass to Our Children|last=Stock|first=Gregory|last2=Campbell|first2=John|date=2000-02-03|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195350937|language=en}}</ref> The first attempt to edit the human germline was reported in 2015, where a group of Chinese scientists the gene editing technique ] to edit single-celled, non-viable embryos to see the effectiveness of this technique.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cyranoski|first=David|last2=Reardon|first2=Sara|title=Chinese scientists genetically modify human embryos|url=http://www.nature.com/news/chinese-scientists-genetically-modify-human-embryos-1.17378|journal=Nature|language=en|doi=10.1038/nature.2015.17378}}</ref> This attempt was rather unsuccessful; however, the non-viable embryos that were used contained an extra set of chromosomes, which may have been problematic. In 2016, a different study performed in China, using similar methods to the first study of human germline engineering, was published. This study also used non-viable embryos with extra sets of chromosomes, and this study showed very similar results to the first; there were successful integrations of the desired gene, yet the majority of the attempts failed, or produced undesirable mutations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Callaway|first=Ewen|title=Second Chinese team reports gene editing in human embryos|url=http://www.nature.com/news/second-chinese-team-reports-gene-editing-in-human-embryos-1.19718|journal=Nature|language=en|doi=10.1038/nature.2016.19718}}</ref> | ||
| Human germline engineering should not be confused with ]<nowiki/>y. Gene therapy consists of altering ], which are all cells that make up the body and are not involved in reproduction. While gene therapy does change the genome of the targeted cells, these cells are not within the germline, so the alterations are not heritable.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
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| __FORCETOC__ | |||
| ==Methods== | |||
| ==References== | |||
Revision as of 20:06, 5 May 2017
Human Germline Engineering is the process in which the genome of an individual is edited in such a way that the change is heritable. This is achieved through genetic alterations within the germinal cells, or the reproductive cells such as the oocyte and spermatogonium. The first attempt to edit the human germline was reported in 2015, where a group of Chinese scientists the gene editing technique CRISPR/Cas9 to edit single-celled, non-viable embryos to see the effectiveness of this technique. This attempt was rather unsuccessful; however, the non-viable embryos that were used contained an extra set of chromosomes, which may have been problematic. In 2016, a different study performed in China, using similar methods to the first study of human germline engineering, was published. This study also used non-viable embryos with extra sets of chromosomes, and this study showed very similar results to the first; there were successful integrations of the desired gene, yet the majority of the attempts failed, or produced undesirable mutations.
Human germline engineering should not be confused with gene therapy. Gene therapy consists of altering somatic cells, which are all cells that make up the body and are not involved in reproduction. While gene therapy does change the genome of the targeted cells, these cells are not within the germline, so the alterations are not heritable.
Methods
References
- ^ Stock, Gregory; Campbell, John (2000-02-03). Engineering the Human Germline: An Exploration of the Science and Ethics of Altering the Genes We Pass to Our Children. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195350937.
- Cyranoski, David; Reardon, Sara. "Chinese scientists genetically modify human embryos". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2015.17378.
- Callaway, Ewen. "Second Chinese team reports gene editing in human embryos". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2016.19718.