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<!--
Before you edit this article to change the name of the country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else, please read the Talk Page. This issue has been discussed at great length there, and the evidence provided indicates that the country's *legal* name is "Canada", not anything else. If you believe you have arguments or evidence to the contrary, please provide them on the Talk Page, and wait until the consensus changes before making the edit. Thank you!

Please use Canadian spelling.

Notice: This overview article is already too long and should serve only as an introduction for Canada. To keep this overview article concise, please consider adding information instead to one of the many "main" articles about Canada linked from this article, e.g., ], ], etc. Thank you.

-->{{otheruses}}
{{Infobox Country
|native_name = Canada
|common_name = Canada
|image_flag = Flag_of_Canada.svg
|image_coat = Bigcancoat.png
|symbol_type = Coat of arms
|national_motto = ]: ''A Mari Usque Ad Mare''<br>(]: "From Sea to Sea")
|national_anthem = "]"<br>]: "]"
|image_map = CanadaWorldMap.png
|capital = ] |latd=45|latm=24|latNS=N|longd=75|longm=40|longEW=W
|name = Formal Name:Canada <br>Common Name:Canada
|largest_city = ]
|official_languages = ], ]
|government_type = ]
|leader_title1 = ]
|leader_title2 = ]
|leader_title3 = ]<br>
|leader_name1 = ]
|leader_name2 = ]
|leader_name3 = ]
|sovereignty_type = ]
|sovereignty_note = From&nbsp;the&nbsp;]
|established_event1 = ]
|established_event2 = ]
|established_event3 = ]
|established_date1 = ] ]
|established_date2 = ] ]
|established_date3 = ] ]
|area = 9,984,670
|areami²= 3,854,085 <!-- Do not remove per ] -->
|area_rank = 2nd
|area_magnitude = 1 E12
|percent_water = 8.92 (891,163 km²)
|population_estimate = 32,623,490 <!--2006 postcensal esimtates (http://www.statcan.ca/Daily/English/060927/d060927a.htm)-->
|population_estimate_year = 2006
|population_estimate_rank = 36th
|population_census = 30,007,094
|population_census_year = 2001
|population_density = 3.2
|population_densitymi² = 8.3 <!-- Do not remove per ] -->
|population_density_rank = 219th
|GDP_PPP_year = 2005
|GDP_PPP = $1.105 trillion <!--IMF-->
|GDP_PPP_rank = 11th
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $34,273
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 7th
|HDI_year = 2005
|HDI = 0.949
|HDI_rank = 5th
|HDI_category = <font color="#009900">high</font>
|currency = ] ($)
|currency_code = CAD
|time_zone =
|utc_offset = -3.5 to -8
|time_zone_DST =
|utc_offset_DST = -2.5 to -7
|cctld = ]
|calling_code = 1
|ISO_3166-1_alpha2 = CA
|ISO_3166-1_alpha3 = CAN
|ISO_3166-1_numeric =
|sport_code = CAN
|vehicle_code = CDN
|footnotes = }}
'''Canada''' (] {{IPA|}} in ] and {{IPA|}} in ]) is the world's ] country by total area, occupying most of northern ]. Extending from the ] to the ] and northward into the ], Canada shares land borders with the ] to the south and to the northwest.

Inhabited first by ], Canada was founded as a union of ], some of which had been ]. Canada gained independence from the ] in an incremental process that began in ] and ended in ] maintaining ] as ].

Canada is a ] ] with a ], consisting of ten ] and three ]. A ] and ] nation, both ] and ] are ]s. A technologically advanced and industrialized nation, its diversified ] relies heavily on an abundance of natural resources and on trade, particularly with the United States, with which Canada has had a ].

==Origin and history of the name==
{{main|Canada's name}}
<!-- Please see the talk page before editing or reverting this to specify which (of several) languages produced the word Canada. There are differences of opinion, which may be best discussed at the main article Canada's name -->

The name ''Canada'' comes from a ] word, ''kanata'', meaning "village" or "settlement". In ], inhabitants of the area near present-day ] used the word to tell ] the way to the village of ].<ref>{{cite book | first = Bruce G. |last = Trigger | coauthors = Pendergast, James F. | year = 1978 |chapter=Saint-Lawrence Iroquoians | title = Handbook of North American Indians Volume 15 | location= Washington |publisher= Smithsonian Institution | pages= pp. 357-361 | id = OCLC 58762737}}</ref> Cartier used the word 'Canada' to refer to not only that village, but the entire area subject to ], Chief at Stadacona; by 1547, maps began referring to this and the surrounding area as Canada.{{cn}}

The French colony of ], ], was set up along the ] and the northern shores of the ]. Later, it was split into two British colonies, called ] and ] until their union as the British ] in 1841. Upon ] in 1867, the name Canada was officially adopted for the new ], which was referred to as the ''Dominion of Canada'' until the 1950s. As Canada increasingly acquired political authority and autonomy from ], the federal government increasingly simply used ''Canada'' on state documents and treaties. The ] refers only to ''Canada'' and, as such, is currently the only legal (and bilingual) name. This was reflected again in 1982 with the renaming of the national holiday from ] to ].

== History ==
{{Main|History of Canada|Timeline of Canadian history}}
Aboriginal tradition holds that the ] inhabited parts of Canada for a very long time, and some archaeological studies support human presence in northern ] to 26,500 years ago, and in southern ] to 9,500 years ago.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Cinq-Mars | first = J. | year = 2001 | title = On the significance of modified mammoth bones from eastern Beringia | journal = The World of Elephants - International Congress, Rome | url = http://www.cq.rm.cnr.it/elephants2001/pdf/424_428.pdf | accessdate = 2006-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Wright, J.V |publisher= Canadian Museum of Civilization Corporation |url=http://www.civilization.ca/archeo/hnpc/npvol04e.html |title=A History of the Native People of Canada: Early and Middle Archaic Complexes|date=]|accessdate=2006-05-14}}</ref> Europeans first arrived when the ] settled briefly at ] circa AD 1000. The next Europeans to explore Canada's Atlantic coast included ] in 1497 and ] in 1576, for ]; and ] in 1534 and ] in 1603, for ]. The first permanent European settlements were established by the French at ] in 1605 and ] in 1608, and by the English in ], around 1610. European explorers and trappers brought diseases that spread rapidly through native trade routes and decimated the Aboriginal population.

]'', painted by ], depicts British ]'s death after his victory at the ] in 1759.]]

For much of the ], the English and French colonies in North America were able to develop in relative isolation from each other.{{fact}} French colonists extensively settled the ] valley, while English colonists largely settled in the ] to the south. However, as competition for territory, naval bases, furs and fish escalated, several wars broke out between the French, ] and Native tribes. The ] erupted between the ] and the ], with their French allies, over control of the fur trade. A series of four ] were fought between 1689 and 1763; these culminated with a complete British victory in the ]. By the terms of ] in 1763, Britain gained control of all of France's North American territory east of the ], except for the remote islands of ].

Following the war, the British found themselves in possession of a mostly French-speaking, ] territory, whose inhabitants had recently taken up arms against Britain. To avert conflict, Britain passed the ] of 1774, re-establishing the French language, Catholic faith, and French civil law in Quebec. The act had unforseen consequences for Britain, however, as it angered many residents of the Thirteen Colonies, helping to fuel the ].<ref>{{cite web | author= |publisher= |title= Wars on Our Soil, earliest times to 1885 |accessdate=2006-08-21 |url=http://www.civilization.ca/cwm/gallery1/revolution2_e.html}}</ref> Following the independence of the United States, approximately 50,000 ] moved to ], ], ] and Newfoundland.<ref name="moore">{{cite book |first= Christopher |last=Moore |year=1994 |title=The Loyalist: Revolution Exile Settlement |publisher=McClelland & Stewart |location= Toronto |id=ISBN 0-7710-6093-9}}</ref> As they were unwelcome in Nova Scotia, ] was carved out of that colony for them in 1784. To accommodate the English-speaking Loyalists in Quebec, the province was divided into francophone ] and anglophone ] under the ] in 1791.

Canada was a major front in the ] between the United States and British Empire and its successful defence had important long-term ], including the building of a sense of unity and nationalism among British North Americans. Large-scale immigration to Canada began in 1815 from Britain and Ireland. A series of agreements led to long-term peace between Canada and the United States, interrupted only briefly by raids made by political insurgents such as the ] and the ].

Following the failed ], which demanded ], colonial officials studied the political situation and issued the ] in 1839. One goal—which proved unacceptable for the alliance of anglophone and francophone reformers that had rebelled in 1837—was to assimilate the French Canadians into British culture.<ref name="ce_durhamreport">{{cite web |author=David Mills |publisher= Historica Foundation of Canada |url=http://www.canadianencyclopedia.ca/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1ARTA0002473 |title=Durham Report |accessdate=2006-05-18}}</ref> ] were merged into a single, quasi-federal colony, the ], with the ]. The signing of the ] by Britain and the United States in 1846 ended the ], extending the border westward along the ] and ending joint occupation of the ]/]. This led to the creation of the colony of ] in 1849 and, with the outbreak of the ], the colony of ] in 1858, but both were entirely separate from the United Province of Canada. By the late 1850s, leaders in Canada launched a series of western exploratory expeditions, with the intention of assuming control of ] and the ] region. The Canadian population grew rapidly due to high birth rates; high European immigration was offset by emigration to the United States, especially by French Canadians moving to ].

], first ].]]

Following the ], the ] the ] of 1864, and the ] of 1866, the three colonies&mdash;Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick&mdash;undertook the process of ]. The ] created "one dominion under the name of ]", with four provinces: Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick.<ref>{{cite book | last=Farthing |first= John |title= Freedom Wears a Crown |location= Toronto |publisher=Kingswood House |date=1957 |id = ASIN B0007JC4G2}}</ref> After Canada assumed control of Rupert's Land and the ], which together formed the ] in 1870, inattention to the ] led to the ] and ultimately to the creation of the province of ] and its entry into Confederation in July 1870. British Columbia and Vancouver Island (which had ] in 1866) and the colony of ] joined the Confederation in 1871 and 1873, respectively. To connect the union and assert authority over the western provinces, Canada constructed three trans-continental railways, most notably the ], encouraged immigrants to develop the prairies with the ], and established the ]. As settlers went to the prairies on the railway and the population grew, regions of the Northwest Territories were given provincial status forming ] and ] in 1905.

] in 1917.]]
Canada automatically entered the ] in 1914 with Britain's declaration of war, and sent formed divisions, composed almost entirely of volunteers, to the Western Front to fight as a national contingent. Casualties were so high that Prime Minister ] was forced to bring in ] in 1917; this move was extremely unpopular in Quebec, resulting in his Conservative party losing support in that province. Although the Liberals were deeply divided over conscription, they became the dominant political party.

In 1919, Canada joined the ] in its own right, and in 1931 the ] confirmed that no act of the ] would extend to Canada without its consent. At the same time, the worldwide ] affected Canadians of every class; the rise of the ] (CCF) in Alberta and Saskatchewan presaged a welfare state as pioneered by ] in the 1940s and 1950s. After supporting appeasement of Germany in the late 1930s, Liberal Prime Minister ] secured Parliament’s approval for ] in September 1939, after Germany invaded Poland. The first Canadian Army units arrived in Britain in December 1939. <ref name="stacey">{{cite book | last = Stacey |first= C.P.| authorlink =C.P. Stacey | title=History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War | publisher = Queen's Printer | year= 1948}}</ref> The economy boomed during the war mainly due to the amount of military ]<!-- This is not a misspelling. Follow the link to find out the difference between material and materiel --> being produced for Canada, Britain, China and the Soviet Union. Canada finished the war with one of the largest militaries in the world.<ref name="stacey" /> In 1949, the formerly independent ] joined the Confederation as Canada's 10th province.

By Canada's centennial in 1967, heavy post-war immigration from various war-ravaged European countries had changed the country's demographics.<ref>{{cite web | author= Harold Troper |publisher= Ontario Institute for Studies in Education |url=http://ceris.metropolis.net/Virtual%20Library/Demographics/troper1/troper1.html |title=History of Immigration to Toronto Since the Second World War: From Toronto 'the Good' to Toronto 'the World in a City' |date=2000-03 |accessdate=2006-05-19}}</ref> In addition, throughout the ], thousands of American ]s fled to and settled in various parts of Canada.<ref>{{cite web | author= |publisher= |title= Toronto Anti-Draft Program: Where the Guys Who Said "No!" Came for Help |accessdate=2006-05-19 |url=http://www.radicalmiddle.com/tadp.htm}}</ref><ref name="CBC Archives on Draft Dodgers">{{cite web | author= |publisher= CBC Archives |title= "Seeking Sanctuary: Draft Dodgers" |accessdate=2006-05-19 |url=http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-71-348/conflict_war/draft_dodgers}}</ref> Increased immigration, combined with the baby boom, an economic strength parallelling that of the 1960s United States, and reaction to the ] in Quebec, initiated a new type of Canadian nationalism.

At a meeting of First Ministers in November 1981, the federal and provincial governments agreed to the ] of the constitution, with ]. Despite the fact that the Quebec government did not agree to the changes, on ], ], Canada, by Proclamation of Queen Elizabeth II, patriated its Constitution from Britain, thereby making Canada wholly sovereign, though the two countries continue to share the same monarch.

After Quebec underwent profound social and economic changes during the ] of the 1960s, some ] began pressing for greater provincial autonomy, or partial or complete independence from Canada. Alienation between English-speaking Canadians and the Québécois over the language, cultural and social divide had been exacerbated by many events, including the ]. While a referendum on ] in ] was rejected by a solid majority of the population, a second referendum in ] was rejected by a margin of just 50.6% to 49.4%.<ref name="dickinson">{{cite book |first= John Alexander |last=Dickinson |coauthors=Young, Brian |year=2003 |title=A Short History of Quebec |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |edition=3rd edition |location= Montreal |id=ISBN 0-7735-2450-9}}</ref> In 1997, the Canadian Supreme Court ruled ]; Quebec's sovereignty movement has continued nonetheless. <ref name="dickinson" />

Economic integration with the United States has increased significantly since World War II. The ] of 1987 was a defining moment in integrating the two countries. In recent decades, Canadians have worried about their cultural autonomy as American television shows, movies and corporations became omnipresent.<ref name="granatstein">{{cite book |first= J.L. |last=Granatstein |year=1997 |title=Yankee Go Home: Canadians and Anti-Americanism |publisher=HarperCollins |location= Toronto |id=ISBN 0-00-638541-9}}</ref> However, Canadians take special pride in their ] and their commitment to multiculturalism.<ref name="bickerton" >{{cite book |author=Bickerton, James & Gagnon, Alain-G & Gagnon, Alain (Eds). |title=Canadian Politics |publisher=Broadview Press |edition=4th edition |location=Orchard Park, NY |id=ISBN 1-55111-595-6 |year=2004}}</ref>

==Government==
], ].]]
{{Main|Government of Canada|Politics of Canada|Monarchy in Canada}}
Canada is a ] with ], Queen of Canada as head of state<ref>{{cite web |author=Heritage Canada |authorlink=Department of Canadian Heritage |publisher= Heritage Canada |url=http://www.pch.gc.ca/royalvisit2005/53_e.cfm |title=The Queen and Canada: 53 Years of Growing Together|date=]|accessdate=2006-05-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Governor General of Canada |authorlink=Governor General of Canada |publisher= Governor General of Canada|url=http://www.gg.ca/gg/rr/index_e.asp |title=Role and Responsibilities of the Governor General|date=]|accessdate=2006-05-14}}</ref>, and a ] with a ] of ] and strong democratic traditions.

] governs the legal framework of the country and consists of written text and unwritten traditions and conventions.<ref>{{cite web |author=Department of Justice |publisher= Department of Justice, Canada |url=http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/const/index.html |title=Constitution Acts 1867 to 1982|accessdate=2006-05-14}}</ref> The Constitution includes the ], which guarantees basic rights and freedoms for Canadians that, generally, cannot be overridden by legislation of any level of government in Canada. It contains, however, a "]", which allows the federal parliament and the provincial legislatures the power to override some other sections of the Charter temporarily, for a period of five years.

The position of ], Canada's ], belongs to the leader of the political party that can obtain the confidence of a majority in the ]. The Prime Minister and his or her Cabinet are formally appointed by the ] (who is the Monarch's representative in Canada). However, the Prime Minister chooses the Cabinet, and by convention, the Governor General respects the Prime Minister's choices. The ] is traditionally drawn from members of the Prime Minister's party in both legislative houses, and mostly from the House of Commons. Executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister and Cabinet, all of whom are sworn into the ], and become Ministers of the Crown. The Prime Minister exercises vast political power, especially in the appointment of other officials within the government and ]. ] has served as Governor General since ], ], and ], leader of the ], has served as Prime Minister since ], ].

The ] is made up of the Queen and two houses: an elected House of Commons and an appointed ]. Each member in the House of Commons is elected by ] in a ]; general elections are called by the Governor General when the Prime Minister so advises. While there is no minimum term for a Parliament, a new election must be called within five years of the last general election. Members of the Senate, whose seats are apportioned on a regional basis, are chosen by the Prime Minister and formally appointed by the Governor General, and serve until age 75.

Canada's four major political parties are the ], ], ] (NDP), and the ]. The current government is formed by the Conservative Party of Canada. While the ] and other smaller parties do not have current representation in Parliament, the list of ] is substantial.

==Law==
] in Ottawa, west of Parliament Hill]]
{{main|Law of Canada}}
Canada's ] plays an important role in interpreting laws and has the power to strike down laws that violate the Constitution. The ] is the highest court and final arbiter and is led by the Right Honourable Madam Chief Justice ], P.C. Its nine members are appointed by the ] on the advice of the Prime Minister. All judges at the superior and appellate levels are appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the prime minister and minister of justice, after consultation with non-governmental legal bodies. The federal cabinet appoints justices to superior courts at the provincial and territorial levels. Judicial posts at the lower provincial and territorial levels are filled by their respective governments (see ] for more detail).

] prevails everywhere except in Quebec, where ] predominates. ] is solely a federal responsibility and is uniform throughout Canada. Law enforcement, including criminal courts, is a provincial responsibility, but in rural areas of most provinces policing is contracted to the federal ] (RCMP). Most cities have their own city police forces.

==Foreign relations and military==
] in Ottawa.]]
{{Main|Foreign relations of Canada|Canadian Forces|Military history of Canada}}
Canada has a close ], sharing the world's longest undefended border, co-operating on some military campaigns and exercises, and being each other's largest trading partners. Canada also shares history and long relationships with the ] and ], the two former imperial powers most influential in its founding. These relations extend to other former-members of the British and French empires, through Canada's membership in the ] and ].

Canada joined the ] (OAS) in 1990 and hosted the OAS General Assembly in Windsor in June 2000, and the third Summit of the Americas in Quebec City in April 2001. Canada seeks to expand its ties to Pacific Rim economies through membership in the ] forum (APEC).

Over the past 60 years, Canada has been an advocate for ], making efforts to resolve global issues in collaboration with other nations.<ref name="canada_policy">
{{cite book | author = Government of Canada| title = Canada's international policy statement : a role of pride and influence in the world| publisher = Government of Canada | location = Ottawa |url=http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/cip-pic/IPS/IPS-Overview.pdf | year = 2005 | id = ISBN 0-662-68608-X}}</ref><ref name="middle_powers">{{cite book | first = Andrew Fenton |last = Cooper |coauthors= Higgot, Richard A.; Nossal, Kim R. | title = Relocating Middle Powers: Australia and Canada in a Changing World Order| publisher = UBC Press | location = Vancouver |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Hw3laaTpOiIC&pg=PP1&lpg=PP1&vq=reaching+out&dq=Canada+middle+power&psp=s&sig=0009fdoEDuy42hFgXuCmmymun6c | year = 1993 | id = ISBN 0-7748-0450-5 }}</ref> This was clearly demonstrated during the ] of 1956 when ] eased tensions by proposing ] efforts and the inception of the ].<ref name="lester">{{cite web |author=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation |authorlink= Canadian Broadcasting Corporation | publisher= CBC.ca |title= Lester B. Pearson |url= http://www.cbc.ca/greatest/top_ten/nominee/pearson-lester.html |date=2006 | accessdate=2006-05-22}}</ref> In that spirit, Canada developed and has tried to maintain a leading role in UN peacekeeping efforts; Canada has served in 50 peacekeeping missions, including every UN peacekeeping effort until 1989.<ref>{{cite book| first = Desmond | last = Morton | authorlink = Desmond Morton (historian)| title = A Military History of Canada| publisher = McClelland & Stewart | location = Toronto | year = 1999 | id = ISBN 0-7710-6514-0 | pages = pg. 258}}</ref> Canada's UN peacekeeping contributions have diminished over the first years of the 21st century. Although Canadian foreign policy is often similar to that of the United States, Canada has always maintained an independent foreign policy in such areas as maintaining full diplomatic and trade relations with Cuba.

].]]
A founding member of the ] (NATO), Canada currently employs about 62,000 regular and 26,000 reserve military personnel.<ref>{{cite web |author=Assistant Deputy Minister (Public Affairs) |authorlink=Department of National Defence (Canada) |publisher= Department of National Defence |url=http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/about/family_e.asp |title=The National Defence family|accessdate=2006-05-14}}</ref> The unified ] (CF) comprise the ], ], and ]. Major CF equipment deployed includes 1,400 armoured fighting vehicles, 34 combat vessels, and 861 aircraft.<ref name="cf_equipment">{{cite web |author=Assistant Deputy Minister (Public Affairs) |authorlink=Department of National Defence (Canada) |publisher=Department of National Defence |url=http://www.forces.gc.ca/site/Reports/cds_report/anxd_e.asp |title=Canadian Forces Equipment |accessdate=2006-05-14}}</ref>

In addition to major participation in the ], the ], the ], and the ], Canada has maintained forces in international missions under the United Nations and NATO since 1950, including peacekeeping missions, various missions in the former ], and support to coalition forces in the ]. Since 2001, Canada has had troops deployed in ] as part of the ] and the UN-authorized, NATO-commanded ]. Canada's ] (DART) has participated in three major relief efforts in the past two years; the two-hundred member team has been deployed in relief operations after ] in September 2005, after the ] in October 2005 and after the ] in South Asia.

==Administrative divisions==
].]]
{{main|Provinces and territories of Canada}}

Canada is composed of ten provinces and three territories. The provinces are ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], ], and ]. The three territories are the ], ], and ]. The provinces have a ] from the federal government, the territories somewhat less. Each has its own ].

The provinces are responsible for most of Canada's social programs (such as ], ], and ]) and together collect more revenue than the federal government, an almost unique structure among federations in the world. The federal government can initiate national policies in provincial areas, such as the ]; the provinces can opt out of these, but rarely do so in practice. ] are made by the federal government to ensure that reasonably uniform standards of services and taxation are kept between the richer and poorer provinces.

All provinces have ], elected ] headed by a ] selected in the same way as the Prime Minister of Canada. Each province also has a ] representing the ], analogous to the Governor General of Canada, appointed on the recommendation of the Prime Minister of Canada, though with increasing levels of consultation with provincial governments in recent years.

==Geography and climate==
]s prevail throughout the country, ice is prominent in the ] and through the ] and ], and the relatively flat ] facilitate agriculture. The ] feed the ] (in the southeast) where lowlands host much of Canada's population.]]
{{main|Geography of Canada}}
Canada occupies most of the northern portion of ]. It shares land borders with the ] to the south and with the US state of ] to the northwest, stretching from the ] in the east to the ] in the west; to the north lies the ]. Since 1925, Canada has claimed the portion of the Arctic between 60°W and 141°W ];<ref name="territorial_evolution">{{cite web |author=National Resources Canada |publisher= National Resources Canada |url=http://atlas.gc.ca/site/english/maps/historical/territorialevolution/1927/1 |title=Territorial Evolution, 1927|date=]|accessdate=2006-05-14}}</ref> this claim is not universally recognized. The northernmost settlement in Canada (and in the world) is ] on the northern tip of ]—latitude 82.5°N—just 834 kilometres (450 ]s) from the North Pole. Canada is the world's second-largest country in total area, after ].

The population density of 3.5 people per square kilometre (9.1/]) is among the lowest in the world.<ref name="population_density">{{cite web |author=WorldAtlas.com |publisher= WorldAtlas.com |url=http://worldatlas.com/aatlas/populations/ctydensityl.htm |title=Countries of the World (by lowest population density) |date=2006-02 |accessdate=2006-05-16}}</ref> The most densely populated part of the country is the ] along the Great Lakes and Saint Lawrence River in the southeast. To the north of this region is the broad ], an area of rock scoured clean by the ], thinly soiled, rich in minerals, and dotted with lakes and rivers—Canada by far has more lakes than any other country in the world and has a large amount of the world's freshwater.<ref name="altas_lakes">{{cite web |author=The Atlas of Canada |publisher=National Resources Canada|url=http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/freshwater/distribution/drainage/1 |title= Drainage patterns |date=] |accessdate=2006-05-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | author = Encarta| title = Canada | publisher = Microsoft Corporation | accessdate = 2006-06-12| date = 2006 | url = http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761563379/Canada.html}}</ref>

] in Ontario is the largest component of ], one of the world's greatest waterfalls<ref name="AtlasSignificantFacts">{{cite web |author=Natural Resources Canada |authorlink=Natural Resources Canada |publisher= Natural Resources Canada |url=http://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/learningresources/facts/supergeneral.html |title=Significant Canadian Facts |date=]|accessdate=2006-05-16}}</ref>, a major source of hydroelectric power, and a tourist destination.]]

In eastern Canada, the Saint Lawrence River widens into the ], the world's largest ]; the island of ] lies at its mouth. South of the Gulf, the ] protrude eastward from the ] of Quebec. ] and ] are divided by the ], which experiences the world's largest tidal variations. ] and ] dominate central Canada. West of Ontario, the broad, flat ] spread toward the ], which separate them from ].

] vegetation tapers from ] forests to ] and finally to Arctic barrens in the far north. The northern Canadian mainland is ringed with a vast ] containing some of the ].

Average winter and summer high temperatures across Canada range depending on the location.
Winters can be harsh in many regions of the country, particularly in the Prairie provinces, where daily average temperatures are near &minus;15 °] (5 °]), but can drop below -40&nbsp;°C (-40&nbsp;°F) with severe wind chills. <ref name="twn_regina">{{cite web |author=The Weather Network |authorlink=The Weather Network |publisher=The Weather Network |url=http://www.theweathernetwork.ca/weather/stats/pages/C02072.htm?CASK0261 |title=Statistics, Regina SK |accessdate=2006-05-18}}</ref> Coastal British Columbia is an exception and enjoys a temperate climate with a mild and rainy winter.

Average summer high temperatures across Canada range depending on the location. On the east and west coast average high temperatures are generally in the low 20s&nbsp;°C (68 to 74&nbsp;°F), while between the coasts the average summer high temperature range between 25&nbsp;°C to 30&nbsp;°C (78 to 86&nbsp;°F) with occasional extreme heat in some interior locations exceeding 40&nbsp;°C (104&nbsp;°F). <ref name="twn_vancouver">{{cite web |author=The Weather Network |authorlink=The Weather Network |publisher=The Weather Network |url=http://www.theweathernetwork.ca/weather/stats/pages/C02096.htm?CABC0308 |title=Statistics: Vancouver Int'l, BC |accessdate=2006-05-18}}</ref><ref name="twn_toronto">{{cite web |author=The Weather Network |authorlink=The Weather Network |publisher=The Weather Network |url=http://www.theweathernetwork.ca/weather/stats/pages/C02017.htm?CAON0696 |title=Statistics: Toronto Pearson Int'l |accessdate=2006-05-18}}</ref> For a more complete description of climate across Canada see Environment Canada's Website.<ref>{{cite web |author=Environment Canada |authorlink=Environment Canada |publisher= Environment Canada |url=http://www.climate.weatheroffice.ec.gc.ca/climate_normals/index_e.html |title=Canadian Climate Normals or Averages 1971-2000|date=]|accessdate=2006-05-18}}</ref><br clear="right">

==Economy==
], depicting (from top to bottom) ], ], ], ], and ].]]
{{Main|Economy of Canada|Economic history of Canada}}

Canada is one of the world's wealthiest nations with a high per capita income, a member of the ] (OECD) and ] (G8). Canada is a ] economy with slightly more government intervention than the United States, but much less than most European nations. Canada has traditionally had a lower per capita ] (GDP) than its southern neighbour (whereas wealth has been more equally divided), but higher than the large western European economies.{{or}} For the past decade, after a period of turbulence, the Canadian economy has been growing rapidly with low ] and large government surpluses on the ] level. Today Canada closely resembles the U.S. in its market-oriented economic system, pattern of production, and high living standards.{{or}} While ], Canada's national unemployment rate of 6.4% is among its lowest in 30 years, provincial unemployment rates vary from a low of 3.6% in Alberta to a high of 14.6% in Newfoundland and Labrador.<ref name="statcan_labour">{{cite web | author=Statistics Canada |authorlink= Statistics Canada |publisher= Statistics Canada |url=http://www.statcan.ca/english/Subjects/Labour/LFS/lfs-en.htm |title=Latest release from Labour Force Survey |date=] |accessdate=2006-08-04}}</ref>

In the past century, the impressive growth of the manufacturing, mining, and service sectors has transformed the nation from a largely rural economy into one primarily industrial and urban. As with other ]s, the Canadian economy is dominated by the ], which employs about three quarters of Canadians.<ref name="cia_factbook">{{cite web |author=Central Intelligence Agency |publisher= Central Intelligence Agency |url=https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/ca.html |title=The World Factbook: Canada |date=] |accessdate=2006-05-18}}</ref> However, Canada is unusual among developed countries in the importance of the ], with the ] and ] industries being two of Canada's most important.

Canada is one of the few developed nations that is a net exporter of energy.<ref name="cia_factbook" /> Canada has vast deposits of natural gas on the east coast and large oil and gas resources centred in Alberta, and also present in neighbouring British Columbia and Saskatchewan. The vast ] give Canada the world's second largest reserves of oil behind ].<ref name="athabasca">{{cite web |author=Clarke, Tony; Campbell, Bruce; Laxer, Gordon |publisher= Parkland Institute |url=http://www.ualberta.ca/PARKLAND/research/perspectives/LaxerClarkeCampbellMar06OpEd.htm |title=U.S. oil addiction could make us sick |date=]|accessdate=2006-05-18}}</ref> In Quebec, British Columbia, Newfoundland & Labrador, Ontario and Manitoba, ] is a cheap and relatively environmentally friendly source of abundant energy.

Canada is one of the world's most important suppliers of agricultural products, with the Canadian Prairies one of the most important suppliers of wheat and other grains.<ref name="ce_agriculture">{{cite web |author=The Canadian Encyclopedia |publisher= Historica Foundation of Canada |url=http://www.canadianencyclopedia.ca/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=J1SEC80771 |title=Agriculture and Food: Export markets |date=2006|accessdate=2006-05-18}}</ref> Canada is the world's largest producer of zinc and uranium and a world leader in many other natural resources such as gold, nickel, aluminum, and lead;<ref name="ce_minig">{{cite web |author=The Canadian Encyclopedia |publisher= Historica Foundation of Canada |url=http://www.canadianencyclopedia.ca/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1SEC824436 |title=Canadian Mining |date=2006|accessdate=2006-05-18}}</ref> many, if not most, towns in the northern part of the country, where agriculture is difficult, exist because of a nearby mine or source of timber. Canada also has a sizeable manufacturing sector, centred in southern Ontario and Quebec, with the ] especially important.

In part due to the large primary sector Canada is highly dependent on ], especially trade with the ]. The 1989 ] (FTA) and 1994 ] (NAFTA) (which included Mexico) touched off a dramatic increase in trade and economic integration with the U.S. Since 2001, Canada has successfully avoided economic recession and has maintained the best overall economic performance in the G8.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/default.asp?Language=E&Page=archivechretien&Sub=Speeches&Doc=commonwealthbusinessforum.20031204_e.htm
|publisher = Privy Council Office, Government of Canada | last = Chretien | first = Jean | date = 2003-12-04 | accessdate = 2006-08-07 | title = Notes for an Address by Prime Minister Jean Chrétien on the Occasion of the Commonwealth Business Forum}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Canada|List of cities in Canada|List of Canadians by ethnicity|Immigration to Canada}}
The ] recorded 30,007,094 people; the population is currently estimated by ] to be 32.623 million people.<ref name="statscan_population_clock">{{cite web |author=CTV News |publisher= CTV News|url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20060927/population_060927/20060927?hub=Canada |title=Immigrants boost Canada's population hike: report|date=]|accessdate=2006-09-28}}</ref> Population growth is largely accomplished through ] and, to a lesser extent, natural growth. About three-quarters of Canada's population live within 160 kilometres (100 ]) of the U.S. border. A similar proportion live in ]s concentrated in the ] (notably the ]-], ], and ] ]s), the BC ] (] and environs), and the ] in Alberta.
], ] is one of the world's most multicultural cities.<ref name="toronto_multicultural">{{cite web |author=City of Toronto |publisher= City of Toronto |url=http://www.toronto.ca/toronto_facts/diversity.htm |title=Toronto's racial diversity|date=2006|accessdate=2006-05-19}}</ref>]]
Canada is an ethnically diverse nation. According to the 2001 census, it has 34 ethnic groups with at least one hundred thousand members each. The largest ethnic group is "Canadian" (39.4%), followed by ] (20.2%), ] (15.8%), ] (14.0%), ] (12.9%), ] (9.3%), ] (4.3%), ] (3.7%), ] (3.6%) and ] (3.4%).<ref name="statscan_ethnic">{{cite web |author=Statistics Canada |authorlink=Statistics Canada |publisher= Statistics Canada |url=http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo26a.htm |title=Population by selected ethnic origins, by provinces and territories|date=]|accessdate=2006-05-14}}</ref> Canada's ] population is growing almost twice as fast as the rest of the Canadian population. In 2001, 13.4% of the population belonged to ]. In comparison with most developed countries, Canada maintains a relatively high immigration rate.<ref name="immigration_growth">{{cite web |author=Terry Weber |authorlink=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/ |publisher= The Globe and Mail |url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20060927.wpopu0927/BNStory/National/home
|title=Immigration fuels Canadian growth: Statscan |date=]|accessdate=2006-09-30}}</ref> Immigrants are particularly attracted to the major urban areas of Toronto, Vancouver and Montreal.

Canadians adhere to a ]. According to the last census,<ref name="statscan_religion">{{cite web |author=Statistics Canada |authorlink=Statistics Canada |publisher= Statistics Canada |url=http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo30a.htm |title=Population by religion, by provinces and territories|date=]|accessdate=2006-05-14}}</ref> 77.1% of Canadians identified as being ]; of this, ] make up the largest group (43.6% of Canadians). The largest ] denomination is the ]; about 17% of Canadians declared no religious affiliation, and the remaining 6.3% were affiliated with religions other than Christianity, of which the largest is ].

In Canada, the provinces and territories are responsible for education; thus Canada has no national department of education. Each of the 13 education systems are similar while reflecting their own regional history, culture and geography.<ref name="education">{{cite web | author =Council of Ministers of Canada | publisher = Education@Canada | title = General Overview of Education in Canada | url= http://www.educationcanada.cmec.ca/EN/EdSys/over.php | accessdate = 2006-05-22 }}</ref> The mandatory school age varies across Canada but generally ranges between the ages of 5-7 to 16-18,<ref name="education" /> contributing to an adult literacy rate that is 99%.<ref name="cia_factbook" /> Postsecondary education is the responsibility of the provincial and territorial governments that provide most of their funding; the federal government provides additional funding through research grants. In 2002, 43% of Canadians aged between 25 and 64 had post-secondary education; for those aged 25 to 34 the postsecondary attainment reaches 51%.<ref>{{cite web | author = Department of Finance | publisher = Department of Finance Canada | title = Creating Opportunities for All Canadians | url= http://www.fin.gc.ca/ec2005/agenda/agc4e.html| date = ] | accessdate = 2006-05-22}}</ref>

==Language==
] is predominantly ], with a significant ] community.]]
{{Main|Language in Canada|Bilingualism in Canada}}
Canada's two official languages, ] and ], are the ]s of 59.7% and 23.2% of the population, respectively.<ref name="statscan_language">
{{cite web |author=Statistics Canada |authorlink=Statistics Canada |publisher= Statistics Canada |url=http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo11a.htm |title=Population by mother tongue, by province and territory|date=]|accessdate=2006-05-14}}</ref> On ], ], under the ], French was made commensurate to English throughout the federal government. This started a process that led to Canada redefining itself as an officially "]" nation.

English and French have equal status in federal courts, Parliament, and in all federal institutions. The public has the right, where there is sufficient demand, to receive federal government services in either English or French. While ], to become a citizen one must be able to speak either English or French, and 98.5% of Canadians speak at least one (English only: 67.5%, French only: 13.3%, both: 17.7%).<ref name="statscan_language2">{{cite web |author=Statistics Canada |authorlink=Statistics Canada |publisher= Statistics Canada |url=http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo15a.htm |title=Population by knowledge of official language, by province and territory|date=]|accessdate=2006-05-14}}</ref>

French is mostly spoken in Quebec, but there are substantial francophone populations mainly in the northern parts of New Brunswick, eastern, northern and southwestern Ontario and southern Manitoba. Of those who speak French as a first language, 85% live in Quebec. Ontario has the largest French population outside Quebec. French is the official language of Quebec. New Brunswick is the only bilingual province in the country.<ref>While Manitoba, Ontario and Quebec allow for both English and French to be spoken in the provincial legislatures, and laws are enacted in both languages, New Brunswick is the only province to have a statement of official bilingualism in the constitution. See </ref> No provinces other than Quebec and New Brunswick have constitutionally official language(s) as such, but French is used as a language of instruction, in courts, and other government services in all of the majority English or ] speaking provinces and territories. In Ontario, French has some legal status but is not fully co-official. Several aboriginal languages have official status in Northwest Territories. ] is the majority language in Nunavut, and one of three official languages in the territory.

Non-official languages are important in Canada, with 5,202,245 people listing one as a first language.<ref name="statscan_language" /> Some significant non-official first languages include ] (853,745 first-language speakers), ] (469,485), ] (438,080), and ] (271,220).<ref name="statscan_language" />

==Culture==
], seen here at ], are the federal and national police force of Canada and an international icon.]]
{{Main|Culture of Canada|National symbols of Canada|Sport in Canada}}
Canadian culture has historically been heavily influenced by ], ], ], ] and ] cultures and traditions, and over time has been greatly influenced by ] due to its proximity and the interchange of ] between the two countries. Many forms of American media and entertainment are popular, if not dominant in Canada; conversely, many Canadian cultural products and entertainers are successful in the US and worldwide. Many cultural products are now marketed toward a unified "North American" market, or a global market generally.

The creation and preservation of distinctly Canadian culture has been partly influenced by federal government programs, laws and institutions such as the ] (CBC), the ] (NFB), and the ] (CRTC).

] ] and traditional "long house" in ].]]
As Canada is a geographically vast and ethnically diverse country, there are cultural variations and distinctions from province to province and region to region. Canadian culture has also been greatly influenced by more recent immigration of people from all over the world. Many Canadians value ], indeed some see Canadian culture as being inherently multicultural.<ref name="bickerton" /> Multicultural heritage is enshrined in ].

] are influenced by natural, historical, and ] sources. Particularly, the use of the ], as a Canadian symbol, dates back to the early 18th century and is depicted on its ] and ] flags, the ], and on the ]. Other prominent symbols include the ], ], ], ], and the ].

Canada's official national sports are ] (winter) and ] (summer).<ref name="National Sports of Canada Act">{{cite web | url= http://lois.justice.gc.ca/en/N-16.7/251603.html | title= National Sports of Canada Act (1994) | work = Consolidated Statutes and Regulations| accessdate= 2006-07-20 | publisher= ]}}</ref> Hockey is a ], and is by far the most popular spectator sport in the country. It is also the most popular sport Canadians play, with 1.65 million active participants in 2004.<ref name = "sports">{{cite web | author = Conference Board of Canada| authorlink = Conference Board of Canada | year = 2004 | month = December | url = http://www.pch.gc.ca/progs/sc/pubs/socio-eco/tab2_tab_e.cfm | title = Survey: Most Popular Sports, by Type of Participation, Adult Population | publisher = Sport Canada | work = Strengthening Canada: The Socio-economic Benefits of Sport Participation in Canada — Report August 2005 | accessdate = 2006-07-01}}</ref> Canada's six largest metropolitan areas - Toronto, Montreal, Vancouver, Ottawa, Calgary, and Edmonton - have franchises in the ] (NHL), and there are more Canadian players in the league than from all other countries combined. After hockey, other popular spectator sports include ] and ]. The ] (CFL) is the nation's second most popular professional sports league,<ref>{{cite web | author = Canadian Press| authorlink = Canadian Press | date = 2006-06-08 | url = http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20060608.wsurvey8/BNStory/Sports/home | title = Survey: Canadian interest in pro football is on the rise | publisher = Globe and Mail | accessdate = 2006-06-08}}</ref> and plays a large role in Canada's national identity<ref>{{cite web | author = Official Site of the Canadian Football League| authorlink = Canadian Football League | date = 2006-05-09 | url = http://www.cfl.ca/index.php?module=newser&func=display&topicnum=&nid=7991&writer=0 | title = Canon Scores With the CFL | publisher = CFL.ca | accessdate = 2006-06-08}}</ref>. ], ], ], ], ], and ] are also widely played at youth and amateur levels<ref name = "sports"/>, but professional leagues and franchises are not as widespread. Canada will host the ], and the ] in ] and ], ].

==International rankings==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Organization
! Survey
! Ranking
|-
| ]/]
|
| 14 out of 111
|-
| ]
|
| 5 out of 60
|-
| ]
|
| 14 out of 111
|-
| ]/]
|
| 6 out of 146
|-
| ] World-wide
|
| 21 out of 167
|-
| ]
|
| 14 out of 159
|-
| ]/]
|
| 12 out of 157
|}

Canada was ranked number one country by the United Nations' ] 10 times out of 16 between 1980 and 2004.

==See also==
{{Canadian topics}}

==References==
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<div class="references-small">
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break|width=50%}}
;Origin and history of the name
*{{cite book
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| publisher = University of Toronto Press
| location = Toronto
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}}
;History
*{{cite book
| title = History of Canada Since 1867
| first = Robert | last = Bothwell
| publisher = Michigan State University Press
| year = 1996
| location = East Lansing, MI
| id = ISBN 0-87013-399-3
}}
*{{cite book
| title = History of the Canadian Peoples
| first = J. | last = Bumsted
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| location = Oxford, UK
| year = 2004
| id = ISBN 0-19-541688-0
}}
*{{cite book
| title = Canada: A National History
| first = Margarat | last= Conrad
| coauthors= Finkel, Alvin
| publisher = Longman
| location = Toronto
| year = 2003
| id = ISBN 0-201-73060-X
}}
*{{cite book
| title = A Short History of Canada
| first = Desmond | last= Morton
| authorlink = Desmond Morton (historian)
| publisher = M & S
| location = Toronto
| year = 2001
| edition = 6th ed.
| id = ISBN 0-7710-6509-4
}}
*{{cite journal
| first = W. Kaye | last = Lamb
| title = Canada
| journal = The Canadian Encyclopedia
| year = 2006
| url = http://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com/index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=J1SEC808542
}}
*{{cite book
| title = History of Canada Before 1867
| first = Gordon T. | last = Stewart
| publisher = Michigan State University Press
| year = 1996
| location = East Lansing, MI
| id = ISBN 0-87013-398-5
}}

;Government
*{{cite book
|author=Bickerton, James & Gagnon, Alain-G & Gagnon, Alain (Eds).
|title=Canadian Politics
|publisher=Broadview Press
|edition=4th edition
|location=Orchard Park, NY
|id=ISBN 1-55111-595-6
|year=2004
}}
*{{cite book
|first=Stephen | last=Brooks
|title=Canadian Democracy : An Introduction
|publisher=Oxford University Press Canada
|edition=3rd edition
|location=Don Mills, ON
|id=ISBN 0-19-541503-5
|year=2000
}}
*{{cite book
| first = Eugene A. | last = Forsey
| authorlink = Eugene Forsey
| title = How Canadians Govern Themselves
| edition = 6th ed.
| publisher = Canada
| location = Ottawa
| year = 2005
| id = ISBN 0-662-39689-8
| url = http://www.parl.gc.ca/information/library/idb/forsey/PDFs/How_Canadians_Govern_Themselves-6ed.pdf
}}
*{{cite book
| title = Secession and international law : conflict avoidance - regional appraisals
| first = Julie | last = Dahlitz
| publisher = T.M.C. Asser Press
| year = 2003
| location = The Hague
| id = ISBN 90-6704-142-4
}}

;Foreign relations and military
*{{cite journal
| first = Tim | last = Cook
| year = 2005
| title = Quill and Canon: Writing the Great War in Canada
| journal = American Review of Canadian Studies
| volume = 35
| issue = 3
| pages = 503+
}}
*{{cite book
| first = James| last = Eayrs
| title = In Defence of Canada
| publisher = University of Toronto Press
| location = Toronto
| year = 1980
| id = ISBN 0-8020-2345-2
}}
*{{cite book
| first = Annette Baker| last = Fox
| authorlink =
| title = Canada in World Affairs
| edition =
| publisher = Michigan State University Press
| location = East Lansing
| year = 1996
| id = ISBN 0-87013-391-8
| url =
}}
*{{cite journal
| first = Molot Maureen | last = Appel
| year = 1990
| month = Spring-Fall
| title = Where Do We, Should We, Or Can We Sit? A Review of the Canadian Foreign Policy Literature
| journal = International Journal of Canadian Studies
}}
*{{cite book
| first = Desmond | last = Morton
| coauthors = Granatstein, J.L.
| authorlink = Desmond Morton (historian)
| title = Marching to Armageddon: Canadians and the Great War 1914-1919
| edition =
| publisher = Lester & Orpen Dennys
| location = Toronto
| year = 1989
| id = ISBN 0-88619-209-9
| url =
}}
*{{cite book
| first = Desmond | last = Morton
| authorlink = Desmond Morton (historian)
| title = A Military History of Canada
| edition =
| publisher = McClelland & Stewart
| location = Toronto
| year = 1999
| id = ISBN 0-7710-6514-0
| url =
}}
*{{cite book
| first = Desmond | last = Morton
| authorlink = Desmond Morton (historian)
| title = When Your Number's Up: The Canadian Soldier in the First World War
| edition =
| publisher = Random House of Canada
| location = Toronto
| year = 1993
| id = ISBN 0-394-22288-1
| url =
}}
*{{cite book
| first = James | last = Rochlin
| authorlink =
| title = Discovering the Americas: The Evolution of Canadian Foreign Policy towards Latin America
| edition =
| publisher = University of British Columbia Press
| location = Vancouver
| year = 1994
| id = ISBN 0-7748-0476-9
| url =
}}

;Provinces and territories
*{{cite book
| first = J. M.
| last = Bumsted
| title = History of the Canadian Peoples
| publisher = Oxford University Press
| location = Oxford, UK
| year = 2004
| id = ISBN 0-19-541688-0
}}

{{col-break|width=50%}}

;Geography and climate

*{{cite book
| last = Natural Resources Canada
| title = National Atlas of Canada
| publisher = Information Canada
| location = Ottawa
| year = 2005
| id = ISBN 0-7705-1198-8
}}
*{{cite book
| title = Canadian Oxford World Atlas
| author = Stanford, Quentin H. (ed.)
| edition = 5th ed.
| location = Toronto
| publisher = Oxford University Press (Canada)
| id = ISBN 0-19-541897-2
| year = 2003
}}

;Economy
*{{cite book
|author=Central Intelligence Agency
|authorlink=Central Intelligence Agency
|title=The World Factbook
|publisher=National Foreign Assessment Center
|location=Washington, DC
|id=ISSN 1553-8133
|year=2005
|url=https://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/
}}
*{{cite book
|first=Iain | last=Wallace
|title=A Geography of the Canadian Economy
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|location=Don Mills, ON
|id=ISBN 0-19-540773-3
|year=2002
}}
*{{cite book
|first = William L. | last=Marr
|coauthor= Paterson, Donald G.
|title= Canada: An Economic History
|publisher= Gage
|location=Toronto
|id = ISBN 0-7715-5684-5
|year=1980
}}
*{{cite book
|first = Mary Quayle | last=Innis
|title=An Economic History of Canada
|publisher=Ryerson Press
|location=Toronto
|id = ASIN B0007JFHBQ
|year = 1943
}}

;Demography and statistics
*{{cite book
| last = Statistics Canada
| title = Canada Year Book
| publisher = Queen of Canada
| location = Ottawa
| year = 2001
| id = ISBN 0-660-18360-9
}}
*{{cite book
| title = Historical statistics of Canada
| author = Leacy, F. H. (ed.)
| publisher = Statistics Canada
| location = Ottawa
| id =
| url = http://www.statcan.ca/english/freepub/11-516-XIE/sectiona/toc.htm
| year = 1983
}}

;Language
*{{cite web
| author=Statistics Canada
| authorlink=Statistics Canada
| publisher= Statistics Canada
| url=http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo11a.htm
| title=Population by mother tongue, by province and territory
| date=]
| accessdate=2006-05-14
}}
*{{cite web
| author=Statistics Canada
| authorlink=Statistics Canada
| publisher= Statistics Canada
| url=http://www40.statcan.ca/l01/cst01/demo15a.htm
| title=Population by knowledge of official language, by province and territory
| date=]
| accessdate=2006-05-14}}

;Culture
*{{cite book
|author=Bickerton, James & Gagnon, Alain-G & Gagnon, Alain (Eds).
|title=Canadian Politics
|publisher=Broadview Press
|edition=4th edition
|location=Orchard Park, NY
|id=ISBN 1-55111-595-6
|year=2004
}}
*{{cite web
|first=John D. |last=Blackwell
|url=http://www.iccs-ciec.ca/blackwell.html#culture
|title=Culture High and Low
|year=2005
|accessdate=2006-03-15
|publisher=International Council for Canadian Studies World Wide Web Service
}}
*{{cite book
| author=Canadian Heritage
| title=Symbols of Canada
| year=2002
| location=Ottawa, ON
| id=ISBN 0-660-18615-2
| publisher=Canadian Government Publishing
}} Similar publication online .
*{{cite web
|author=National Film Board of Canada
|authorlink=National Film Board of Canada
|url=http://www.nfb.ca/atonf/organisation.php?v=h&lg=en
|title=Mandate of the National Film Board
|year=2005
|accessdate=2006-03-15
}}
*{{cite book
| first = Gordon | last = Currie
| title = 100 years of Canadian football: The dramatic history of football's first century in Canada, and the story of the Canadian Football League
| publisher = Pagurian Press
| location = Don Mills, ON
| year = 1968
| id = ASIN B0006CCK4G
}}
*{{cite book
| first = Doug | last = Maxwell
| title = Canada Curls: The Illustrated History of Curling in Canada
| publisher = Whitecap books
| location = North Vancouver, BC
| year = 2002
| id = ISBN 1-55285-400-0
}}
*{{cite book
| first = Brian | last = McFarlane
| title = Brian McFarlane's History of Hockey
| year = 1997
| location = Champaign, IL
| publisher = Sports Publishing Inc
| id = ISBN 1-57167-145-5
}}
*{{cite book
|first=Philip |last=Resnick
|title=The European Roots Of Canadian Identity
|publisher=Broadview Press
|location=Peterborough, Ont.
|id=ISBN 1-55111-705-3
|year=2005
}}
*{{cite book
| author=Ross, David & Hook, Richard
| title=The Royal Canadian Mounted Police 1873-1987
| publisher= Osprey
| location=London
| id=ISBN 0-85045-834-X
| year=1988
}}
{{col-end}}
</div>

==Notes==
<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
<references />
</div>
<!-- No longer referenced: #{{note|WSM}} -->
<!-- No longer referenced: #{{note|WWT}} -->

==External links==
{{portal}}
{{Sisterlinks|Canada}}
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{{Link FA|hu}}
{{Link FA|fi}}
{{Link FA|vi}}
{{Link FA|fi}}
{{Link FA|eo}}
{{Link FA|pt}}

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Revision as of 08:42, 2 October 2006