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{{Infobox_Country_Serbia_2006| | |||
|native_name = Република Србија<br>''Republika Srbija'' | |||
|conventional_long_name = Republic of Serbia | |||
|common_name = Serbia | |||
|image_flag = Flag of Serbia (state).svg | |||
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Serbia.svg | |||
|image_map = Location Serbia.PNG | |||
|national_motto = none | |||
|national_anthem = ]<br><small>(]: ''God of Justice'')</small> | |||
|official_languages = ]<sup>1</sup> | |||
|capital = ] | |||
|latd=44|latm=48|latNS=N|longd=20|longm=28|longEW=E | |||
|largest_city = ] | |||
|government_type = ] | |||
|leader_title1 = ] | |||
|leader_title2 = ] | |||
|leader_name1 = ] | |||
|leader_name2 = ] | |||
|area_rank = 113th | |||
|area_magnitude = 1 E10 | |||
|area = 88,361 | |||
|areami²= 34,116 | |||
|percent_water = N/A | |||
|population_estimate = 9,778,991 (incl. Kosovo)<sup>2</sup> <sup></sup> | |||
|population_estimate_rank = 80th | |||
|population_estimate_year = 2006 | |||
|population_census = 7,479,437 (excl. Kosovo) | |||
|population_census_year = 2002 | |||
|population_density = 106 | |||
|population_densitymi² = 275 | |||
|population_density_rank = 94th | |||
|GDP_PPP_year = 2006 | |||
|GDP_PPP = $47,77 billion | |||
|GDP_PPP_rank = 77th | |||
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $5,713 | |||
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 97th | |||
|sovereignty_type = Formation and independence | |||
|sovereignty_note = | |||
|established_event1 = Formation of Serbia | |||
|established_event2 = Formation of the ] | |||
|established_event3 = Independence from the ] | |||
|established_event4 = ] union dissolved | |||
|established_date1 = ] | |||
|established_date2 = ] | |||
|established_date3 = ] ] | |||
|established_date4 = ] ] | |||
|HDI_year = N/A | |||
|HDI = N/A | |||
|HDI_rank =N/A | |||
|HDI_category = <font color=gray>Not ranked</font> | |||
|currency = ]<sup>3</sup> | |||
|currency_code = RSD | |||
|country_code = RS | |||
|time_zone = ] | |||
|utc_offset = +1 | |||
|time_zone_DST = ] | |||
|utc_offset_DST = +2 | |||
|cctld = ] (])<sup>4</sup> | |||
|calling_code = 381<sup>5</sup> | |||
|ISO_3166-1_alpha2 = | |||
|ISO_3166-1_alpha3 = SRB | |||
|ISO_3166-1_numeric = 688 | |||
|sport_code = SRB | |||
|vehicle_code = ? | |||
|footnotes = <sup>1</sup>] according to the ]; in ], the following languages are also official: ], ], ], ], and ]; in ] also: ].<br><sup>2</sup>The 2002 census excludes the province of ] . <br><sup>3</sup>The ] is used in ] alongside the ].<br><sup>4</sup>.rs was accepted by ] in September 2006. The .yu ] will be in use until the end of 2006.<br><sup>5</sup>To be shared with ] until February 2007. | |||
}} | |||
'''Serbia''', officially the '''Republic of Serbia''' (]: ''Република Србија'' or ''Republika Srbija'', {{Audio|Republika Srbija.ogg|listen}}) is a ] country in ] and ] ], covering the central part of the ] and the southern part of the ]. The capital is ]. Serbia borders ] to the north; ] and ] to the east; ] and the Former Yugoslav ] to the south; and ], ] and ] to the west. | |||
Placed under ] occupation in the 15th century following the collapse of the ], the ] against Turkish ocupation between ]-] reestablished Serbia as a state which obtained formal independence in ]. Victorious in ] and ], for nearly a century Serbia was part of various ], including the Kingdom of the ], ] and ] from ] to ] (renamed to the ] in ]), the ] from ] to ], the ] from ] to ], and the State Union of ] from ] to ]. After Montenegro voted independence from the State Union, Serbia officially proclaimed its independence on ], ], as the ] to the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. | |||
</span> | |||
== Geography == | |||
{{main|Geography of Serbia}} | |||
Serbia is located in the ] (a historically and geographically distinct region of southeastern ]) and in the ] (a region of central Europe). It shares borders with ], ], ], ], ], ], the ], and ]. Serbia is ], although the ] provides shipping access to inland Europe and the ]. The ] flows into the ] in ] and it is also navigable along its entire length through the country (connecting Serbia with ]), with ] River also open to all vessels, as it connects the country with Central and Eastern Europe. | |||
Serbia's terrain ranges from the rich, fertile plains of the northern ] region, limestone ranges and basins in the east, and, in the southeast, ancient mountains and hills. The north is dominated by the Danube River. A tributary, the Morava River, flows through the more mountainous southern regions. | |||
=== Climate === | |||
The Serbian ] varies between a continental climate in the north, with cold winters, and hot, humid summers with well distributed rainfall patterns, and a more Adriatic climate in the south with hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy inland snowfall. | |||
=== Cities === | |||
{{main|Serbian cities}} | |||
] | |||
Major cities (over 100,000 inhabitants) - 2002 census data, for ] current estimates (unofficial): | |||
* ] (Belgrade): 1,273,651 (inner city area); 1,576,124 (with suburbs) | |||
* ]: 215,659 (298,139 greater metropolitan area) | |||
* ]: between 200,000 (2002 estimate) and 262,686 (2006 estimate) | |||
* ]: 173,724 (250,518 greater metropolitan area) | |||
* ]: 147.473 (180.252 greater metropolitan area) | |||
* ]: between 121,000 (2002 estimate) and 165,227 (2006 estimate) | |||
* ]: 99,471 (147,758 greater metropolitan area) | |||
=== National parks === | |||
Serbia has five ]s: | |||
* ] (250 km²) | |||
* ] (120 km²) | |||
* ] (220 km²) | |||
* ] (]) (640 km²) | |||
* ] (390 km²) | |||
== History == | |||
{{main|History of Serbia}} | |||
{{see also|List of Serbian monarchs|History of Yugoslavia|}} | |||
=== Medieval Serbia === | |||
] ] of the ].]] The roots of the Serbian state date back to the ] and the ]. A Serbian kingdom (centered around ]) was established in the ]. It lasted until the end of the 12th century. | |||
The medieval Serbian state was re-formed in the ] region in the 12th century by the Serbian ] ]. In ], under ], Serbia became a kingdom, and in ], ] established the ]. The Empire was disintegrated and fell to the ] after the historic ] in ]. The northern Serbian territories (the ]) were conquered in ] following the siege of the "temporary" capital ]. ] fell a few years after Smederevo, and ] in ]. | |||
=== Ottoman Serbia === | |||
Following the collapse of ] in ], between ] and ], Serbia was under the ] occupation, despite three ] invasions and numerous rebellions (such as the ]). ] was in a period of expansion during this time, especially in ], ] and ]. Many ] (and ]) converted to Islam, which eventually led to the forming of the ] nation. The Ottoman period was a defining one in the history of the country; Slavic, Byzantine, Arabic and Turkish cultures suffused. Many contemporary cultural traits can be traced back to Ottoman period. However the majority of the Serbs managed to keep their culture and religion through the long period of Ottoman rule. | |||
=== Modern Serbia === | |||
''Main article: ] | |||
] | |||
The ] of ]-], led by ] (also known as ''Karađorđe'' or "Black George"), and the ] of ] resulted in the establishment of the ]. As it was semi-independent from the Ottoman Empire, it is considered to be the precursor of the formation of ]. | |||
From ] to ], the Serbian state was ruled by the ], except from ] to ], when Serbia was ruled by Prince ]. In 1903, the House of Obrenović was replaced by the ], who were descendants of Đorđe Petrović. | |||
In the northern part of present-day Serbia that was ruled by the ], the local Serbs created in 1848 their autonomous region known as the ]. The region was in 1849 transformed into new Austrian crownland known as the ]. Although, the crownland was abolished in 1860, the Serbs from the Vojvodina region gained another opportunity to achieve their political demands in 1918. | |||
The struggle for a modern society, human rights and a nation-state in Serbia lasted almost three decades and was completed with the adoption of the constitution on 15th February 1835. In 1876, ], Serbia, and ] declared war against the Ottoman Empire and proclaimed their unification. However, the ], which was signed at the ] by the ], granted complete independence only to Serbia and Montenegro, leaving Bosnia and ] to ], who blocked their unification until the ] of 1912 and 1913 and ]. | |||
], leader of the ] in 1804.]] | |||
On ] ] the ] of ] at ] in ] by ], a South Slav unionist, Austrian subject and member of ], led to Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia. The ] started to mobilise its troops in defence of its ally Serbia, which resulted in the ] declaring war on Russia in support of its ally Austria-Hungary. However, as German military planners ] against both Russia and ], they attacked France first. This eventually culminated in all the major ] being drawn into the war. The Serbian Army won several major victories against Austria-Hungary during ], but it was finally overpowered by the joint forces of the German Empire, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria. In World War I, Serbia had 1,264,000 casualties — 28% of its total population, and 58% of its male population.{{fact}} | |||
{{History of Serbia}} | |||
=== Between the wars === | |||
After 1918, Serbia, along with ], was a founding member of the ], later known as the ]. During ], Serbia was a German-occupied puppet state that included present-day Central Serbia and Banat, popularly called ]. However, parts of the present-day territory of Serbia were occupied by Croatian, Hungarian, Bulgarian, Albanian, and Italian armies. The occupying powers committed numerous crimes against the civilian population, especially against Serbs and Jews.{{fact}} | |||
=== Post WWII === | |||
In 1945, Serbia was established as one of the federal units of the ], the Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia, led by ] until his death in 1980. | |||
After the collapse of the second Yugoslavia in 1992 until the year ], Serbia, together with Montenegro, was part of the ]. Despite civil wars in neighbouring ] and ], while helping Serbs in Croatia and Bosnia try to remain a part of Yugoslavia, Serbia remained peaceful until 1998, when clashes with the terrorist K.L.A. started in Kosovo. | |||
Between 1998 and 1999, continued clashes in Kosovo between Serbian and Yugoslav security forces and the ] prompted a ] which lasted for 78 days. The attacks were stopped when Yugoslav president ] agreed to remove all security forces, including the military and the police, and have them replaced by a body of international police, in return for which Kosovo would formally remain within the Yugoslav Federation (See: ]). | |||
]]] | |||
In September 2000, opposition parties claimed that Milosevic committed fraud in routine federal elections. Street protests and rallies throughout Serbia eventually forced Milosevic to concede and hand over power to the recently formed Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS), a broad coalition of anti-Milosevic parties. | |||
] led to end of the international isolation Serbia suffered during the Milosevic years. Serbia's new democratic leaders announced that Serbia would seek to join the ] and ]. In October 2005, the EU opened negotiations with Serbia for a Stabilization and Association Agreement (SAA), a preliminary step towards joining the EU. | |||
From 2003 to 2006, Serbia was part of the ], into which the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia had been transformed. On ], ], Montenegro held a ] to determine whether or not to end the union with Serbia. The next day, state-certified results showed 55.5% of voters in favor of independence, which was just above the 55% required by the referendum. On ], the ] declared ] independent of the State Union and on ], the ] declared Serbia the successor to the State Union. | |||
== Government & politics == | |||
{{main|Politics of Serbia}} | |||
{{see also|Politics of Vojvodina|Elections in Serbia|Human rights in Serbia|Constitutional status of Kosovo}} | |||
], President of Serbia]] | |||
On ] ] the ] agreed to a weaker form of cooperation between Serbia and ] within a ] called ]. The union ceased to exist following ] and Serbian declarations of independence in June 2006. | |||
After the ousting of ] on ] ], the country was governed by the ]. | |||
Tensions gradually increased within the coalition until the ] (DSS) left the government, leaving the ] (DS) in overall control. Nevertheless, in March ] the DSS gathered enough support to form the new ], together with ] and coalition ]-], and the support of the ], who do not take part in the government, but in exchange for the support hold minor government and justice positions and influence policies. The ] is ], leader of the ]. | |||
The current ] is ], leader of the ] (DS). He was elected with 53% of the vote in the second round of the ] held on ] ], following several unsuccessful elections since ]. | |||
Serbia will hold a two-day referendum on October 28-29, 2006, to ratify a new constitution, which would replace the Milošević-era Žabljak constitution if approved. If the constitution is ratified, Serbia could hold new national elections as soon as December 2006. | |||
=== Administrative subdivisions === | |||
{{main|Subdivisions of Serbia}} | |||
{{see also|Regions of Serbia|Districts of Serbia|Municipalities of Serbia|}} | |||
] | |||
Serbia is divided into 29 districts plus the ]. The districts are further divided into 108 municipalities. Serbia has two autonomous provinces: ] (also called Kosovo or Kosmet which is Serbian shortcut) on the south (5 districts, 30 municipalities), which is presently under the administration of the ], and ] on the north (7 districts, 46 municipalities). | |||
The part of Serbia that is neither in ] nor in ] is called ]. Central Serbia is not an administrative division, unlike the two autonomous provinces, and it has no regional government of its own. In ] this region is often called "]" to denote "the part of the Republic of Serbia not including the provinces of ] and ]", as the ] puts it . This usage was also employed in ] during the Yugoslav era (in the form of "uža Srbija", literally: "narrow Serbia"). Its use in English is purely geographical, without any particular political meaning being implied. | |||
Negotiations are currently underway to determine the future political status of ] under the leadership of the ]. | |||
== Demographics == | |||
{{main|Demographics of Serbia}} | |||
{{see also|Demographic history of Serbia|Demographic history of Vojvodina|Demographic history of Kosovo|Ethnic groups of Vojvodina}} | |||
] in Serbia during a traditional dance]] | |||
Serbia is populated mostly by ]. Significant ] include ] (who are a majority in the province of ]), ], ], ], ], ], ], ], etc. Serbia consists of three territories: the province of ], the province of ] and ] (] ]: Централна Србија, ] ]: Centralna Srbija, ]: Central Serbia. Note: The English language sometimes uses the varieties such are "Serbia proper" or "Narrower Serbia"). The two provinces are ethnically diverse, which originates in the fact, that the country has been organised from parts ruled by the former ] ] in the south and parts ruled by the former ] ] in the north. | |||
The northern province of ] is the most developed part of the country in terms of economic strength. Together with the ] of ], ] and ], Vojvodina was under the administration of ] before the World War One. Vojvodina is one of the most ethnically diverse territories in Europe, with more than 26 different national communities. According to the last completed census (]), the province has a population of about 2 million, of which: ] 65%, ] 14.3%, ] 2.79%, ] 2.78%, undeclared 2.71%, ] 2.45%, ] 1.75%, ] 1.50%, ] 1.43%, ] 0.97%, ] 0.77%, ] 0.58%, regional affiliation 0.50%, ] 0.23%, others (], ], ], ], ] etc). | |||
;Population statistics of Serbia (Estimate May 2005): | |||
*Serbia (total): 9,396,411 | |||
**]: 2,116,725 | |||
**]: 5,479,686 | |||
**]: 1,800,000 | |||
== Economy == | |||
{{main|Economy of Serbia}} | |||
{{expand}} | |||
{{copyedit}} | |||
;GDP and growth: | |||
:{| border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 class="toccolours" style="align: left; margin: 0.5em 0 0 0; border-style: solid; border: 1px solid #7f7f7f; border-right-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" | |||
|- | |||
! style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" | Gross Domestic Product | |||
|- | |||
| '''Real GDP (PPP):''' | |||
$41.15 billion (2005 est.) (Source: CIA ) | |||
$47.77 billion (2006 est.; Serbia - World Economic Outlook Sept. 2006) (Source: IMF ) | |||
|- | |||
| '''Real GDP ] (PPP):''' | |||
$4,400 (2005 est.) (Source: CIA ) | |||
$5,713 (2006 est.; for Serbia - World Economic Outlook Sept. 2006) (Source: IMF ) | |||
|- | |||
| '''Real GDP (exchange rate conversion):''' | |||
$19.19 billion (2005 est.; excl. Kosovo) (Source: CIA ) | |||
$27.544 billion (2006 est.; for Serbia) (Source: IMF ) | |||
|- | |||
| '''Real GDP ] (exchange rate conversion):''' | |||
$3294.37 (2006 est.; for Serbia) (Source: IMF ) | |||
|- | |||
| '''Real GDP growth rate (2005):''' | |||
5.9% (2005 est.; excl. Kosovo) (Source: CIA ) | |||
|} | |||
:{| border=1 cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 class="toccolours" style="align: left; margin: 0.5em 0 0 0; border-style: solid; border: 1px solid #7f7f7f; border-right-width: 2px; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" | |||
|- | |||
! style="background: #efefef; border-bottom: 2px solid gray;" | Other statistics | |||
|- | |||
| '''Industrial production growth rate:''' 7.1% (2004), 1.3% (2005) | |||
|- | |||
| '''Unemployment rate:''' 20.0% (2005) (31.6% with Kosovo) | |||
|- | |||
| '''Inflation:''' 15.5% (2005) | |||
|- | |||
| '''Foreign debt:''' $15.43 Billion (2005) | |||
|- | |||
| '''FDI (2005):''' $1 481 Million (Source: NBS ) | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
== Culture == | |||
{{main|Serbian culture}} | |||
], Serbian national music instrument]] | |||
Serbia is one of ] most culturally diverse countries. The borders between large empires ran through the territory of today's Serbia for long periods in history: between the ] and ] halves of the ]; and between the ] and the ] (later ]). As a result, while the north is culturally ], the south is rather more ]. Of course, both regions have influenced each other, and so the distinction between north and south is artificial to some extent. | |||
The ]'s influence on Serbia was perhaps the greatest. Serbs are ], not ], with their own national church - the ]. They use both the ] and ] alphabets, as a result of both Eastern and Western influences. The ], built largely in the ], are one of the most valuable and visible traces of ] association with the Byzantium and the Orthodox World, but also with the Romanic (Western) Europe that Serbia had close ties with back in middle ages. | |||
=== Education === | |||
{{Main|Education in Serbia}} | |||
Education in Serbia is regulated by the ]. | |||
Education starts in either pre-schools or elementary schools. Children enroll in elementary schools (]: ''Osnovna škola'') at age of 7 and it lasts for eight years. | |||
=== Tourism === | |||
{{Main|Tourism in Serbia}} | |||
Tourism in Serbia is mostly based in mountains and villages. The most famous mountain resorts are ], ], and the ]. There also are a lot of spas in Serbia, one the biggest of which is the ]. There is also significant tourism in ] and ] (the capital of the ] province), as well to the ] and the ]. | |||
=== Serbian holidays === | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
! Date | |||
! Name | |||
! Notes | |||
|- | |||
| ]/] | |||
| ] | |||
|- | |||
| ] | |||
| ] ] | |||
|- | |||
| ] | |||
| National Holiday (Orthodox New Year) | |||
| "Српска Нова Година"<br>"Srpska Nova Godina" | |||
|- | |||
| ] | |||
| ]'s feast Day | |||
| Day of Spirituality | |||
|- | |||
| ] | |||
| Sretenje | |||
| Serbian ] | |||
|- | |||
| ] | |||
| Orthodox ] | |||
| Date for 2006 only | |||
|- | |||
| ] | |||
| Orthodox ] | |||
| Date for 2006 only | |||
|- | |||
| ] | |||
| Orthodox ] | |||
| Date for 2006 only | |||
|- | |||
| ]/] | |||
| ] | |||
|- | |||
| ] | |||
| ] | |||
|- | |||
| ] | |||
| ] (]'s Day) | |||
| In memory of soldiers fallen at the ] | |||
|} | |||
=== See also === | |||
{{Serbia topics}} | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
** ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
* ] | |||
== Infrastructure == | |||
=== Communications === | |||
{{main|Communications in Serbia}} | |||
=== Transportation === | |||
{{main|Transportation in Serbia}} | |||
Serbia, in particular the valley of the ], is often described as "the crossroads between East and West", which is one of the primary reasons for its turbulent history. The Morava valley route, which avoids mountainous regions, is by far the easiest way of travelling overland from continental ] to ] and ]. | |||
] E65, E70, E75 and E80, as well as the E662, E761, E762, E763, E771, and E851 pass through the country. The E70 westwards from Belgrade and most of the E75 are modern highways of ] / ] standard or close to that. | |||
The ] River, ]'s connection to the ], flows through Serbia. | |||
There are three international airports in Serbia: ], ], and ] (last one is located in the Serbian province of ]). Three regional airports are being reconstruct at the moment, and by the end of 2006, the number of international airports in Serbia will increase. | |||
The national carrier is ] and the railway system is operated by ] in ] and by ] on the national level. | |||
== Miscellaneous == | |||
* On ] ] the ] adopted ] as the country's ]. | |||
* In addition, the ] royal coat of arms now replaces the ] adopted after ]. It was first used in the ]. The arms are those of the royal Obrenović dynasty; they are used in two versions, the large (pictured) and small (just the central shield with eagle and crown surmounting). Use of these arms is 'recommended' which means that the coat of arms is not yet official. It will become so if adoption of the Obrenović arms is approved by more than 50% of the voters in a constitutional referendum. | |||
*] ] is discovered by ] and named after Serbia. | |||
* Serbia grows about one-third of the world's ].{{citation-needed}} | |||
* Serbian industries: machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; tanks and weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural machinery); metallurgy (steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium); mining (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone); consumer goods (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs, appliances); electronics, petroleum products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals (] Fact Book 2006) | |||
* As a newly independent state, Serbia will deal with assigment of international ]. | |||
* Serbia and Montenegro were represented by ] in the ] tournament, despite having formally split just days prior to its start. Following this event, this team is to be inherited by Serbia, while a new one is to be organized to represent Montenegro in future international competition. | |||
== Gallery == | |||
<center><gallery> | |||
Image:Kalemegdan.jpg.png|<center>], ] | |||
Image:Pogled sa Save-big.jpg|The historical urban core of Belgrade (view from river ]) | |||
Image:Zdf.jpg|<center>] | |||
Image:Nis-at-night.jpg|<center>]<br>Monument to the liberators | |||
Image:Kragujevac- Muzej 21 oktobar.jpg|] in Kragujevac | |||
Image:Theatre in subotica.jpg|<center>National Theatre in ] | |||
Image:HPIM0229.JPG|<center>City Hall and monument of king ], ] | |||
Image:Citadel_Petrovaradin.jpg|<center>] Citadel over ] (]) | |||
Image:Golubac.JPG|<center>Medieval castle in ] | |||
Image:Ne_Udhetim_132.jpg|<center>Center of ] | |||
Image:Resavska pecina.JPG|<center>] near ] | |||
Image:Pejzaz9.jpg|<center>] tourist center | |||
Image:Delihom.jpg|<center>] | |||
Image:TabulaTraiana.jpg|<center>Tabula Traiana near ] | |||
Image:Bacs1.jpg|<center>] fortress | |||
Image:Djurdjevi stupovi 016.jpg|<center>] monastery, near ] | |||
</gallery></center> | |||
== See also == | |||
{{portal}} | |||
*] | |||
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==References== | |||
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== External links == | |||
{{commonscat|Serbia}} | |||
{{sisterlinks|Serbia}} | |||
===Government links=== | |||
<small>(In alphabetical order of the domain name.)</small> | |||
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<small>(In alphabetical order.)</small> | |||
* News portal | |||
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* Web Portal | |||
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{{Slavic States}} | |||
{{EU countries and candidates}} | |||
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Revision as of 15:37, 3 October 2006
Sorry under construction. (We are sallen Rashka do you wount to buy it?)