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| '''Pan-Turkism''' was a political movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries which had as its goal the political union of all Turkish-speaking peoples in the Ottoman Empire, Russia, China, Iran, and Afghanistan. The movement, which began among the Turks in the Crimea and on the Volga, initially sought to unite the Turks of the Ottoman and Russian empires against the growing Russian tsarist domination. | |||
| '''Pan-Turkism''' is a political movement aiming to unite the various ] into a modern political ], a movement closely related to ]. | |||
| ==Name== | ==Name== | ||
| While the various Turkic peoples often share historical, cultural and linguistic roots, the rising of a pan-Turkic political movement is a phenomenon only of the ] and ] and can be seen in parallel with European developments like ] and ] or with Middle-Eastern ]. |
While the various Turkic peoples often share historical, cultural and linguistic roots, the rising of a pan-Turkic political movement is a phenomenon only of the ] and ] and can be seen in parallel with European developments like ] and ] or with Middle-Eastern ]. | ||
| ==History== | ==History== | ||
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| One of the most significant early exponents of pan-Turkism was ], the ] Minister of War and ] ] during ]. He later became one of the leaders of the ] movement in Central Asia during the ], trying to create a united ]. | One of the most significant early exponents of pan-Turkism was ], the ] Minister of War and ] ] during ]. He later became one of the leaders of the ] movement in Central Asia during the ], trying to create a united ]. | ||
| ==After 1920s== | |||
| While of little impact during much of the 20th century, the dissolution of the ] in the late 20th century meant that the majority of the Turkic peoples were suddenly again able to travel and conduct business as partners in political alliances. | |||
| During the war against ] and after construction of Modern ],] deemphasized Pan-Turkism, instead encouraging Turkish nationalism. Pan-Turkish and Turanist movements was prohibited. Many peoples was punished during 1940s. | |||
| ==Turkey's role== | |||
| ] has become a major business partner to many Central Asian Turkic states, helped with the reform of higher education, the introduction of the ], economic development and commerce. However, these efforts have met the expectations of neither the Turkic states nor the Pan-Turkist sentiment in Turkey. For example: | |||
| *Housing projects of modest size promised to the ] have not been completed after many years. | |||
| *] and ] never adopted the Latin alphabet, while the ] and ] alphabets are not compatible with the rest, mostly due to the lack or delay of the printing and teaching material promised by Turkey. | |||
| *], of ], whose presidency was toppled by a small group of soldiers after the Turkish government refused to intervene. | |||
| ==Origins of Turkic peoples== | ==Origins of Turkic peoples== | ||
| The political pan-Turkic movement |
The political pan-Turkic movement cannot be linked with development of theories of the origin of Turkic peoples, with some linguistic theories about the ] languages and with some theories about ancient ], e.g. the origin of the ]ians and ]s as being early Turks. The ] movement in Turkey was emphasized the necessity of cleananing the Ottoman Turkish language from foreign (mostly ] and ]) influence. At early stages of young Turkish republic, ] proposed by ] himself (and a few year later was drawnback), can be seen as part of this same intellectual climate to create a nation from Ottoman ]. | ||
| ==Criticism== | |||
| Pan-Turkism is and has always been a movement viewed with suspicion by many, often perceived as nothing else but a new form of Turkish imperial ambition. Some see it as downright racist, particularly when considering the associated racial and historical teachings. Critics also believe that the concept of Pan-Turkism is flawed because of the distinct dialects among each different group of Turks, which some times lead to problems of understanding between people speaking different Turkic language. There is also concern over religious differences too. Although most Turks follow the ] sect of ], the ] of ] are distinct in that they follow the more conservative ] school. Some critics also claim that Pan-Turkists are at the fore front of major historical revisionism regarding Turkic history and world history in general. <ref></ref> | |||
| Critics also cite Pan-Turkism as a direct cause for the ] of 1915, in which Enver Pasha was involved. The movement has also been seen as the cause for the policy of "]" which Turkey has attempted to impose on its ethnic minorities such as the ] and the ]. Until 1991, the Turkish government denied the existence of a separate Kurdish ethnic identity and statistically categorized them as "Mountain Turks".<ref></ref> | |||
| Still, proponents see Pan-Turkism as a way of increasing regional security, economic growth and as a viable bulwark against ] movements, by furthering ] and democratic government in the region. | |||
| ==Quotations== | ==Quotations== | ||
| *''"Dilde, fikirde, işte birlik"'' translated ''"Unity of Language, Thought and Action"'' by ], ] a ] and famous member of the ] | *''"Dilde, fikirde, işte birlik"'' translated ''"Unity of Language, Thought and Action"'' by ], ] a ] and famous member of the ] | ||
| *''"Bu yürüyüş devam ediyor. Türk orduları ata ruhlarının dolaştığı Altay ve Tanrı Dağları eteklerinde geçit resmi yapıncaya kadar devam edecektir."'' translated ''"This march is going on. It will continue until the Turkic Armies' parade on the foothills of Altai and Tien-Shan mountains where the souls of their ancestors stroll.''" ] |
*''"Bu yürüyüş devam ediyor. Türk orduları ata ruhlarının dolaştığı Altay ve Tanrı Dağları eteklerinde geçit resmi yapıncaya kadar devam edecektir."'' translated ''"This march is going on. It will continue until the Turkic Armies' parade on the foothills of Altai and Tien-Shan mountains where the souls of their ancestors stroll.''" ](12.01.1905-11.12.1975) | ||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| *] | |||
| *] | |||
| *] | *] | ||
| *] | *] | ||
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| ==External links== | ==External links== | ||
| * | |||
| * | |||
| * | * | ||
| * by ], German Turkologist | * by ], German Turkologist | ||
Revision as of 21:12, 4 October 2006
Pan-Turkism was a political movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries which had as its goal the political union of all Turkish-speaking peoples in the Ottoman Empire, Russia, China, Iran, and Afghanistan. The movement, which began among the Turks in the Crimea and on the Volga, initially sought to unite the Turks of the Ottoman and Russian empires against the growing Russian tsarist domination.
Name
While the various Turkic peoples often share historical, cultural and linguistic roots, the rising of a pan-Turkic political movement is a phenomenon only of the 19th and 20th century and can be seen in parallel with European developments like Pan-Slavism and Pan-Germanism or with Middle-Eastern Pan-Arabism.
History
Following the fall of the Ottoman Empire with its multi-cultural and multi-ethnic population, influenced by emerging racial theories and the Turkish nationalism of the Young Turks, some tried to replace the lost empire with a new Turkish commonwealth.
One of the most significant early exponents of pan-Turkism was Enver Pasha, the Ottoman Minister of War and acting Commander-in-Chief during World War I. He later became one of the leaders of the Basmachi movement in Central Asia during the Russian Civil War, trying to create a united Turkestan.
After 1920s
During the war against Greek occupation of Anatolia and after construction of Modern Turkey,Mustafa Kemal Atatürk deemphasized Pan-Turkism, instead encouraging Turkish nationalism. Pan-Turkish and Turanist movements was prohibited. Many peoples was punished during 1940s.
Origins of Turkic peoples
The political pan-Turkic movement cannot be linked with development of theories of the origin of Turkic peoples, with some linguistic theories about the Ural-Altaic languages and with some theories about ancient archeology, e.g. the origin of the Sumerians and Etruscans as being early Turks. The Kemalist movement in Turkey was emphasized the necessity of cleananing the Ottoman Turkish language from foreign (mostly Persian and Arabic) influence. At early stages of young Turkish republic, Sun Language Theory proposed by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk himself (and a few year later was drawnback), can be seen as part of this same intellectual climate to create a nation from Ottoman Ummet.
Quotations
- "Dilde, fikirde, işte birlik" translated "Unity of Language, Thought and Action" by İsmail Gaspıralı, 1839 a Crimean Tatar and famous member of the Turanian Society
- "Bu yürüyüş devam ediyor. Türk orduları ata ruhlarının dolaştığı Altay ve Tanrı Dağları eteklerinde geçit resmi yapıncaya kadar devam edecektir." translated "This march is going on. It will continue until the Turkic Armies' parade on the foothills of Altai and Tien-Shan mountains where the souls of their ancestors stroll." Hüseyin Nihâl Atsız(12.01.1905-11.12.1975)
See also
- Enosis
- Megali Idea
- Chauvinism
- Extremism
- Nationalism
- Pan-Iranism
- Pan-Slavism
- Pan Arabism
- Pan Celticism
- Großdeutschland
- Greater Israel
- Greater Albania
- Greater Poland
- Greater Romania
- Greater Serbia
- Bosniak nationalism
- Greater Hungary
Further reading
- Jacob M. Landau: Pan-Turkism: From Irredentism to Cooperation, 1995. ISBN 1850652694
External links
- Encyclopaedia Britannica Entry on Megali Idea/Greater Greece Dream
- Enosis in Cyprus
- Encyclopaedia Britannica Entry on Pan-Turkism
- Article on Pan-Turkism by Ildiko Beller Hann, German Turkologist