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'''Breast Tax''' or '''Mulakkaram''' was a ] imposed on lower caste Hindu women if they wanted to cover their chests, including their ]s in public, in the ], now part of Kerala.<ref name="Jayakumar1999">{{cite book|author=Vijayalayam Jayakumar|title=Sree Narayana Guru, a Critical Study|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=r10qAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=26 July 2016|date=1 January 1999|publisher=D.K. Printworld|isbn=978-81-246-0120-4|page=14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Kochi/200-years-on-nangelis-sacrifice-only-a-fading-memory/article5255026.ece | title=200 years on, Nangeli’s sacrifice only a fading memory | publisher=The Hindu | work=Nidhi Surendranath | date=21 October 2013 | accessdate=26 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/She-died-fighting-breast-tax-her-name-lives-on/articleshow/51283819.cms | title=She died fighting `breast tax', her name lives on | publisher=] | work=Vijay Singh | date=7 March 2016 | accessdate=26 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://archives.deccanchronicle.com/130112/news-current-affairs/article/reason-read-vivekananda-again | title=Reason to read Vivekananda again | publisher=] | work=Nadeesh Kareemadathi | accessdate=26 July 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of Kerala Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8UjkVHi_cJoC|accessdate=13 October 2017|year=2011|publisher=University of Kerala.|page=93}}</ref> '''Breast Tax''' or '''Mulakkaram''' was a ] imposed on lower caste Hindu women if they wanted to cover their chests, including their ]s in public, in the ], now part of Kerala.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of Kerala Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8UjkVHi_cJoC|accessdate=13 October 2017|year=2011|publisher=University of Kerala.|page=93|quote=One of the many social ills that is worth mentioning to high- light the plight of a person in those times is the breast tax or 'Mulakkaram”. The lower caste women were proscribed by their high caste masters from covering their upper part of the …}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kattackal|first1=Jacob|title=Comparative Religion|date=1990|publisher=Oriental Institute of Religious Studies, India|page=144|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=O_MnAAAAYAAJ|language=en|quote='low-caste' men had to pay a 'head-tax', and the 'low-caste women' had to pay a 'breast tax' ('tala-karam' and 'mula-karam') to the government treasury.}}</ref>


==See also== ==See also==

Revision as of 09:40, 13 October 2017

Breast Tax or Mulakkaram was a tax imposed on lower caste Hindu women if they wanted to cover their chests, including their breasts in public, in the Kingdom of Travancore, now part of Kerala.

See also

References

  1. Journal of Kerala Studies. University of Kerala. 2011. p. 93. Retrieved 13 October 2017. One of the many social ills that is worth mentioning to high- light the plight of a person in those times is the breast tax or 'Mulakkaram". The lower caste women were proscribed by their high caste masters from covering their upper part of the …
  2. Kattackal, Jacob (1990). Comparative Religion. Oriental Institute of Religious Studies, India. p. 144. 'low-caste' men had to pay a 'head-tax', and the 'low-caste women' had to pay a 'breast tax' ('tala-karam' and 'mula-karam') to the government treasury.
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