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| '''Breast Tax''' or '''Mulakkaram''' was a ] imposed on lower caste Hindu women if they wanted to cover their chests, including their ]s in public, in the ], now part of Kerala.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of Kerala Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8UjkVHi_cJoC|accessdate=13 October 2017|year=2011|publisher=University of Kerala.|page=93|quote=One of the many social ills that is worth mentioning to high- light the plight of a person in those times is the breast tax or 'Mulakkaram”. The lower caste women were proscribed by their high caste masters from covering their upper part of the …}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kattackal|first1=Jacob|title=Comparative Religion|date=1990|publisher=Oriental Institute of Religious Studies, India|page=144|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=O_MnAAAAYAAJ|language=en|quote='low-caste' men had to pay a 'head-tax', and the 'low-caste women' had to pay a 'breast tax' ('tala-karam' and 'mula-karam') to the government treasury.}}</ref> | '''Breast Tax''' or '''Mulakkaram''' was a ] imposed on lower caste Hindu women if they wanted to cover their chests, including their ]s in public, in the ], now part of Kerala.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of Kerala Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8UjkVHi_cJoC|accessdate=13 October 2017|year=2011|publisher=University of Kerala.|page=93|quote=One of the many social ills that is worth mentioning to high- light the plight of a person in those times is the breast tax or 'Mulakkaram”. The lower caste women were proscribed by their high caste masters from covering their upper part of the …}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kattackal|first1=Jacob|title=Comparative Religion|date=1990|publisher=Oriental Institute of Religious Studies, India|page=144|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=O_MnAAAAYAAJ|language=en|quote='low-caste' men had to pay a 'head-tax', and the 'low-caste women' had to pay a 'breast tax' ('tala-karam' and 'mula-karam') to the government treasury.}}</ref> | ||
| <ref>{{cite journal | url=http://www.ijiras.com/2017/Vol_4-Issue_3/paper_16.pdf | title=Amoralities Give Rise To Social Reform Movements Of Kerala – A Study Of Nambuthiri, Nair And Ezhava Women Analogous Vows | author=Jayasree K Kuniyath , Dr. K. C. Sankaranarayanan | journal=International Journal of Innovative Research and Advanced Studies | year= March 2017 | month=| volume=4 | issue=3 | pages=84}}</ref> | |||
| <ref>{{cite journal | url=http://ijrcs.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/201708019.pdf | title=CONDITION OF WOMEN IN PRE-MODERN TRAVANCORE | author=Keerthana Santhosh | journal=INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH CULTURE SOCIETY |year=August 2017 | month= | volume=1 | issue=6 | pages=119}}</ref> | |||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
| * ] | * ] | ||
Revision as of 13:19, 13 October 2017
Breast Tax or Mulakkaram was a tax imposed on lower caste Hindu women if they wanted to cover their chests, including their breasts in public, in the Kingdom of Travancore, now part of Kerala.
See also
References
- Journal of Kerala Studies. University of Kerala. 2011. p. 93. Retrieved 13 October 2017.
One of the many social ills that is worth mentioning to high- light the plight of a person in those times is the breast tax or 'Mulakkaram". The lower caste women were proscribed by their high caste masters from covering their upper part of the …
- Kattackal, Jacob (1990). Comparative Religion. Oriental Institute of Religious Studies, India. p. 144.
'low-caste' men had to pay a 'head-tax', and the 'low-caste women' had to pay a 'breast tax' ('tala-karam' and 'mula-karam') to the government treasury.
- Jayasree K Kuniyath , Dr. K. C. Sankaranarayanan (March 2017). "Amoralities Give Rise To Social Reform Movements Of Kerala – A Study Of Nambuthiri, Nair And Ezhava Women Analogous Vows" (PDF). International Journal of Innovative Research and Advanced Studies. 4 (3): 84.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|month=(help)CS1 maint: year (link) - Keerthana Santhosh (August 2017). "CONDITION OF WOMEN IN PRE-MODERN TRAVANCORE" (PDF). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH CULTURE SOCIETY. 1 (6): 119.
{{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|month=(help)CS1 maint: year (link)