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Part of a series on the
History of Czechoslovakia
Origins of Czechoslovakia 1918 Washington Declaration 1918 First Czechoslovak Republic 1918–1938 Munich Agreement 1938 Second Czechoslovak Republic 1938–1939 German occupation 1938–1945      Bohemia and Moravia 1939–1945      Slovak Republic 1939–1945 Czechoslovak government-in-exile 1939–1945 Third Czechoslovak Republic 1945–1948      Coup d'état 1948 Czechoslovak Socialist Republic 1948–1989      Prague Spring/Invasion 1968 Velvet Revolution 1989      Post-revolution 1989–1992 Federative Republic 1990–1992 Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 1992
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The "Velvet Revolution" (Czech: sametová revoluce, Slovak: nežná revolúcia) (November 16 – December 29 1989) refers to a bloodless revolution in Czechoslovakia that saw the overthrow of the communist government there.

On November 17, 1989, a peaceful student demonstration in Prague was severely beaten back by the riot police. That event sparked a set of popular demonstrations from November 19 to late December. By November 20 the number of peaceful protesters assembled in Prague had swelled from 200,000 the day before to an estimated half-million. A general two-hour strike, involving all citizens of Czechoslovakia, was held on November 27.

With other communist regimes falling all around it, and with growing street protests, the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia announced on November 28 they would give up their monopoly on political power. Barbed wire was removed from the border with West Germany and Austria in early December. On December 10, the Communist President Gustáv Husák appointed the first largely non-communist government in Czechoslovakia since 1948, and resigned. Alexander Dubček was elected speaker of the federal parliament on December 28 and Václav Havel the President of Czechoslovakia on December 29 1989.

As one of the results of the Velvet Revolution, the first democratic elections since 1946 were held in June, 1990, and brought the first completely non-communist government to Czechoslovakia in over forty years.

Political situation prior to the revolution

Czechoslovakia was ruled by the Communist Party from February 25, 1948. During this period of rule, there were no official opposition parties operating within the government. Dissidents (notably Charter 77) published home-made periodicals (samizdat), but they faced persecution from the secret police, and the general public was afraid to support them. A person could be dismissed from his job or school, or have his books or movies banned for having a "negative attitude to socialist regime." This included: being a child of a former entrepreneur or non-Communist politician, having family members in exile, supporting Alexander Dubček, opposing Soviet military occupation, promoting religion, boycotting rigged parliamentary elections, signing Charter 77 or associating with those who did. These rules were easy to enforce as all schools, media and businesses belonged to the state and were under direct supervision.

This changed gradually after the introduction of Mikhail Gorbachev's Perestroika in 1985. The Czechoslovak Communist leadership verbally supported Perestroika, but did little to institute real changes, and speaking of the Prague Spring of 1968 was still a taboo. 1988 (see e.g. the Candle Demonstration) and 1989 saw the first anti-government demonstrations, which were repressed by the police.

The actual impetus for the revolution came from the developments in neighboring countries — by November 16, all neighboring countries of Czechoslovakia, except the Soviet Union, had gotten rid of Communist rule, the Berlin Wall fell on November 9, and the citizens of Czechoslovakia could see all these events every day on TV (both foreign and domestic). The Soviet Union also supported a change in the ruling elite of Czechoslovakia, although it did not anticipate the overthrow of the communist regime.

Chronology of the first week

• Thursday November 16, 1989 – On the eve of International Students Day (the 50th anniversary of death of Jan Opletal, a Czech student murdered by the Nazi occupiers during World War II), Slovak high school and university students organized a peaceful demonstration in the center of Bratislava. Since the Communist Party of Slovakia had expected troubles and since the mere fact that there was a demonstration was a problem in Communist countries, armed forces were at alert since before the demonstration. In the end, however, the students peacefully moved through the city and finally sent a delegation to the Slovak Ministry of Education to discuss their demands.

• Friday November 17, 1989 – The Socialist Union of Youth (SSM/SZM, proxy of Communist Party of Czechoslovakia) organized a mass demonstration to commemorate International Students Day. Most members of SSM had privately been in opposition to the Communist leadership, but had been afraid of speaking up for fear of persecution. This demonstration gave average students an opportunity to join others and express their opinions without fear. By 16:00, about 15 000 people had joined the demonstration. They walked to Opletal's grave and - after the official end - continued to downtown Prague (map), carrying anti-Communist slogans. At about 19:30, the demonstrators were stopped by a cordon of riot police at Národní Street. They had blocked all escape routes and brutally beat the students. Once all were dispersed, one of the participants - secret police agent Ludvík Zifčák - kept lying on the street, posing as dead, and was later taken away. It is not clear why he did it, but the rumor of the "dead student" was perhaps critical for the shape of further events. Still in the evening, students and theater actors agreed on going on a strike.

• Saturday November 18 :
  • Two students visited Prime Minister Ladislav Adamec in his private house and described to him what (really) happened at Národní Street.
  • At the initiative of students from the Academy of Performing Arts in Prague, the students in Prague began a strike. Gradually, this strike was joined by university students throughout Czechoslovakia.
  • The students were supported by theaters in Prague, which had also gone on strike. Instead of playing, actors read a proclamation of students and artists to the audience. Home-made posters and proclamations were being posted in public places. As all media (radio, TV, newspapers) were strictly controlled by the Communist Party (see Mass media in Communist Czechoslovakia), it was the only way to spread the message. In the evening, Radio Free Europe reported that a student (named as Martin Šmíd) was killed by the police during the previous day's demonstration. This persuaded some hesitating citizens to disregard fear and join the protests.

• Sunday November 19:
  • Theaters in Bratislava, Brno, Ostrava and other towns went also on strike, following the example of their colleagues from Prague. Members of artistic and literary associations as well as organizations and institutions in some other areas of the society joined the strikes.
  • Members of a civic initiative met with the Prime Minister who told them that he had been prohibited to resign from his post twice, and that if they wanted to achieve changes, there would have to be mass demonstrations like in East Germany (some 250,000 students). He also asked them to reduce the number of "casualties" during the expected changes to a minimum.
  • About 500 Slovak artists , scientists and other opinion leaders met at the Art Forum (Umelecká beseda) in Bratislava at 17:00, denounced the attack against the students in Prague on November 17 and formed the Public Against Violence, which would become the leading force behind the opposition movement in Slovakia. Its founding members included Milan Kňažko, Ján Budaj and others.
  • Actors and audience in a Prague theater, together with Václav Havel and other prominent members of Charter 77 and other dissident organizations, established the Civic Forum (the equivalent of the Public Against Violence for the territory of the Czech Republic) as a mass popular movement for reforms at 22:00. They called for the dismissal of top officials responsible for the violence, an independent investigation of the incident and the release of all political prisoners. College students announced a strike. On TV, government officials called for peace and wanted to restore usual business. The television aired an interview with Martin Šmíd to persuade the public that nobody had been killed; the quality of the recording was nevertheless low and rumors went on. It would take several more days to confirm that nobody had been killed - and by then, the revolution would have already gained momentum.

• Monday November 20 -
  • Students and theaters were on permanent strike.
  • Civic Forum representatives negotiated with Prime Minister Ladislav Adamec without Václav Havel and more or less unofficially. Adamec was sympathetic to the students' demands. However, he was outvoted in a special cabinet meeting the same day and the government, in an official statement, refused to make any concessions. Civic Forum added another demand - the abolition of the "ruling position" of the Communist Party from the Constitution.
  • Non-Communist newspapers started publishing information, which contradicted the Communist interpretation.
  • First mass demonstration in Prague (100,000 people), first demonstrations in Bratislava.

• Tuesday November 21 -
  • First official meeting of the Civic Forum with the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister said he would personally guarantee that no violence would be used against the people.
  • An organized mass demonstration took place in Wenceslas Square in downtown Prague (demonstrations were held there throughout the following days). Actors and students traveled to factories in and outside Prague to gain support for their colleagues in other cities.
  • A mass demonstration took places on Hviezdoslav Square in downtown Bratislava (for the next days, it moved to the Square of the Slovak National Uprising). The students presented various demands and asked the people to participate in the planned general strike for Monday, November 27. A separate demonstration demanding the release of the political prisoner Ján Čarnogurský (the later Prime Minister of Slovakia) took place in front of the Palace of Justice. Alexander Dubček delivered an address at this demonstration – his first appearance during the Velvet Revolution. As a result, Čarnogurský was released on November 23.
  • Demonstrations in all major cities of Czechoslovakia
  • Cardinal František Tomášek, the Catholic primate of the Czech lands, declared his support of the students, and issued a declaration in which he criticized the situation in all social spheres of Czechoslovakia.
  • For the first time during the Velvet Revolution, the "radical" demand to abolish the article of the Constitution establishing the "leading role" of the Communist Party was expressed by Ľubomír Feldek at a meeting of Public Against Violence. It was spontaneously supported by the popular demonstration on November 25 and finally accepted by the Communist Party of Slovakia on November 26.
  • In the evening, Miloš Jakeš, the chairman of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia, held a special address on Federal Television. He said that order had to be preserved, that socialism was the only alternative for Czechoslovakia and criticized "groups" that stood behind the development in Czechoslovakia.
  • Governmental officials, especially the Head of the Communist Party Miloš Jakeš, kept their hard-line position and seemed increasingly out of touch. In the night, they had called 4,000 members of the "People's Militia" (Lidové milice, a paramilitary organization subordinated directly to the Communist Party) to Prague to crush the protests, but they were called off in the last moment.

• Wednesday November 22 –
  • Civic Forum announced a two-hour general strike for Monday November 27.
  • First live reports from the demonstration in Wenceslas Square appeared on Federal Television (they were quickly cut off, once one of the participants denounced the present government in favor of Alexander Dubček).
  • Striking students force the representatives of the Slovak government and of the Communist Party of Slovakia to participate in a dialogue, in which the official representatives were immediately put on the defensive.
  • Employees of the Slovak section of the Federal Television required the leaders of the Federal Television to provide true information on the events in the country, otherwise they would initiate a strike of TV employees. Uncensored live reports from demonstrations in Bratislava followed.

• Thursday November 23 -
  • Evening news showed how factory workers booed Miroslav Štěpán, Prague Communist Secretary and the most loathed politician. The military informed the Communist leadership of its readiness to act (luckily, it was never used against demonstrators).
  • The military and the Ministry of Defense were preparing for actions against the opposition. Immediately after the meeting, however, the Minister of Defense delivered a TV address, in which he said the army would never undertake action against the Czechoslovak people and called to an end of the demonstrations.

• Friday November 24 -
  • Miloš Jakeš was replaced by puppet politician Karel Urbánek as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia.
  • Federal Television showed pictures from November 17 for the fist time and the first television address of Václav Havel, dealing mostly with the planned general strike. Czechoslovak TV and Radio announce that they would join the general strike.
  • A discussion with representatives of the opposition was broadcast by the Slovak section of the Federal Television. It was the first free discussion on Czechoslovak television since its beginnings. As a result, the editorial staff of Slovak newspapers started to join the opposition.

• Saturday November 25 -
  • The new Communist leadership held a press conference. It had immediately lost credibility by keeping Miroslav Štěpán, leaving Ladislav Adamec out and not addressing any of the demands. Later that day, Štěpán resigned from his position as the Prague Secretary.
  • The number of participants in the regular anti-governmental demonstration in Prague reached 800,000 people. Demonstrations in Bratislava had the highest number of participants at around 100,000.

• Sunday November 26 -
  • Prime Minister Ladislav Adamec met with Václav Havel for the first time.
  • The editorial staff of Slovakia's Pravda, the central newspaper of the Communist Party of Slovakia, joined the opposition.

• Monday November 27 -
  • A two-hour general strike takes place throughout the country between 12:00 and 14:00, supported by 75 % of population. The Ministry of Culture released anti-Communist literature for public checkouts in libraries, which effectively ended censorship. This concluded the "popular" phase of the revolution, with many public demonstrations. The following victories, though supported by the strike students and actors lasting until December 29, were be achieved mainly through negotiations between the governments, the Civic Forum and Public Against Violence.

Key events of the following weeks

• November 29 - Parliament, still dominated by the Communists, removed the article guaranteeing a leadership role to the Communist Party and Marxism as a state ideology from the Constitution. The speaker of the federal Parliament resigned.

• November 30 –
  • Education in Marxism-Leninism and the history of international workers' movement officially cancelled for universities and colleges.
  • The Presidium of the Slovak parliament (Slovak National Council) resigned. It was gradually replaced by non-Communists.
  • The federal government decided that barbed wire should be removed at the border with Austria (later also at the border with West Germany), and that Czechoslovak citizens do not need "exit visa permits" anymore when travelling abroad. Barbed wire at the border with Austria was removed from December 1.

• December 3 - President Gustáv Husák nominated a new federal cabinet, headed by Ladislav Adamec. It had 15 Communist and only 5 non-Communist ministers (so called "15:5 government") and was rejected by the Civic Forum and public demonstrations..

• December 4 - Government announced freedom to travel to Austria (later to all countries). It was no longer necessary to apply for any documents before traveling to Austria. In the following weekend, 250,000 people would visit this country. A permanent queue of cars reaching from the city center of Bratislava to the border crossing with Austria will arise.

• December 6 – Most members of the government of Czechia were replaced by non-Communists. František Pitra remains Prime Minister of the Czech government.

• December 8 – President Gustáv Husák declared amnesty on political crimes.

• December 10 :
  • President Gustáv Husák nominated a federal cabinet, headed by Marián Čalfa, based on an agreement between Civic Forum and the Communists, and resigns. It was the first federal government since 1948 in which the Communists had no majority.
  • Strike of theaters was called off, but students stayed on. Secret police burned their files (incomplete files, insufficient to convincingly prove or disprove collaboration, caused embarrassment to many public figures in the following decade).
  • 100,000 people participated in a protest walk from Bratislava, Czechoslovakia to Hainburg, Austria.

• December 11- Barbed wire removed from borders with West Germany.

• December 12 - Slovakia received a new government headed by Milan Čič. It was the first government of Slovakia since 1969, in which the Communists had no majority.

• December 14 - Tomáš J. Baťa, son of a famous Czech entrepreneur Tomáš Baťa and a president of Bata Shoes, arrived in Czechoslovakia to a warm welcome by the population as a symbol of old Czech industrial traditions and entrepreneurship, which were suppressed by the Communists and now were to return.

• December 21 - People's Militia was abolished, and their weapons confiscated by the army. Later on it was established that the militia had operated against the law throughout the whole Communist era from 1948.

• December 22 – The Civic Forum, Public Against Violence, Communist Party of Czechoslovakia and representatives of students and other political entities agreed that Alexander Dubček would be made speaker of the federal parliament, while Václav Havel would be made President of the republic.

• December 28 - Federal Parliament, still consisting of Communist deputies coming from rigged one-candidate elections of 1986, passed a law allowing for co-optation of new personalities. Several non-Communists became deputies this way. This reform of the Parliament "from inside" was orchestrated by Prime Minister Marián Čalfa and helped re-establish legitimacy of the Parliament immediately without the need to call elections (which took place in June 1990). Alexander Dubček was elected Chairman (speaker) the same day.

• December 29 - Federal Parliament elected Václav Havel as President. Irony of the situation was that Havel-dissident was "freely" elected President by the Communist deputies, who would just days before agreed to his imprisonment again. Students ended their strike. The Velvet Revolution ended.

In December and the following months, Communist Party lost much of its membership (especially those who joined it only as a vehicle for promoting their business, academic or political career). The federal parliament introduced key laws for promoting civic rights, civic liberties and economic freedom. The first free elections were scheduled for June 1990. Problematic events included the first parliamentary deadlock, caused by Czechs and Slovaks disagreeing over the name of the state (see Dash War, the first step towards a Dissolution of Czechoslovakia), nasty accusations of collaboration with Communist secret police (relying on incomplete documents, as some files were burned in December 1989) and an increase in crime (due to a low esteem for the police and an extensive general pardon by the new president Havel, who in effect released all petty criminals from jails). In general, the population was content, and considered such problems the price of their democracy.

Open questions

Not all events of the Velvet revolution have been satisfactorily explained. For over decade conspiracy theorists tried to portray it as a result of plot by StB, KGB, reformists among party members or Gorbachev. By these theories the communist party only transformed its power into other, less visible forms and still controls the society. Later, demand for such theories has decreased.

The most contentious points were:

• It is not clear to what extent it was spontaneous vs. orchestrated by the secret police. For example, the incident with the "dead student" was staged by secret police provocateur Ludvík Zifčák, assisted with other secret agents (those who took him to hospital and initially disseminated the rumor). Zifčák is currently a chairman of "Communist Party of Czechoslovakia", a non-parliamentary group willing to re-establish a Communist regime, with popular support below 1%, and rejects all inquiries relating to his role in the revolution.
• Army and People's Militia were ready to attack the demonstrators, but did not get the order.
• Secret police carried out surveillance on all the leaders of the revolution and had the ability to arrest them. However, they did not do so and let the revolution progress.
• A Soviet military advisor was present in the control center of the police force, which beat the demonstrators on November 17. Supposedly, he did not intervene, but his role is not clear either.

Generally, it is assumed that there was a split between different factions of the Communist leadership (namely, reform Communists anxious to replace those afraid of any change) and some of them tried to use the popular unrest to promote their agendas – ultimately ending the Communist rule.

The term

The term Velvet Revolution was coined by a journalist after the first events and it caught on in world media and eventually in Czechoslovakia. The media, riding on an infotainment wave, saw this success and started the tradition of inventing and assigning a poetic name to similar events – see color revolution.

In Slovakia, however, the revolution's name from the beginning of the events has been the Gentle Revolution (Nežná revolúcia).

The Indian novelist Salman Rushdie writes in Step Across This Line of speaking with Václav Havel at playwright Tom Stoppard's home in England about rock music. Havel said to Rushdie, 'Why do you think we called it the Velvet Revolution?', a reference to Lou Reed and the Velvet Underground .

See also

• Civic Forum and Public Against Violence (political movements that played major role in the revolution)
• Revolutions of 1989
• Dissolution of Czechoslovakia (peaceful dissolution of Czechoslovakia few years later)

External links

• Velvet Revolution on totalita.cz Detailed day-to-day history with key documents quoted (in Czech language only). Shortened version was used as a source for Chronology above.

• Czechoslovakia
• Czech history
• Non-violent revolutions
• History of Prague
• 1989
• Anti-communism