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| The ] is home to a variety of ''']''', including ], ], ] and ]. | |||
| ==Introduction== | |||
| ] was one of the centres of several martial traditions and practices. Most of the centers were in the Southern region, including present-day ] and the ancient Kingdom of ]. Some of the older traditions include organised martial systems as practiced by the ] caste of ], these systems include armed and unarmed combat and aspects such as meditation, conditioning etc. Many ancient ]s have statues of ] and warriors in various postures related to combat. | |||
| ] | |||
| Organised martial arts in India include the ancient martial art of ] (more commonly known as ''Mallayuddha''), a form of combat wrestling codified into four forms, which is described in the Indian epics as the fighting style of warriors such as ]. The art is supposed to have gained maximum prominence in ] at the time when the oral tradition of the ] epic was conceived, the ] was compiled in textual form during the 5th century BC, the epic's setting has a historical precedent in ], where the ] kingdom was the center of political power in the late ] and early ] millennia BCE. It is believed that mallayuddha was regarded as a prominent martial art in that era. | |||
| ] carries a ], the weapon of mythological warriors of India]]Martial arts of the ] are diverse in nature and have origins of different times from various different ethnic groups. A number of ancient and sophisticated ] were developed in ], including ] (empty hand combat), ] (the art of vital points) in ], ] (way of the arena) and ] (Hit And Block), in ]. | |||
| ==Influence of Indian martial arts== | |||
| {{see|Indian influence on Chinese martial arts}} | |||
| {{main|Disputed Indian origins of East Asian martial arts}} | |||
| The martial arts of India have influenced the martial arts of other countries, particularly within the ], those regions outside India influenced by Indian culture. Examples of such arts include ], ], ] and ].] during a ] session]] | |||
| The Indian wrestling form of ] has influenced both ] and it's derivative system of ]. ] travelled to India to train with Indian wrestlers and incorporated their training methods in shoot wrestling, wrestlers like ] have applied these methods to train shoot wrestlers around the world. | |||
| The conditioning methods of Indian martial arts have also been applied to contemporary ]. | |||
| India has also influenced the Portuguese martial art of ]. Tamil immigrants to ] brought with them the staff fighting art ]. | |||
| K. Voroshilov travelled to India, under the employ of NKVD physical training center, ''"]"'', to observe its native matial arts. The collection of techniques from martial arts of various countries — including India — formed the basis of the Russian martial art ]. | |||
| In addition, modern martial arts such as ] credit India to be the origin of their fighting principles. | |||
| == Indian martial arts under colonialism == | |||
| Indian martial arts declined as Western colonialism disrupted the livelihoods of India's martial castes. | |||
| ]s who sought service with rulers as their ancestors had done found their sources of patronage limited by British restrictions; unable to find employment in their traditional line of work, some joined the ].<ref>{{cite book | last = Bayly | first = C.A. | title = Indian Society and the making of the British Empire | origyear = 1988 | edition = Sixth printing | year = 2002 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | id = ISBN 0521386500 | pages = 103}}</ref> | |||
| Kalarippayattu underwent a period of decline after the introduction of firearms and especially after the full establishment of British colonial rule in the 19th century.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Zarrilli, P. | year = 1992 | title = To heal and/or harm: The vital spots (marmmam/varmam) in two south Indian martial traditions--Part I: Focus on Kerala's kalarippayattu | journal = Journal of Asian Martial Arts | volume = 1 | issue = 1 }}</ref> | |||
| More European modes of organizing police, armies and governmental institutions, and the increasing use of firearms, gradually eroded the need for traditional martial training associated with caste-specific duties.<ref>{{cite book | last = Zarrilli | first = Phillip B. | title = When the Body Becomes All Eyes: Paradigms, Discourses and Practices of Power in Kalarippayattu, a South Indian Martial Art | year = 1998 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford}}</ref> | |||
| The ] banned kalarippayattu in 1804 in response to a series of revolts.<ref>{{cite book | last = Luijendijk | first = D.H. | title = Kalarippayat: India's Ancient Martial Art | url = http://www.martialartssupermarket.com/index.cfm?action=showProd&subid=1083 | year = 2005 | publisher = Paladin Press | location = Boulder | id = ISBN 1581604807}}</ref> | |||
| The resurgence of public interest in kalarippayattu began in the 1920s in Tellicherry as part of a wave of rediscovery of the traditional arts throughout South India which characterized the growing reaction against British colonial rule.<ref>Zarrilli 1998</ref> | |||
| == Various Indian martial arts == | |||
| * ] (Kickboxing) | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] (Way of the Arena) ]]] | |||
| * ] (Empty Hand Combat) | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] (The Art of Vital Points) | |||
| * ] (Diamond Fist) | |||
| ==Indian martial arts in popular culture== | |||
| *In the television series, ], ] is shown carrying the ''"chakram of darkness"''. Xena also gets a new chakram in the second episode of the 5th seson called ''Chakram'' | |||
| ] | |||
| *], a popular character from the ] series practices a martial form of ] as his fighting style. | |||
| *] is a ] from the '']'' ] series. She is ] by nationality. | |||
| *] is the superhero alias of Arani Desai, a fictional character in the ] series, ]. In addition to the elemental control of fire and ice, Indian mysticism and monastery training have made her a martial artist. | |||
| *] is a character from manga-ka Masami Kurumada's hit series, '']''. He has grown up in India and received training at the ''"basin of the ]."'' | |||
| *In the ] '']'', Gama appears as the mentor of Joachim Valentine, one of the characters who joins the player's party. Throughout the game, Joachim can challenge Gama to one-on-one matches in order to learn new wrestling moves. | |||
| *James Jensen, the protagonist from ]'s ] series ], learns obscure Indian martial arts of the ]s. | |||
| *In the '']'' video game series, character ] is modelled after ]. | |||
| *] is shown in mallayuddha combat in the animated motion picture ''Warrior Prince, The Legend of Prince Rama'', directed and conceived by Japanese filmmaker ]. | |||
| *The classic martial arts film ] depicts a silent Indian fighter using a yoga based fighting style and having an unnatural ability to extend his limbs to attack. | |||
| *In the ] fighting video games series, the character ] uses a pair of Indian ]s called ''"Manas"'' and ''"Ayus."'' | |||
| *] plays ] in the film ], released in 2003. He's shown to practice the Sikh martial art of Gatka. | |||
| *The epic mallayuddha fight between ] and ] is shown in the popular Indian television series, ''Mahabharata''. | |||
| *A practitioner of Pehlwani is shown tossing ] in the Bollywood motion picture, ], the motion picture is India's official entry for the 2006 ]. | |||
| *] plays the main protagonist, a silent old ex ] veteran trained in "''Marma Shastra''" in the ] motion picture ]. | |||
| *Hadji Singh, a popular character from the animated series ] is an expert in martial arts. He also uses methods like the ] and ] meditation in addition of his abilities. He is shown to display the tricks he learnt from Pasha the peddlar, his past mentor, which are further honed by one of his current mentors, Race Bannon. | |||
| ] comic book, in front of the hindu goddess ]]] | |||
| *Indian motion picture ], released in ] under the name of ''"The Dancing Maharaja"'' shows actor ] in martial arts fight sequences. French filmmaker ]’s ''Prete Moi Ta Main'' (Lend Me Your Hand) features one of the fight sequences from the south Indian motion picture. | |||
| *A Katar was seen in the ] motion picture '']'' wielded by one of ]'s ] during the ] Street Chase scene. | |||
| *In ]'s video game, '']'', the character Kiros uses katars, though the game spells it ''"katal"'' (literally meaning ''murder'' in ]) due to poor ] of its ] form. | |||
| *] (Chinese: 神话; pinyin: Shenhua) is a 2005 film starring ], which depicts Indian martial arts. ] plays Mallika, whose father is a master of Indian martial arts. | |||
| *] | |||
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| *http://www.mattfurey.com/conditioning_book.html | |||
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| ==References== | |||
| <references/> | |||
| {{Indian Martial Arts}} | |||
| ] | |||