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'''Breast Tax''' or '''Mulakkaram''' was a ] imposed on lower caste Hindu women if they wanted to cover their chests, including their ]s in public, in the ], now part of Kerala.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of Kerala Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8UjkVHi_cJoC|accessdate=13 October 2017|year=2011|publisher=University of Kerala.|page=93|quote=One of the many social ills that is worth mentioning to high- light the plight of a person in those times is the breast tax or 'Mulakkaram”. The lower caste women were proscribed by their high caste masters from covering their upper part of the …}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kattackal|first1=Jacob|title=Comparative Religion|date=1990|publisher=Oriental Institute of Religious Studies, India|page=144|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=O_MnAAAAYAAJ|language=en|quote='low-caste' men had to pay a 'head-tax', and the 'low-caste women' had to pay a 'breast tax' ('tala-karam' and 'mula-karam') to the government treasury.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=http://www.homesciencejournal.com/archives/2017/vol3issue3/PartF/3-3-84-673.pdf | title=Rani Gowry Lakshmi Bai: Abolition of slavery in Travancore | author=Renjini P and Dr. C Natarajan | journal=International Journal of Home Science | year=2017 | month=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/nation-world/nine-weird-taxes-from-around-the-world/really-absurd/slideshow/56516222.cms | title=Nine weird taxes from around the world | publisher=] | date=13 January 2017 | accessdate=10 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2016/03/08/remembering-one-womans-ultimate-tax-protest-on-international-womens-day/#48ec66f7124f | title=Remembering One Woman's Ultimate Tax Protest On International Women's Day | publisher=] | work=Kelly Phillips Erb | date=8 March 2016 | accessdate=10 March 2018}}</ref> '''Breast Tax''' or '''Mulakkaram''' was a ] imposed on lower caste Hindu women if they wanted to cover their chests, including their ]s in public, in the ], now part of Kerala.<ref>{{cite book|title=Journal of Kerala Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8UjkVHi_cJoC|accessdate=13 October 2017|year=2011|publisher=University of Kerala.|page=93|quote=One of the many social ills that is worth mentioning to high- light the plight of a person in those times is the breast tax or 'Mulakkaram”. The lower caste women were proscribed by their high caste masters from covering their upper part of the …}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Kattackal|first1=Jacob|title=Comparative Religion|date=1990|publisher=Oriental Institute of Religious Studies, India|page=144|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=O_MnAAAAYAAJ|language=en|quote='low-caste' men had to pay a 'head-tax', and the 'low-caste women' had to pay a 'breast tax' ('tala-karam' and 'mula-karam') to the government treasury.}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=http://www.homesciencejournal.com/archives/2017/vol3issue3/PartF/3-3-84-673.pdf | title=Rani Gowry Lakshmi Bai: Abolition of slavery in Travancore | author=Renjini P and Dr. C Natarajan | journal=International Journal of Home Science | year=2017 | month=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/slideshows/nation-world/nine-weird-taxes-from-around-the-world/really-absurd/slideshow/56516222.cms | title=Nine weird taxes from around the world | publisher=] | date=13 January 2017 | accessdate=10 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kellyphillipserb/2016/03/08/remembering-one-womans-ultimate-tax-protest-on-international-womens-day/#48ec66f7124f | title=Remembering One Woman's Ultimate Tax Protest On International Women's Day | publisher=] | work=Kelly Phillips Erb | date=8 March 2016 | accessdate=10 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.676.8762&rep=rep1&type=pdf | title=ROLE OF MISSIONARIES IN UPPER CLOTH RIOT IN KANYAKUMARI DISTRICT | author=DR. A. VANAJA | journal=Paripex - Indian Journal Of Research | year=2015 | month=February | volume=4 | issue=2}}</ref>


==See also== ==See also==

Revision as of 19:16, 9 March 2018

Breast Tax or Mulakkaram was a tax imposed on lower caste Hindu women if they wanted to cover their chests, including their breasts in public, in the Kingdom of Travancore, now part of Kerala.

See also

References

  1. Journal of Kerala Studies. University of Kerala. 2011. p. 93. Retrieved 13 October 2017. One of the many social ills that is worth mentioning to high- light the plight of a person in those times is the breast tax or 'Mulakkaram". The lower caste women were proscribed by their high caste masters from covering their upper part of the …
  2. Kattackal, Jacob (1990). Comparative Religion. Oriental Institute of Religious Studies, India. p. 144. 'low-caste' men had to pay a 'head-tax', and the 'low-caste women' had to pay a 'breast tax' ('tala-karam' and 'mula-karam') to the government treasury.
  3. Renjini P and Dr. C Natarajan (2017). "Rani Gowry Lakshmi Bai: Abolition of slavery in Travancore" (PDF). International Journal of Home Science. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help)
  4. "Nine weird taxes from around the world". The Economic Times. 13 January 2017. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  5. "Remembering One Woman's Ultimate Tax Protest On International Women's Day". Kelly Phillips Erb. Forbes. 8 March 2016. Retrieved 10 March 2018.
  6. DR. A. VANAJA (2015). "ROLE OF MISSIONARIES IN UPPER CLOTH RIOT IN KANYAKUMARI DISTRICT". Paripex - Indian Journal Of Research. 4 (2). {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
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