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| {{Infobox civilian attack | |||
| |title = Naliboki massacre | |title = Naliboki massacre | ||
| |image = Naliboki self-defence.jpg | |image = Naliboki self-defence.jpg | ||
| Line 10: | Line 12: | ||
| |weapons = ] and ] weapons | |weapons = ] and ] weapons | ||
| |fatalities = 129 | |fatalities = 129 | ||
| |perps = ]<ref name="AnG">{{cite web|author=Anna Gałkiewicz, prokurator Oddziałowej KŚZpNP w Łodzi |title=Omówienie dotychczasowych ustaleń w śledztwach w sprawach o zbrodnie w Nalibokach i Koniuchach |date=14 May 2003 |work=Spotkanie Klubu Historycznego im. gen. Stefana Roweckiego - "Grota" w Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej |location=Warszawa |publisher=Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, KŚZpNP |url=http://www.naszawitryna.pl/jedwabne_968.html |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429093556/http://www.naszawitryna.pl/jedwabne_968.html |archivedate=April 29, 2009 }}</ref> | |||
| |perps = ]<ref name="AnG"/> | |||
| |victims = ] | |victims = ] | ||
| }} | }} | ||
| The '''Naliboki massacre''' ({{lang-pl|Zbrodnia w Nalibokach}}) was a raid on the ] of ] (modern-day ]) by ] in which 129 ] were killed. | |||
| The '''Naliboki massacre''' ({{lang-pl|Zbrodnia w Nalibokach}}) was the ] of 129 ], including women and children, by units of ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://wyborcza.pl/1,76842,6125087,The_True_Story_of_the_Bielski_Brothers.html?disableRedirects=true|title=Wyborcza.pl|website=wyborcza.pl|access-date=2018-03-05}}</ref> on 8 May 1943 in the '']'' of ]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://inbelhist.org/evrejskie-partizany-ne-imeli-mery-v-svoej-neobosnovannoj-zlosti-i-v-grabezhax/|title=«Еврейские партизаны» не имели меры в своей необоснованной злости и в грабежах — Інстытут беларускай гісторыі і культуры|publisher=inbelhist.org|language=ru-RU|accessdate=2017-10-21}}</ref> in ] (now modern-day ]).<ref name="ipn1">{{cite web | url=http://ipn.gov.pl/kszpnp/sledztwa/oddzialowa-komisja-w-lodzi/sledztwa-w-biegu | title=Śledztwo w sprawie zbrodni popełnionych przez partyzantów radzieckich na żołnierzach Armii Krajowej i ludności cywilnej na terenie powiatów Stołpce i Wołożyn woj. nowogródzkie (S 17/01/Zk) | publisher=Instytut Pamieci Narodowej | work=Śledztwa w biegu - Zbrodnie komunistyczne | date=November 2013 | accessdate=25 January 2014 |author=IPN}}</ref> Before the 1939 Nazi-Soviet ], Naliboki belonged to ] County, ], in eastern ].<ref name="AnG">{{cite web|author=Anna Gałkiewicz, prokurator Oddziałowej KŚZpNP w Łodzi |title=Omówienie dotychczasowych ustaleń w śledztwach w sprawach o zbrodnie w Nalibokach i Koniuchach |date=14 May 2003 |work=Spotkanie Klubu Historycznego im. gen. Stefana Roweckiego - "Grota" w Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej |location=Warszawa |publisher=Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, KŚZpNP |url=http://www.naszawitryna.pl/jedwabne_968.html |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090429093556/http://www.naszawitryna.pl/jedwabne_968.html |archivedate=April 29, 2009 }}</ref> | |||
| ==Background== | ==Background== | ||
| Prior to 1939, Naliboki had some 4,000 residents, including several hundred Jews, who were driven out of the town following the German advance during ].<ref name="AnG"/> | Prior to 1939, Naliboki had some 4,000 residents, including several hundred Jews, who were driven out of the town following the German advance during ].<ref name="AnG"/> | ||
| Following ], the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany, the Soviet resistance forces operated in the ] behind the German front lines of eastern Poland.<ref name="ipn1"/> Their ] leaders were sent in by |
Following ], the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany, the Soviet resistance forces operated in the ] behind the German front lines of eastern Poland.<ref name="ipn1">{{cite web | url=http://ipn.gov.pl/kszpnp/sledztwa/oddzialowa-komisja-w-lodzi/sledztwa-w-biegu | title=Śledztwo w sprawie zbrodni popełnionych przez partyzantów radzieckich na żołnierzach Armii Krajowej i ludności cywilnej na terenie powiatów Stołpce i Wołożyn woj. nowogródzkie (S 17/01/Zk) | publisher=Instytut Pamieci Narodowej | work=Śledztwa w biegu - Zbrodnie komunistyczne | date=November 2013 | accessdate=25 January 2014 |author=IPN}}</ref> Their ] leaders were sent in by {{ill|Central Headquarters of the Partisan Movement|ru|Центральный штаб партизанского движения}} in 1942 and the partisans were supplied with ] via ]s. The local members came from the Red Army soldiers of all ethnicities trapped into an encirclement by German troops,<ref name="IPN09">{{cite journal |title=Ginęli, ratując Żydów |trans-title=Dying while Rescuing Jews |publisher=IPN Bulletin |volume=NR 3 (98), March 2009 |url=https://ipn.gov.pl/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/56451/1-18171.pdf |pages=99-120 |author=Kazimierz Krajewski |location=Warsaw |work=„Opor”? „Odwet”? Czy po prostu „polityka historyczna”? O Żydach w partyzantce sowieckiej na Kresach II RP |ISSN=1641-9561 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222031927/http://ipn.gov.pl/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/56451/1-18171.pdf |archivedate=2016-02-22 |df= }}</ref> and pro-Soviet Belarusians as well as Ukrainians. All daily provisions were requisitioned from civilian settlements, including Naliboki.<ref name="ipn1"/> | ||
| In August 1942 a self-defence unit was formed in the village by the order of Germans, and at the same time the police station in the settlement was removed.<ref name="ipn1"/> | |||
| ⚫ | Some of the members of the self-defense were members of ], who used this membership as a cover. Soviet partisans were aware of this, and in March and April 1943 they arranged two meetings with the Polish self-defence leaders. During the talks the Soviet partisans insisted the Poles joined them, but the |
||
| ⚫ | Some of the members of the self-defense were members of ], who used this membership as a cover. Soviet partisans were aware of this, and in March and April 1943 they arranged two meetings with the Polish self-defence leaders. During the talks the Soviet partisans insisted the Poles joined them, but the Poles refused. However an agreement was signed with the Poles represented by Eugeniusz Klimowicz,<ref name="GBL">{{cite web |title=Book Review |author=Geraldine Bereziuk Lowrey |date=March 5, 2015 |work=The Last Day of Naliboki By Mieczyslaw Klimowicz (American Literary Press, 2009) |publisher=The Am-Pol Eagle, Cheektowaga, NY |url=http://ampoleagle.com/book-review-the-last-day-of-naliboki-p7592-222.htm#puzzle,1196,1466802746297 |quote=At the time, Mieczyslaw Klimowicz, the son of Eugeniusz Klimowicz, was in his teens.}}</ref> about mutual truce and fight against robbers hiding in the forest. However the Soviet partisans violated the truce.<ref name="ipn1"/> | ||
| ⚫ | ==The |
||
| ⚫ | |||
| ⚫ | ==The raid== | ||
| The investigation into the Naliboki massacre was launched by the ] on 20 March 2001 in ], along with the investigation into the ] committed in the same prewar Nowogródek Voivodeship of north-eastern Poland.<ref name="citinet0">{{Citation |url=http://www.citinet.net/ak/polska.php?Page=66&Lang=EN |author=IPN |title=Investigation Reports on Koniuchy and Naliboki |publisher=Institute of National Memory |date=1 March 2002 |accessdate=19 January 2014}}</ref> | |||
| ⚫ | According to the Polish ], on the night of May 8–9, 1943, the Soviet partisans raided Naliboki.<ref name="ipn1"/> A few of the Soviet attackers, including one political officer, were killed by the defenders.<ref name="citinet0">{{Citation |url=http://www.citinet.net/ak/polska.php?Page=66&Lang=EN |author=IPN |title=Investigation Reports on Koniuchy and Naliboki |publisher=Institute of National Memory |date=1 March 2002 |accessdate=19 January 2014}}</ref> Polish men were pulled from their homes, and then shot individually or in small groups. The mass ] followed. Many farmhouses were set on fire.<ref name="ipn1"/> Also killed during the Soviet attack were three Polish women, several teenagers and a ten-year-old boy. The town's church was set on fire along with the public school, fire station, and the post office. The raid took two to three hours. The Soviet commandant delivered a report to NKVD about the killing of 250 people, the capture of weapons, round up of 100 cows and 78 horses, and the destruction of a German garrison. However, according to the IPN the number of victims was lower (now estimated at 129);<ref name="IPN09"/> no Germans were present and none killed; only one ] happened to be sleeping in the town during the night of the attack.<ref name="ipn1"/> | ||
| The re-investigation of the events has been viewed by some historians as ].<ref name="haaretz2008"/>{{huh|date=March 2018|reason=Arguments must be presented here, not just bashing}} | |||
| ⚫ | ==Bielski partisans== | ||
| Following Operation Barbarossa, the Soviet partisans active in the area of eastern Poland were often joined by the Polish Jews trying to survive the escape from the ]s.<ref name="IPN09"/> The controversy, as noted in a communique released by the IPN,<ref name="IPN2013">{{Cite web |author=IPN |title=Komunikat dot. śledztwa w sprawie zbrodni popełnionych przez partyzantów sowieckich w latach 1942–1944 na terenie byłego województwa nowogródzkiego |url=https://ipn.gov.pl/pl/dla-mediow/komunikaty/10278,Komunikat-dot-sledztwa-w-sprawie-zbrodni-popelnionych-przez-partyzantow-sowiecki.html |publisher=Instytut Pamięci Narodowej |date= |accessdate=7 February 2018 |language=pl}}</ref> concerns the participation of the ] who might have supported the Soviets in the attack based on their ongoing relationship.<ref name="citinet0"/> Survivors of the Bielski group have denied this, particularly after the release of a film about them, entitled '']''.<ref name="hollywood">, '']'', 2008-06-16.</ref><ref name=wyborcza>'''' {{pl icon}} '''', '']'', 2009-01-06</ref><ref name="tch">{{cite news | author=Kamil Tchorek | url=http://entertainment.timesonline.co.uk/tol/arts_and_entertainment/film/article5420709.ece | title=Country split over whether Daniel Craig is film hero or villain | publisher='']'' | date=2008-12-31 | accessdate=2008-12-31}}</ref> The Polish ] has been investigating the massacre. Although the IPN has not reported its findings as of April 2009, ] from the Institute has said that there was no evidence to support the allegation that the Bielski partisans were involved in the attack.<ref name="BM">{{cite web |author=Bogdan Musiał |title=Bielski w puszczy niedomówień |url=http://www.rp.pl/artykul/61991,256256_Bielski__w_puszczy__niedomowien.html |work=Subscription payment required |publisher='']'' |date=2009-01-31}}</ref> Also in 2009, the scholarly debate about the Naliboki massacre was summarised by the special issue of the IPN Bulletin.<ref name="IPN09"/> | |||
| ⚫ | ==Mistaken association with Bielski partisans== | ||
| The Bielski partisans were stationed in Jasionowskie Forest near ], about {{convert|50|km}} from Naliboki. The group used to requisition foodstuffs from nearby localities, including meat, bread and milk in quantities easy to carry back. They were close enough to the site of the massacre.<ref name="IPN09"/> | |||
| Some of the residents said they recognized former Jewish residents of the town among the attackers. Some have associated these Jews with the ], a well known Jewish unit which operated in the Naliboki forest, with the release of the movie ] in 2008 further prompting such calls. However, members of the unit denied they took part, the unit moved to Naliboki only in August 1943, and the unit does not appear in the Soviet documentation which specifies that the "Stalin" brigade carried out the operation.<ref name="IPN2013">{{Cite web |author=IPN |title=Komunikat dot. śledztwa w sprawie zbrodni popełnionych przez partyzantów sowieckich w latach 1942–1944 na terenie byłego województwa nowogródzkiego |url=https://ipn.gov.pl/pl/dla-mediow/komunikaty/10278,Komunikat-dot-sledztwa-w-sprawie-zbrodni-popelnionych-przez-partyzantow-sowiecki.html |publisher=Instytut Pamięci Narodowej |date= |accessdate=7 February 2018 |language=pl}}</ref><ref name="haaretz2008">, Haaretz / Forward, 14 Aug 2008</ref> Holocaust historian ] said the allegations were "total lies" and that they "underline the anti-Semitic tendencies of the writers and the distortion of history".<ref name="haaretz2008"/> | |||
| The routine attacks on Polish underground units by Soviet partisans could not have been circumvented by Jews in their ranks.<ref name="IPN09"/> The IPN historian Kazimierz Krajewski reported that in the forest around ] some 25% of the partisans were Jewish, or as many as 1,200 people, even though only 162 of them were armed, because the Soviet handouts were few and far between.<ref name="IPN09"/> Notably, the Soviet NKVD persecuted the pro-German Belarusian populace at least as badly as the anti-Nazi Poles. Thousands of Belarusian collaborators were killed, including teachers, local administrators and members of the ], and dozens of Polish communities were destroyed. Resulting from this, at least on ten different occasions the Nowogródek District division ] of the ] attempted to negotiate with the Soviet partisans to stop the attacks on hapless villages. Those attempts were futile. In May 1943, the entire Polish delegation was murdered by the Soviets in the powiat of ] and the pacifications continued. Apart from Naliboki, other massacres were committed in ], Szczepki, Prowżały, Kamień, Niewoniańce, Izabelin, Kaczewo, Babińsk, and Ługomowicze, including murders around Dokudów and near the Narocz and Kromań lakes, as well as in Derewno.<ref name="IPN09">{{cite journal |title=Ginęli, ratując Żydów |trans-title=Dying while Rescuing Jews |publisher=IPN Bulletin |volume=NR 3 (98), March 2009 |url=https://ipn.gov.pl/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/56451/1-18171.pdf |pages=99-120 |author=Kazimierz Krajewski |location=Warsaw |work=„Opor”? „Odwet”? Czy po prostu „polityka historyczna”? O Żydach w partyzantce sowieckiej na Kresach II RP |ISSN=1641-9561 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222031927/http://ipn.gov.pl/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/56451/1-18171.pdf |archivedate=2016-02-22 |df= }}</ref> | |||
| In May 2003, prosecutor Anna Gałkiewicz from KŚZpNP, in charge of the investigations into the massacre in Naliboki and the ] of 1944, reported that surviving eyewitnesses from Naliboki recognized Jews from the partisan group of ] participating in the attack. Gałkiewicz named the Soviet brigades engaged in war crimes against civilians. They included the "Dzerzhinsky", "Bolshevik", and "Suvorov" brigades,<ref name="ipn1"/> as well as the "Stalin" brigade under Pavel Gulevich, which perpetrated the Naliboki massacre.<ref name="citinet0"/><ref name="AnG"/> Mieczyslaw Klimowicz, author of ''The Last Day of Naliboki'' (2009) was one of the 24 witnesses to the killings.<ref name="GBL"/> As of May 2016, the regional division of IPN stated that investigations regarding war crimes in ] of the Second Polish Republic were still ongoing. Nevertheless, the presence of several Jewish residents of Naliboki during the massacre has also been confirmed by their names.<ref name="ipn1"/> | |||
| ==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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| Naliboki massacre | |
|---|---|
 Naliboki self-defense leaders in a meeting with a Soviet NKVD officer (far left) prior to being massacred | |
| Location | Naliboki German-occupied Poland |
| Date | May 8, 1943 |
| Weapons | Automatic and semi-automatic weapons |
| Deaths | 129 |
| Victims | Poles |
| Perpetrators | Soviet |
The Naliboki massacre (Template:Lang-pl) was a raid on the urban settlement of Naliboki (modern-day Belarus) by Soviet partisans in which 129 Poles were killed.
Background
Prior to 1939, Naliboki had some 4,000 residents, including several hundred Jews, who were driven out of the town following the German advance during Operation Barbarossa.
Following Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany, the Soviet resistance forces operated in the Naliboki Forest behind the German front lines of eastern Poland. Their NKVD leaders were sent in by Central Headquarters of the Partisan Movement in 1942 and the partisans were supplied with materiel via airdrops. The local members came from the Red Army soldiers of all ethnicities trapped into an encirclement by German troops, and pro-Soviet Belarusians as well as Ukrainians. All daily provisions were requisitioned from civilian settlements, including Naliboki.
In August 1942 a self-defence unit was formed in the village by the order of Germans, and at the same time the police station in the settlement was removed.
Some of the members of the self-defense were members of Home Army, who used this membership as a cover. Soviet partisans were aware of this, and in March and April 1943 they arranged two meetings with the Polish self-defence leaders. During the talks the Soviet partisans insisted the Poles joined them, but the Poles refused. However an agreement was signed with the Poles represented by Eugeniusz Klimowicz, about mutual truce and fight against robbers hiding in the forest. However the Soviet partisans violated the truce.
The raid
According to the Polish Institute of National Remembrance, on the night of May 8–9, 1943, the Soviet partisans raided Naliboki. A few of the Soviet attackers, including one political officer, were killed by the defenders. Polish men were pulled from their homes, and then shot individually or in small groups. The mass looting followed. Many farmhouses were set on fire. Also killed during the Soviet attack were three Polish women, several teenagers and a ten-year-old boy. The town's church was set on fire along with the public school, fire station, and the post office. The raid took two to three hours. The Soviet commandant delivered a report to NKVD about the killing of 250 people, the capture of weapons, round up of 100 cows and 78 horses, and the destruction of a German garrison. However, according to the IPN the number of victims was lower (now estimated at 129); no Germans were present and none killed; only one Belarusian auxiliary policeman happened to be sleeping in the town during the night of the attack.
The re-investigation of the events has been viewed by some historians as Historical revisionism.
Mistaken association with Bielski partisans
Some of the residents said they recognized former Jewish residents of the town among the attackers. Some have associated these Jews with the Bielski partisans, a well known Jewish unit which operated in the Naliboki forest, with the release of the movie Defiance in 2008 further prompting such calls. However, members of the unit denied they took part, the unit moved to Naliboki only in August 1943, and the unit does not appear in the Soviet documentation which specifies that the "Stalin" brigade carried out the operation. Holocaust historian Nechama Tec said the allegations were "total lies" and that they "underline the anti-Semitic tendencies of the writers and the distortion of history".
See also
References
- ^ Anna Gałkiewicz, prokurator Oddziałowej KŚZpNP w Łodzi (14 May 2003). "Omówienie dotychczasowych ustaleń w śledztwach w sprawach o zbrodnie w Nalibokach i Koniuchach". Spotkanie Klubu Historycznego im. gen. Stefana Roweckiego - "Grota" w Instytucie Pamięci Narodowej. Warszawa: Komisja Ścigania Zbrodni przeciwko Narodowi Polskiemu, KŚZpNP. Archived from the original on April 29, 2009.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ IPN (November 2013). "Śledztwo w sprawie zbrodni popełnionych przez partyzantów radzieckich na żołnierzach Armii Krajowej i ludności cywilnej na terenie powiatów Stołpce i Wołożyn woj. nowogródzkie (S 17/01/Zk)". Śledztwa w biegu - Zbrodnie komunistyczne. Instytut Pamieci Narodowej. Retrieved 25 January 2014.
- ^ Kazimierz Krajewski. "Ginęli, ratując Żydów" [Dying while Rescuing Jews] (PDF). „Opor”? „Odwet”? Czy po prostu „polityka historyczna”? O Żydach w partyzantce sowieckiej na Kresach II RP. NR 3 (98), March 2009. Warsaw: IPN Bulletin: 99–120. ISSN 1641-9561. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-02-22.
{{cite journal}}:|volume=has extra text (help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - Geraldine Bereziuk Lowrey (March 5, 2015). "Book Review". The Last Day of Naliboki By Mieczyslaw Klimowicz (American Literary Press, 2009). The Am-Pol Eagle, Cheektowaga, NY.
At the time, Mieczyslaw Klimowicz, the son of Eugeniusz Klimowicz, was in his teens.
- IPN (1 March 2002), Investigation Reports on Koniuchy and Naliboki, Institute of National Memory, retrieved 19 January 2014
- ^ Polish Investigators Tie World War II Partisans to Naliboki Massacre, Haaretz / Forward, 14 Aug 2008
- IPN. "Komunikat dot. śledztwa w sprawie zbrodni popełnionych przez partyzantów sowieckich w latach 1942–1944 na terenie byłego województwa nowogródzkiego" (in Polish). Instytut Pamięci Narodowej. Retrieved 7 February 2018.
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