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===Establishment of the Shaolin temple under Batuo=== ===Establishment of the Shaolin temple under Batuo===
According to Chinese texts such as, ''Deng Feng County Recording'' (''Deng Feng Xian Zhi''), a Buddhist monk named ] ({{zh-cp |c=跋陀 |p='''Bátuó'''}}) went to China to ] Buddhism in 464 A.D. The Shaolin Temple was built thirty-one years later in 495 A.D., by the order of emperor Wei Xiao Wen (471-500 A.D.).<ref></ref> The temple originally consisted of a round dome used as a shrine and a platform where Indian and Chinese monks translated Indian Buddhist scriptures into native Chinese languages. According to Chinese texts such as, ''Deng Feng County Recording'' (''Deng Feng Xian Zhi''), a Buddhist monk named ] ({{zh-cp |c=跋陀 |p='''Bátuó'''}}) went to China to ] Buddhism in 464 A.D. The Shaolin Temple was built thirty-one years later in 495 A.D., by the order of emperor Wei Xiao Wen (471-500 A.D.).<ref></ref> The temple originally consisted of a round dome used as a shrine and a platform where Indian and Chinese monks translated Indian Buddhist scriptures into native Chinese languages. <ref> Legacy of Shaolin Fighting Monks
by Salvatore Canzonieri</ref>
] ]
Buddhabhadra, an ] ] master, was the founding ] of ] and the teacher to the monks there, including Sengchou and Huiguang.<ref>{{cite book | last = Broughton | first = Jeffrey L. | title = The Bodhidharma Anthology: The Earliest Records of Zen | year = 1999 | publisher = University of California Press | location = Berkeley | id = ISBN 0-520-21972-4 | pages = 109}}</ref> Monastery records state Sengchou and Huiguang, both expert in the martial arts, were two of Shaolin's first monks.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Canzonieri, Salvatore | year = 1998 | month = February–March | title = History of Chinese Martial Arts: Jin Dynasty to the Period of Disunity | journal = Han Wei Wushu | volume = 3 | issue = 9 | url = }}</ref> Buddhabhadra, an ] ] master, was the founding ] of ] and the teacher to the monks there, including Sengchou and Huiguang.<ref>{{cite book | last = Broughton | first = Jeffrey L. | title = The Bodhidharma Anthology: The Earliest Records of Zen | year = 1999 | publisher = University of California Press | location = Berkeley | id = ISBN 0-520-21972-4 | pages = 109}}</ref> Monastery records state Sengchou and Huiguang, both expert in the martial arts, were two of Shaolin's first monks.<ref>{{cite journal | author = Canzonieri, Salvatore | year = 1998 | month = February–March | title = History of Chinese Martial Arts: Jin Dynasty to the Period of Disunity | journal = Han Wei Wushu | volume = 3 | issue = 9 | url = }}</ref>
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===Bodhidharma=== ===Bodhidharma===
], a Buddhist monk from Northern India, arrived in ] during the 5th century. He stayed and taught for several years in the Shaolin temple. It is widely believed that he belonged to the ] caste of warriors, like the historical ], or ] himself. Thus, he would likely have been trained in the ]. ], a Buddhist monk, arrived in ] during the 5th century. He stayed and taught for several years in the Shaolin temple.


:Excerpts from author ''Simmone Kuo'''s ''Long Life Good Health Through Tai-Chi Chuan'', summing up his contributions are mentioned below :- :Excerpts from author ''Simmone Kuo'''s ''Long Life Good Health Through Tai-Chi Chuan'' <ref> Long Life Good Health Through Tai-Chi Chuan by Simmone Kuo</ref> are mentioned below :-


::''Finding that the sedentary life often left the monks weak both in body and mind,Ta Mo decided to encourage physical discipline as well as meditation. He taught streching exercises from the Indian tradition of Yoga with which he was familiar. On their part, the Chinese monks were reminded of the native fighting techniques from their youth. A group of eighteen particulary dedicated monks then developed and refined a system of streching exercises and movements of what is now the core of Shao-lin Chuan, the source for all subsequent martial arts, including Tai Chi Chuan. The Chinese revere the eighteen monks to this day and venerate them as Lohans.'' ::''Finding that the sedentary life often left the monks weak both in body and mind,Ta Mo decided to encourage physical discipline as well as meditation. He taught streching exercises from the Indian tradition of Yoga with which he was familiar. On their part, the Chinese monks were reminded of the native fighting techniques from their youth. A group of eighteen particulary dedicated monks then developed and refined a system of streching exercises and movements of what is now the core of Shao-lin Chuan, the source for all subsequent martial arts, including Tai Chi Chuan. The Chinese revere the eighteen monks to this day and venerate them as Lohans.''


:This view is endorsed in many forms by the martial arts community and the Shaolin temple authorities alike. Grandmaster ], 4th generation successor of the Southern Shaolin Monastery writes :- :This view is endorsed in many forms by the martial arts community and the Shaolin temple authorities alike. Grandmaster ], 4th generation successor of the Southern Shaolin Monastery writes <ref> The Art of Shaolin Kung Fu: The Secrets of Kung Fu for Self-Defense, Health and Enlightenment
by Grandmaster Wong Kiew Kit</ref>:-


::''It was during this time that the Venerable Bodhidharma came from India to China to spread Buddhism. In 527 CE he settled down in the Shaolin monastary in Henan province, and inspired the development of Shaolin Kung Fu. This marked a watershed in the history of of Kung Fu, because it led to a change of course, as Kung Fu became institutionalized. Before this, martial arts were known only in general sense. It was only after the inception of Shaolin Kung Fu that names were used to label various schools like Taijiquan, Bagua, Wing Choon, Eagle Claw, Praying Mantion and so on. Indeed, Kung Fu, as we understand today, started from the Shaolin.'' ::''It was during this time that the Venerable Bodhidharma came from India to China to spread Buddhism. In 527 CE he settled down in the Shaolin monastary in Henan province, and inspired the development of Shaolin Kung Fu. This marked a watershed in the history of of Kung Fu, because it led to a change of course, as Kung Fu became institutionalized. Before this, martial arts were known only in general sense. It was only after the inception of Shaolin Kung Fu that names were used to label various schools like Taijiquan, Bagua, Wing Choon, Eagle Claw, Praying Mantion and so on. Indeed, Kung Fu, as we understand today, started from the Shaolin.''


Chinese martial arts, like martial arts of ] and India, have existed before the arrival of Bodhidharma. Bodhidharma's status in martial arts is due to his role in the ''institutionalization'' of Chinese martial arts, presumably by introducing excercises, meditation, discipline, newer techniques etc. to the native fighting methods during his tenure at the Shaolin monastary. Chinese martial arts, like martial arts of ] and India, have existed before the arrival of Bodhidharma. Bodhidharma's status in martial arts is due to his role in the ''institutionalization'' of Chinese martial arts, presumably by introducing excercises, meditation, discipline, newer techniques etc. to the native fighting methods during his tenure at the Shaolin monastary. <ref> Of Monks and martial arts by Christopher Wren. Published: September 11, 1983</ref>


It has also been suggested that these techniques which are the foundation for many martial arts today were never originally intended to be utilized as methods of fighting but were a manner in which the monks could attain enlightenment while preserving their bodies' health. The extensive development of these techniques by the Chinese monks over centuries led to modern day Shaolin Kung Fu. It has also been suggested that these techniques which are the foundation for many martial arts today were never originally intended to be utilized as methods of fighting but were a manner in which the monks could attain enlightenment while preserving their bodies' health. <ref> Our Martial Arts History and Tradition: A Brief History Of Kempo by Prof. J. Roe</ref> The extensive development of these techniques by the Chinese monks over centuries led to modern day Shaolin Kung Fu.


==Visible signs of Indian presence at the Shaolin temple== ==Visible signs of Indian presence at the Shaolin temple==
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==Bodhidharma and Zen== ==Bodhidharma and Zen==
] (1839-1892)]] ] (1839-1892)]]
'''Zen''' is a form of ] ] that places great importance on moment-by-moment awareness and 'seeing deeply into the nature of things' by direct experience. Zen emerged as a distinct school in ] and spread to ], ], ], and, in modern times, the rest of the world.

"Zen" is the ] pronunciation of the character "禅" which is pronounced "]" in ]. The same character is read "Sun" in Korean. ''Zen'' is a contraction of the seldom-used long form ''zenna'' (禅那; Mandarin: chánnà), which derives from "]" (]) or "jhānam" (]), meaning meditation.

Bodhidharma is associated with the idea that spiritual, intellectual and physical excellence are an indivisible whole necessary for enlightenment. Bodhidharma is associated with the idea that spiritual, intellectual and physical excellence are an indivisible whole necessary for enlightenment.
Such an approach to enlightenment ultimately Such an approach to enlightenment ultimately
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{{main|Disputed Indian origins of East Asian martial arts}} {{main|Disputed Indian origins of East Asian martial arts}}


Like the ] or the ], the Indian influence on Chinese martial arts has also been subjected to ] by a microscopic section of the martial arts community. However, these attempts have been rejected by the larger martial arts community including authors, practitioners, major news institutions and martial arts institutions. Like the ] or the ], <ref> The Neo-Orthodoxy of Donald Bloesch by W. Gary Crampton
</ref><ref> Bible and Revelation</ref><ref> The Real History of Islam by Dr. Michael Lamb</ref> the Indian influence on Chinese martial arts has also been subjected to ] by a microscopic section of the martial arts community. However, these attempts have been rejected by the larger martial arts community including authors, practitioners, major news institutions and martial arts institutions.


Martial arts authors across the world, including June Lordi, Charles C. Goodin, Hidetaka Nishiyama, Cezar Borkowski, Simmone Kuo, Robin L. Rielly, Howard Reid, Liow Kah Joon and Kah Joon Liow, Annellen M Simpkins and C Alexander Simpkins, Bruce Thomas, Thomas D. Seabourne and Yeon Hwan Park, Steve De Masco, Albert Low, Stephen Kuei, Pat Zukeran, Ervin de Castro, BJ Oropeza and Ron Rhodes, Christopher Wren, ], Pete Hessler, Martial arts authors across the world, including June Lordi, <ref> Tai Chi by June Lordi</ref> Charles C. Goodin, <ref> Daruma: Determination and Zen training in Budo by Charles C. Goodin</ref> Hidetaka Nishiyama, <ref> Karate: The Art of Empty-Hand Fighting
By Richard C. Brown, Hidetaka Nishiyama </ref> Cezar Borkowski, <ref> The Complete Idiot's Guide to Martial Arts
By Cezar Borkowski, Marion Manzo</ref> Simmone Kuo, <ref> Long Life, Good Health Through Tai-Chi Chuan by Simmone L. Kuo</ref><ref> Yin-Yang in Tai-Chi Chuan and Daily Life by Simmone Kuo</ref> Robin L. Rielly, <ref> Karate for Kids by Robin L. Rielly</ref> Howard Reid, <ref> The Book of Soft Martial Arts: Finding Personal Harmony with Chi Kung, Hsing I, Pa Kua and T'ai Ch'i by Danny Connor and Howard Reid</ref> Liow Kah Joon and Kah Joon Liow, <ref> A Musical Journey: from the Great Wall of China to the water towns of Jiangnan by liow kah Joon, Kah Joon Liow</ref> Annellen M Simpkins and C Alexander Simpkins, <ref> Zen in Ten: Easy Lessons for Spiritual Growth by C. Alexander Simpkins, Annellen M. Simpkins</ref> Bruce Thomas, <ref> Bruce Lee: Fighting Spirit: A Biography by Bruce Thomas</ref> Thomas D. Seabourne and Yeon Hwan Park, <ref> Tae Kwon Do Techniques & Tactics by Thomas D. Seabourne, Yeon Hwan Park</ref> Steve De Masco, <ref> An American's Journey to the Shaolin Temple by Steve De Masco</ref> Stephen Kuei, <ref> Beginning Qigong: Chinese secrets for health and longevity by Stephen Kuei, Stephen Comee</ref> Pat Zukeran, <ref> Martial Arts by Pat Zukeran</ref><ref>Patrick Zukeran: The Origins and Popularity of the Martial Arts</ref>
Ervin de Castro, BJ Oropeza and Ron Rhodes, <ref>Enter the Dragon> Wrestling with the martial arts phenomenon. Part I: The historical-philosophical backdrop by Ervin de Castro, BJ Oropeza and Ron Rhodes</ref> Christopher Wren, ], <ref> So Many Paths. Which Shaolin Is Real? The Reply: Yes. by Howard W. French</ref> Pete Hessler, <ref> Drinking Up Life In a Chinese Teahouse by Pete Hessler. Published: May 18, 1997</ref>
Prof. J. Roe, P. E. Katzer, Joyotpaul Chaudhari and Tony Sims have rejected the revisionist claims. Prof. J. Roe, P. E. Katzer, <ref>History of Shotokan Karate by P. E. Katzer</ref> Joyotpaul Chaudhari <ref> 108 STEPS: The Sino-Indian Connection in the Martial Arts by Joyotpaul Chaudhuri
</ref> and Tony Sims <ref> Kempo Jitsu – Pre 1900 Martial Art System by Tony Sims</ref> have rejected the revisionist claims.


The revisionist claims have also been rejected by legendary martial arts practitioners and authorities, including ], ], ] and ]. The revisionist claims have also been rejected by legendary martial arts practitioners and authorities, including ], <ref> Breathing In and Breathing Out
In Accordance With "Go" and "Ju": A Miscellaneous Essay on Karate by Chojun Miyagi
</ref> ], <ref> Okinawa Kata Classification: An Historical Overview by Mario McKenna</ref> ] <ref> The Art of Shaolin Kung Fu: The Secrets of Kung Fu for Self-Defense, Health and Enlightenment
by Grandmaster Wong Kiew Kit</ref> and ]. <ref> Karate: Technique and Spirit by Tadashi Nakamura</ref>


In addition, reputed organizations such as the ], the ], and the ] to name a few, have also rejected the revisionist claims. In addition, reputed organizations such as the ], <ref> How Hong Kong took Hollywood- BBC</ref> the ], <ref> So Many Paths. Which Shaolin Is Real? The Reply: Yes. by Howard W. French</ref><ref> Of Monks and martial arts by Christopher Wren. Published: September 11, 1983</ref> and the ] <ref> Kalaripayatta- Discovery Channel</ref> to name a few, have also rejected the revisionist claims.


Claims that Shaolin Kung Fu is independent of any foreign influence have also been rejected by prestigious martial arts institutions, including the Shaolin temple and the ]. Claims that Shaolin Kung Fu is independent of any foreign influence have also been rejected by prestigious martial arts institutions, including the Shaolin temple <ref> History Facts: The Founder Of Shaolinsi</ref> and the ]. <ref> History of Jiu-Jitsu</ref>


==References== ==References==

Revision as of 02:21, 29 October 2006

Indian influence on Chinese martial arts, or more specificly, Shaolin Kung Fu, is endorsed by both the traditional Shaolin temple claims and the claims of a majority of martial arts historians. Both versions agree that India was a vital influence on Shaolin temple's approach to institutionalized martial arts. Both versions also have seen a measure of negationism from a small community of martial arts historians during the recent past.

Main gate of the Shaolin temple in Henan

This foreign influence acting as a catalyst, however, does not necessarily indicate the indroduction of martial arts to China from India. In an article by published in the New York Times Travel section in 1983, Christopher Wren asserts that organised martial traditions predate the establishment of the Shaolin Monastery by centuries.

The Indian influence

Establishment of the Shaolin temple under Batuo

According to Chinese texts such as, Deng Feng County Recording (Deng Feng Xian Zhi), a Buddhist monk named Buddhabhadra (Chinese: 跋陀; pinyin: Bátuó) went to China to preach Buddhism in 464 A.D. The Shaolin Temple was built thirty-one years later in 495 A.D., by the order of emperor Wei Xiao Wen (471-500 A.D.). The temple originally consisted of a round dome used as a shrine and a platform where Indian and Chinese monks translated Indian Buddhist scriptures into native Chinese languages.

A painting on a wall in the temple showing lighter skinned Chinese monks and darker skinned monks

Buddhabhadra, an Indian dhyana master, was the founding abbot of Shaolin Monastery and the teacher to the monks there, including Sengchou and Huiguang. Monastery records state Sengchou and Huiguang, both expert in the martial arts, were two of Shaolin's first monks. The Taishō Tripiṭaka documents Sengchou's skill with the tin staff.

Bodhidharma

Bodhidharma, a Buddhist monk, arrived in China during the 5th century. He stayed and taught for several years in the Shaolin temple.

Excerpts from author Simmone Kuo's Long Life Good Health Through Tai-Chi Chuan are mentioned below :-
Finding that the sedentary life often left the monks weak both in body and mind,Ta Mo decided to encourage physical discipline as well as meditation. He taught streching exercises from the Indian tradition of Yoga with which he was familiar. On their part, the Chinese monks were reminded of the native fighting techniques from their youth. A group of eighteen particulary dedicated monks then developed and refined a system of streching exercises and movements of what is now the core of Shao-lin Chuan, the source for all subsequent martial arts, including Tai Chi Chuan. The Chinese revere the eighteen monks to this day and venerate them as Lohans.
This view is endorsed in many forms by the martial arts community and the Shaolin temple authorities alike. Grandmaster Wong Kiew Kit, 4th generation successor of the Southern Shaolin Monastery writes :-
It was during this time that the Venerable Bodhidharma came from India to China to spread Buddhism. In 527 CE he settled down in the Shaolin monastary in Henan province, and inspired the development of Shaolin Kung Fu. This marked a watershed in the history of of Kung Fu, because it led to a change of course, as Kung Fu became institutionalized. Before this, martial arts were known only in general sense. It was only after the inception of Shaolin Kung Fu that names were used to label various schools like Taijiquan, Bagua, Wing Choon, Eagle Claw, Praying Mantion and so on. Indeed, Kung Fu, as we understand today, started from the Shaolin.

Chinese martial arts, like martial arts of Greece and India, have existed before the arrival of Bodhidharma. Bodhidharma's status in martial arts is due to his role in the institutionalization of Chinese martial arts, presumably by introducing excercises, meditation, discipline, newer techniques etc. to the native fighting methods during his tenure at the Shaolin monastary.

It has also been suggested that these techniques which are the foundation for many martial arts today were never originally intended to be utilized as methods of fighting but were a manner in which the monks could attain enlightenment while preserving their bodies' health. The extensive development of these techniques by the Chinese monks over centuries led to modern day Shaolin Kung Fu.

Visible signs of Indian presence at the Shaolin temple

The Shaolin Temple mural

The Shaolin Temple in China contains fresco murals with dark-skinned, not black, but similar in skin tone to Indians, monks teaching Chinese monks fighting forms. On the mural that survived three fires between 1644 to 1927, it says in Chinese script "Tenjiku Naranokaku" translating as "the fighting techniques to train the body which come from India ...

Cited in support of the Indian progeniture of Shaolin kung fu is a fresco painted during the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912) depicting light-skinned and dark-skinned monks sparring, inscribed and translated in Japanese as "Tenjiku Naranokaku," which translates as "the fighting techniques to train the body which come from India..."

Bodhidharma and Zen

Bodhidharma by Tsukioka Yoshitoshi (1839-1892)

Zen is a form of Mahayana Buddhism that places great importance on moment-by-moment awareness and 'seeing deeply into the nature of things' by direct experience. Zen emerged as a distinct school in China and spread to Vietnam, Korea, Japan, and, in modern times, the rest of the world.

"Zen" is the Japanese pronunciation of the character "禅" which is pronounced "chán" in Mandarin Chinese. The same character is read "Sun" in Korean. Zen is a contraction of the seldom-used long form zenna (禅那; Mandarin: chánnà), which derives from "dhyānam" (Sanskrit) or "jhānam" (Pāli), meaning meditation.

Bodhidharma is associated with the idea that spiritual, intellectual and physical excellence are an indivisible whole necessary for enlightenment. Such an approach to enlightenment ultimately proved highly attractive to the Samurai class in Japan, who made Zen their way of life, following their encounter with the martial-arts-oriented Zen Rinzai School introduced to Japan by Eisai in the 12th century.

Negationism and it's extent

Main article: Disputed Indian origins of East Asian martial arts

Like the Bible or the Koran, the Indian influence on Chinese martial arts has also been subjected to negationism by a microscopic section of the martial arts community. However, these attempts have been rejected by the larger martial arts community including authors, practitioners, major news institutions and martial arts institutions.

Martial arts authors across the world, including June Lordi, Charles C. Goodin, Hidetaka Nishiyama, Cezar Borkowski, Simmone Kuo, Robin L. Rielly, Howard Reid, Liow Kah Joon and Kah Joon Liow, Annellen M Simpkins and C Alexander Simpkins, Bruce Thomas, Thomas D. Seabourne and Yeon Hwan Park, Steve De Masco, Stephen Kuei, Pat Zukeran, Ervin de Castro, BJ Oropeza and Ron Rhodes, Christopher Wren, Howard W. French, Pete Hessler, Prof. J. Roe, P. E. Katzer, Joyotpaul Chaudhari and Tony Sims have rejected the revisionist claims.

The revisionist claims have also been rejected by legendary martial arts practitioners and authorities, including Chojun Miyagi, Funakoshi Gichin, Wong Kiew Kit and Tadashi Nakamura.

In addition, reputed organizations such as the British Broadcasting Corporation, the New York Times, and the Discovery Channel to name a few, have also rejected the revisionist claims.

Claims that Shaolin Kung Fu is independent of any foreign influence have also been rejected by prestigious martial arts institutions, including the Shaolin temple and the Gracie family.

References

  1. Shaolin.cn.com
  3. "Of Monks and Martial Arts"; Sept. 11, 1983; New York Times
  4. Kungfu History at EasternMartialArts.com
  5. Legacy of Shaolin Fighting Monks by Salvatore Canzonieri
  6. Broughton, Jeffrey L. (1999). The Bodhidharma Anthology: The Earliest Records of Zen. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 109. ISBN 0-520-21972-4.
  7. Canzonieri, Salvatore (1998). "History of Chinese Martial Arts: Jin Dynasty to the Period of Disunity". Han Wei Wushu. 3 (9). {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  8. Long Life Good Health Through Tai-Chi Chuan by Simmone Kuo
  9. The Art of Shaolin Kung Fu: The Secrets of Kung Fu for Self-Defense, Health and Enlightenment by Grandmaster Wong Kiew Kit
  10. Of Monks and martial arts by Christopher Wren. Published: September 11, 1983
  11. Our Martial Arts History and Tradition: A Brief History Of Kempo by Prof. J. Roe
  12. The Neo-Orthodoxy of Donald Bloesch by W. Gary Crampton
  13. Bible and Revelation
  14. The Real History of Islam by Dr. Michael Lamb
  15. Tai Chi by June Lordi
  16. Daruma: Determination and Zen training in Budo by Charles C. Goodin
  17. Karate: The Art of Empty-Hand Fighting By Richard C. Brown, Hidetaka Nishiyama
  18. The Complete Idiot's Guide to Martial Arts By Cezar Borkowski, Marion Manzo
  19. Long Life, Good Health Through Tai-Chi Chuan by Simmone L. Kuo
  20. Yin-Yang in Tai-Chi Chuan and Daily Life by Simmone Kuo
  21. Karate for Kids by Robin L. Rielly
  22. The Book of Soft Martial Arts: Finding Personal Harmony with Chi Kung, Hsing I, Pa Kua and T'ai Ch'i by Danny Connor and Howard Reid
  23. A Musical Journey: from the Great Wall of China to the water towns of Jiangnan by liow kah Joon, Kah Joon Liow
  24. Zen in Ten: Easy Lessons for Spiritual Growth by C. Alexander Simpkins, Annellen M. Simpkins
  25. Bruce Lee: Fighting Spirit: A Biography by Bruce Thomas
  26. Tae Kwon Do Techniques & Tactics by Thomas D. Seabourne, Yeon Hwan Park
  27. An American's Journey to the Shaolin Temple by Steve De Masco
  28. Beginning Qigong: Chinese secrets for health and longevity by Stephen Kuei, Stephen Comee
  29. Martial Arts by Pat Zukeran
  30. Patrick Zukeran: The Origins and Popularity of the Martial Arts
  31. Enter the Dragon> Wrestling with the martial arts phenomenon. Part I: The historical-philosophical backdrop by Ervin de Castro, BJ Oropeza and Ron Rhodes
  32. So Many Paths. Which Shaolin Is Real? The Reply: Yes. by Howard W. French
  33. Drinking Up Life In a Chinese Teahouse by Pete Hessler. Published: May 18, 1997
  34. History of Shotokan Karate by P. E. Katzer
  35. 108 STEPS: The Sino-Indian Connection in the Martial Arts by Joyotpaul Chaudhuri
  36. Kempo Jitsu – Pre 1900 Martial Art System by Tony Sims
  37. Breathing In and Breathing Out In Accordance With "Go" and "Ju": A Miscellaneous Essay on Karate by Chojun Miyagi
  38. Okinawa Kata Classification: An Historical Overview by Mario McKenna
  39. The Art of Shaolin Kung Fu: The Secrets of Kung Fu for Self-Defense, Health and Enlightenment by Grandmaster Wong Kiew Kit
  40. Karate: Technique and Spirit by Tadashi Nakamura
  41. How Hong Kong took Hollywood- BBC
  42. So Many Paths. Which Shaolin Is Real? The Reply: Yes. by Howard W. French
  43. Of Monks and martial arts by Christopher Wren. Published: September 11, 1983
  44. Kalaripayatta- Discovery Channel
  45. History Facts: The Founder Of Shaolinsi
  46. History of Jiu-Jitsu


Further reading

  • Introduction of Red Pine, translator; The Zen Teaching of Bodhidharma. North Point Press, New York. (1987)
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