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| In the ] the MEK/NCRI formed an alliance with Saddam Hussein, who was largely responsible for its financing, together with Saudi Arabia at that time, though the NCRI also employed fraud to bolster its funding.<ref>Jeremiah Goulka, Lydia Hansell, Elizabeth Wilke, Judith Larson,Rand Corporation 2009 p.59.</ref> | In the ] the MEK/NCRI formed an alliance with Saddam Hussein, who was largely responsible for its financing, together with Saudi Arabia at that time, though the NCRI also employed fraud to bolster its funding.<ref>Jeremiah Goulka, Lydia Hansell, Elizabeth Wilke, Judith Larson,Rand Corporation 2009 p.59.</ref> | ||
| ⚫ | NCRI was transformed from an umbrella organization into a ] subsidiary {{when}}`.<ref name="RAND"/> Despite being controlled by MEK, the NCRI disguises itself as the “]” of the “Iranian Resistance”, claiming to fight for the establishment of a democratic and secular republic in Iran, on a platform espousing such political values as secular government, democratic elections, freedom of expression, equal rights for women and human rights.<ref name="RAND"/> It still claims to be an umbrella organization with multiple member groups, such as the “Association of Iranian Scholars and Professionals” and the “Association of Iranian Women”, which are in fact ]s established by the MEK to make the NCRI appear more "representative".<ref name="Terrornomics"/> Other MEK front organizations include “Muslim Student Association”, the “Towhidi Society of Guilds, the “Movement of Muslim Teachers”, the “Union of Instructors in Universities and Institutions of Higher Learning”, and the “Society for the Defense of Democracy and Independence in Iran”.<ref name="Terrornomics"/> | ||
| == Current status == | |||
| {{main|People's Mojahedin of Iran}} | |||
| ⚫ | NCRI was transformed from an umbrella organization into a ] subsidiary.<ref name="RAND"/> Despite being controlled by MEK, the NCRI disguises itself as the “]” of the “Iranian Resistance”, claiming to fight for the establishment of a democratic and secular republic in Iran, on a platform espousing such political values as secular government, democratic elections, freedom of expression, equal rights for women and human rights.<ref name="RAND"/> It still claims to be an umbrella organization with multiple member groups, such as the “Association of Iranian Scholars and Professionals” and the “Association of Iranian Women”, which are in fact ]s established by the MEK to make the NCRI appear more "representative".<ref name="Terrornomics"/> Other MEK front organizations include “Muslim Student Association”, the “Towhidi Society of Guilds, the “Movement of Muslim Teachers”, the “Union of Instructors in Universities and Institutions of Higher Learning”, and the “Society for the Defense of Democracy and Independence in Iran”.<ref name="Terrornomics"/> | ||
| MEK leader ] is the designated "president-elect" of the organization, i.e. ] for the ].<ref name="RAND"/> | MEK leader ] is the designated "president-elect" of the organization, i.e. ] for the ].<ref name="RAND"/> | ||
Revision as of 00:34, 9 June 2018
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| National Council of Resistance | |
|---|---|
 Lion and Sun was adopted in 1993 | |
| Abbreviation | NCRI |
| Spokesperson | Alireza Jafarzadeh |
| President-elect | Maryam Rajavi |
| Founder | Massoud Rajavi and Abolhassan Banisadr |
| Founded | July 20, 1981; 43 years ago (1981-07-20) |
| Headquarters | Paris, France |
| Mother Party | People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran |
| Party flag | |
.svg) | |
| Website | |
| ncr-iran | |
The National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI; Template:Lang-fa) is an Iranian political organization based in France. The organization has appearance of a broad-based coalition, however many analysts consider NCRI and Islamic Marxist People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) to be synonymous, taking the former to be an umbrella organization or alias for the latter, and recognize NCRI as only "nominally independent" political wing or front for MEK. Both organizations are considered to be dominated by Massoud Rajavi and his wife Maryam.
Many western commentators consider the National Council of Resistance of Iran and MEK, its paramilitary arm, variously as the most important or most active Iranian opposition group to the current Government of Islamic Republic of Iran. A large majhority of Iran's population regards it as a terrorist group, disliking the assistance it provided to Iran's enemy Saddam Hussein in the wake of the Iraqi invasion of Iran . it has an active global network, and engages in propaganda and lobbying in many Western capitals.
The State Department refused to have contact with it since the 1980s, though it was reportedly left free to conduct its activities on American soil. MEK was identified as a foreign terrorist organization in October 1997. On 15 August 2003, being considered an alias of MEK, the United States also determined that NCRI was a terrorist organization being delisted seven years later on 28 September 2012. On 21 December 2001, Australia added the organization, alias of MEK, to its ‘Consolidated List’ subject to the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373.
History
The NCRI was originally an umbrella organization of Iranian dissident groups that shared an opposition to Ayatollah Khomeni and Islamic Republic, but it lasted no more than two or three years.
It was formed by People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) leader, Massoud Rajavi, and former president of Iran Abolhassan Banisadr in 1981, who co-chaired the council. They were later joined by National Democratic Front (NDF) and Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran (KDPI). Unlike KDPI, the other leftist major Kurdish opposition Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan refused to join the alliance. The council also received unequivocal support from the Labour Party of Iran. It caused a break up in the Fedaian Organisation (Minority), when Organization of Iranian People's Fedai Guerrillas (In Search of Identity Program) led by Mehdi Sameh split the former in order to join the NCRI, with less than a handful of members.
Despite presence of well-known personalities such as Nasser Pakdaman, Bahman Nirumand, Mehdi Khanbaba Tehrani, Mansour Farhang and several others, the organization was dominated by MEK.
In 1983, elements united with NCRI began to depart the alliance because of conflicts with the MEK. Due to "violent pro-Iraq activities of MEK in the Iran–Iraq War", the NDF and Banisadr withdrew from the council. On 24 March 1983, Banisadr officially left the council. On 14 April 1985, the KDPI left the organization because they preserved their independence to decide to negotiate with Iran's regime.
In the Iran–Iraq War the MEK/NCRI formed an alliance with Saddam Hussein, who was largely responsible for its financing, together with Saudi Arabia at that time, though the NCRI also employed fraud to bolster its funding. NCRI was transformed from an umbrella organization into a MEK subsidiary `. Despite being controlled by MEK, the NCRI disguises itself as the “parliament-in-exile” of the “Iranian Resistance”, claiming to fight for the establishment of a democratic and secular republic in Iran, on a platform espousing such political values as secular government, democratic elections, freedom of expression, equal rights for women and human rights. It still claims to be an umbrella organization with multiple member groups, such as the “Association of Iranian Scholars and Professionals” and the “Association of Iranian Women”, which are in fact shell organizations established by the MEK to make the NCRI appear more "representative". Other MEK front organizations include “Muslim Student Association”, the “Towhidi Society of Guilds, the “Movement of Muslim Teachers”, the “Union of Instructors in Universities and Institutions of Higher Learning”, and the “Society for the Defense of Democracy and Independence in Iran”.
MEK leader Maryam Rajavi is the designated "president-elect" of the organization, i.e. President of Iran for the transitional period.
Front and shell organizations
- Association of Iranian Scholars and Professionals
- Association of Iranian Women
- Muslim Student Association
- Towhidi Society of Guilds
- Movement of Muslim Teachers
- Union of Instructors in Universities and Institutions of Higher Learning
- Society for the Defense of Democracy and Independence in Iran
- Iran Aid (closed down by the UK government)
- Californian Society for Defense in ran
- Organization of Iranian American Communities
- Iranian–American Community of Northern Virginia
- Union Against Fundamentalism
Global reception
Despite NCRI claims, ass of 2009, details of the group remained little known in the West, and very few legislators asctively endorsed it. Resurgence of the group's foreignjh fortunes is tethered to the fact that it exposed Iran's nuclear programme in 2002.
The NCRI is regarded by the Iranian government as a terrorist organization, and was classified as a Foreign Terrorist Organisation by the United States, alleging that the NCRI "is not a separate organization, but is instead, and has been, an integral part of the MEK at all relevant times" and that the NCRI is "the political branch" of the MEK rather than vice versa. However, it is no longer considered terrorist. On September 28, 2012, the US State Department formally removed MEK from its list of terrorist organizations in a decision made by then-Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, ahead of an October 1 deadline set by a US appeals court.
Some top US officials such as Dick Armey (the former House majority leader 1995–2003) have suggested that the State Department wrongly included MEK in the terrorist list from the beginning. Alireza Jafarzadeh was its official representative in the US until the Washington office was closed by the US State Department in 2002 on the grounds that it was only a front group for the MEK by then listed as a terrorist organisation in the US. It has been alleged that the inclusion of NCRI and MEK in the list was a token offered to the theocratic regime of Iran rather than based the facts of the matter. According to the Wall Street Journal "Senior diplomats in the Clinton administration say the MEK figured prominently as a bargaining chip in a bridge-building effort with Tehran." The Journal added that: In 1997, the State Department added the MEK to a list of global terrorist organizations as "a signal" of the US's desire for rapprochement with Tehran's reformists, said Martin Indyk, who at the time was assistant secretary of state for Near East Affairs. President Khatami's government "considered it a pretty big deal," Indyk said.
The European Union in May 2004 implied that NCRI is part of the People's Mujahedin of Iran (rather than vice versa) and excluded the NCRI itself from a list of organisations considered to be terrorist organisations, including the People's Mujahedin of Iran "minus the National Council of Resistance of Iran" on its list of terrorist organisations. On January 26, 2009, EU Council of Ministers agreed to remove the MEK from the EU terror list. The group said it was the outcome of a "seven-year-long legal and political battle". The European Union had previously listed the MEK on its list but excluded the NCRI itself from the list of organizations considered to be terrorist organizations.
The Middle East department of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) in the United Kingdom stated in early 2006 that it is widely understood that "Iran's program, which was kept secret from the IAEA for 18 years, became public knowledge largely because of revelations of the NCRI, and this led to heightened international concern." At the same time Michael Axworthy, former head of the Iran section at the FCO, claimed that the NCRI is a "tightly disciplined front organization for the MEK and deemed them unreliable."
According to Rand Corporation analysts, the NCRI has hidden the Marxist-Islamic elements in MEK's programme from Western eyes in advancing a secular democratic platform. The NCRI has in the past three decades recorded and reported human rights violations in Iran to UN Special Rapporteurs, the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, Amnesty International and other international human rights organisations. At the same time, despite NCRI claims that it espouses equal rights for women, in practice strict gender segregation is practiced in those areas it has controlled, as, for example, at Camp Ashraf.
In a meeting at the Council of Europe in April 2006, Maryam Rajavi, President-elect of the NCRI, elaborated on the movement's vision for a future Iran and presented a Ten Point Plan for Future Iran, according to the organisation’s website.
The plan has been supported by British MPs, some arguing that it is a potential programme that "would transform Iran" since it calls for the abolition of the death penalty, the creation of a modern legal system and the independence of judges.
At a debate on human rights situation in Iran in the House of Lords on December 8, 2016, Lord Alton of Liverpool said, “The manifesto says: Cruel and degrading punishments will have no place in the future Iran”. Madam Rajavi would end Tehran’s funding of Hamas, Hezbollah and other militant groups and is committed to peaceful coexistence, relations with all countries and respect for the United Nations charter.”
References
- ^ Anne Singleton (2003), Saddam's Private Army: How Rajavi changed Iran's Mojahedin from armed revolutionaries to an armed cult, Iran Chamber, retrieved 14 December 2016
- ^ "The Mujahedin-e Khalq in Iraq: a policy conundrum" (PDF). RAND Corporation. 2009. ISBN 978-0-8330-4701-4.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ^ Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.). "Chronology of Iranian History Part 4". Encyclopædia Iranica. Bibliotheca Persica Press. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
- ^ Kenneth Katzman, ‘Iran: The People’S Mohjahedin Organization of Iran,' in Albert V. Benliot (ed)., Iran: Outlaw, Outcast Or Normal Country?, Nova Publishers, 2001 pp.97-110 p.97.
- ^ Kenneth Katzman, Document No.9 Iran:U.S. Concerns and Policy: Responses, CRS Report RL32048, in Kristen Boon, Aziz Z. Huq, Douglas Lovelace (eds.) Global Stability and U.S. National Security, Oxford University Press, 2012 pp.297-383 p.317.
- ^ Sasan Fayazmanesh, The United States and Iran: Sanctions, Wars and the Policy of Dual Containment, Routledge, 2008 pp.79,81.
- Ali M. Ansari (2006). Confronting Iran: The Failure of American Foreign Policy and the Roots of Mistrust. Hurst Publishers. p. 198. ISBN 1850658099.
- Allison Hantschel (2005). Special Plans: The Blogs on Douglas Feith & the Faulty Intelligence That Led to War. Franklin, Beedle & Associates, Inc. p. 66. ISBN 1590280490.
- Middle East Report. Middle East Research & Information Project, JSTOR. 2005. p. 55. ISBN 1590280490.
- Nicla Pedde p.118:'Despite this multiform structure, however, the pyramid of power behind the MEK (or MKO Mojahedin e-Khalg Organization) is quite small and precisely identified: Massoud and Maryam Rajavi. The truth however is that MEK has been transformed in a sort of closedand vertical structure totally dominated by Massoud and Maryam Rajavi, where Massoud still holds the real power on the entire structure.
- Con Coughlin Khomeini's Ghost: The Iranian Revolution and the Rise of Militant Islam, Ecco Books 2010 p.377 n.21
- Isak Svensson, Ending Holy Wars: Religion and Conflict Resolution in Civil Wars, University of Queensland Press, 2012 p.122.
- Moises Garduño, 'The collective action of Mujahedeen-e Khalq Organization (MKO): evolution, interests and current situation,' SOAS PP.7-8
- Nicola Pedde,'Role and Evolution of the Mojahedin e-kalgh,' Vaseteh - Journal of the European Society for Iranian Studies 2005 pp.113-124 pè'p.120-121
- Anthony H. Cordesman, Adam C. Seitz Iranian Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Birth of a Regional Nuclear Arms Race?. Praeger Security International Series ABC-CLIO, 2009 p.327.
- Jeremiah Goulka, Lydia Hansell, Elizabeth Wilke, Judith Larson, The Mujahedin-e Khalq in Iraq A Policy Conundrum, Rand Corporation 2009
- Nigel Brew (5 December 2012), "Delisting the Mujahideen-e-Khalq (MeK)", FlagPost, retrieved 5 December 2016
- ^ Keddie, Modern Iran, (2006), p.253
- Charles Hobday, Roger East (1990). David Scott Bell (ed.). Communist and Marxist parties of the world. Longman. p. 245. ISBN 9780582060388.
- Kenneth Katzman (2001). "Iran: The People's Mojahedin Organization of Iran". In Albert V. Benliot (ed.). Iran: Outlaw, Outcast, Or Normal Country?. Nova Publishers. p. 105. ISBN 1560729546.
- ^ Mark Edmond Clark (2016), "An Analysis of the Role of the Iranian Diaspora in the Financial Support System of the Mujahedin-e-Khalq", in David Gold (ed.), Terrornomics, Routledge, p. 70, ISBN 1317045904
- Jeremiah Goulka, Lydia Hansell, Elizabeth Wilke, Judith Larson,Rand Corporation 2009 p.59.
- ^ The Terrorist Argument: Modern Advocacy and Propaganda, Brookings Institution Press, 2018, p. 301, ISBN 9780815732198
{{citation}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - Rand Corporation 2009 pp.64-65
- "DC Court of Appeals Rules Against NCRI Petition for Review of "Foreign Terrorist Organization" Designation" (pdf). United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia. July 9, 2004. Retrieved 2006-12-28.
- Shane, Scott (September 21, 2012). "Iranian Dissidents Convince U.S. to Drop Terror Label". New York Times.
- "Empowering the democratic opposition in Iran". The Hill. July 24, 2007. Retrieved 2012-12-04.
- Lorimer, Doug (February 22, 2006). "IRAN: US relies on terrorists for nuke 'intelligence'". Green Left Weekly. Archived from the original on March 8, 2006. Retrieved 2006-05-01.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - Andrew Higgins and Jay Solomon (2006-11-29), "Iranian Imbroglio Gives New Boost To Odd Exile Group", Wall Street Journal
- "Council Common Position 2004/500/CESP of 17 May 2004" (pdf). Council of the European Union. May 17, 2004. Retrieved 2006-12-28.
- Hafner, Katie (January 26, 2009). "The New York Times - Breaking News, World News & Multimedia". International Herald Tribune. Reuters. Retrieved 2012-12-04.
- Runner, Philippa (2012-11-20). "/ Foreign Affairs / EU ministers drop Iran group from terror list". Euobserver.com. Retrieved 2012-12-04.
- "EU removes PMOI from terrorist list". UPI.com. 2009-01-26. Retrieved 2012-12-04.
- John, Mark (January 26, 2009). "EU takes Iran opposition group off terror list". Reuters.
- "Council Common Position 2004/500/CESP of 17 May 2004" (PDF). Council of the European Union. May 17, 2004. Retrieved 2006-12-28.
- "COUNCIL DECISION" (PDF). Official Journal of the European Union. 28 June 2007. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
- "RESISTANCE GROUP CLAIMS EVIDENCE OF IRANIAN BOMB AMBITIONS". The Media Line. Retrieved 8 November 2013.
- Kliger, Rachelle (January 11, 2006). "Resistance group claims evidence of Iranian bomb ambitions". The Media Line. Archived from the original on January 19, 2010. Retrieved 2006-12-28.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - Jeremiah Goulka, Lydia Hansell, Elizabeth Wilke, Judith Larson, The Mujahedin-e Khalqin Iraq: A Policy Conundrum, Rand Corporation 2009 p.59:'In another survival shift for Rajavi, the NCRI hid the MeK’s Marxist-Islamic philosophy from European and American view and instead promoted a new platform espousing such political values as secular government, democratic elections, freedom of expression, equal rights for women, human rights, and a free-market economy, only some of which the MeK had previously endorsed.'
- ^ UK House of Commons, Foreign Affairs Committee publication, 10 June 2013,
- Rand Corporation 2009 p.72
- NCRI Website: Maryam Rajavi's Ten Point Plan for Future Iran, http://ncr-iran.org/en/ten-point-plan
- House of Lords Hansard Volume 777, Lords Chamber, Iran: Human Rights, 08 December 2016, https://hansard.parliament.uk/Lords/2016-12-08/debates/1117FCF0-EE8C-4A7A-BED2-DE9108AD65DC/IranHumanRights
External links
Categories:- Governments in exile
- Political party alliances in Iran
- People's Mujahedin of Iran
- Entities added to the Consolidated List by Australia
- Organizations formerly designated as terrorist by the United States
- 1981 establishments in France
- Organisations designated as terrorist by Iran
- Banned political parties in Iran
- Political organizations in France