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| {{For|structural tubing|Hollow structural section}} | |||
| {{Refimprove|date=July 2008}} | |||
| ] | |||
| A '''tube''', or '''tubing''', is a long hollow cylinder used for moving ]s (]s or ]es) or to protect electrical or optical cables and wires. | |||
| The terms "]" and "tube" are almost interchangeable, although minor distinctions exist — generally, a tube has tighter engineering requirements than a pipe. Both pipe and tube imply a level of rigidity and permanence, whereas a ] is usually portable and flexible. A tube and pipe may be specified by standard pipe size designations, ''e.g.'', nominal pipe size, or by ] outside or inside diameter and/or wall thickness. The actual dimensions of pipe are usually not the nominal dimensions: A 1-inch pipe will not actually measure 1 inch in either outside or inside diameter, whereas many types of tubing are specified by actual inside diameter, outside diameter, or wall thickness. | |||
| == Manufacture == | |||
| {{Main|Tube drawing}} | |||
| There are three classes of manufactured tubing: seamless,<ref>{{cite web|title=API 5L Grade B seamless tube PSL1 & PSL2|url=http://www.hysteelpipe.com/api-5l-line-pipe/api-5l-gr-b-seamless-steel-pipe/|website=HYSP Steel Pipe}}</ref> as-welded or electric resistant welded (ERW), and drawn-over-mandrel (DOM). | |||
| * Seamless tubing is produced via ] or ]. | |||
| * Drawn-over-mandrel tubing is made from cold-drawn electrical-resistance-welded tube that is drawn through a die and over a mandrel to create such characteristics as dependable weld integrity, dimensional accuracy, and an excellent surface finish. | |||
| == Standards == | |||
| There are many industry and government standards for pipe and tubing. Many standards exist for tube manufacture; some of the most common are as follows: | |||
| *] A213 Standard Specification for Seamless Ferritic and Austenitic Alloy-Steel Boiler, Superheater, Heat-Exchanger Tubes. | |||
| *ASTM A269 Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Tubing for General Service | |||
| *ASTM A270 Standard Specification for Seamless and Welded Austenitic Stainless Steel Sanitary Tubing | |||
| *ASTM A511 Standard Specification for Seamless Stainless Steel Mechanical Tubing | |||
| *ASTM A513 Standard Specification for Electric-Resistance-Welded Carbon and Alloy Steel Mechanical Tubing | |||
| *ASTM A554 Standard Specification for Welded Stainless Steel Mechanical Tubing | |||
| *] 1387:1985 Specification for screwed and socketed steel tubes and tubulars and for plain end steel tubes suitable for welding or for screwing to BS 21 pipe threads | |||
| ASTM material specifications generally cover a variety of grades or types that indicate a specific material composition. Some of the most commonly used are: | |||
| *TP 304 | |||
| *TP 316 | |||
| *MT 304 | |||
| *MT 403 | |||
| *MT 506 | |||
| In installations using ], copper and stainless steel tubing must be factory pre-cleaned (ASTM B 280) and/or certified as instrument grade. This is due to hydrogen's particular propensities: to explode in the presence of ], oxygenation sources, or contaminants; to leak due to its atomic size; and to cause ] of metals, particularly under pressure. | |||
| ==Calculation of strength== | |||
| For a tube of ]<ref name="ami-prop">{{cite web|title=Mechanical properties of metals|url=http://www.ami.ac.uk/courses/topics/0123_mpm/index.html}} 100607 ami.ac.uk</ref> with a tensile strength of 10 MPa and an 8 mm outer diameter and 2 mm thick walls. The maximum pressure may be calculated as follows: | |||
| :] = 0.008 []] | |||
| :] = 0.002 [meter] | |||
| :] = 10 * 1000000 []] | |||
| :] = (Tensile strength * Wall thickness * 2 / (10 * Outer diameter) ) * 10 [Pa] | |||
| Gives burst pressure of 5 MPa. | |||
| Using a ]: | |||
| :Pressure max = (Tensile strength * Wall thickness * 2 / (10 * Outer diameter) ) * 10 / Safety_factor [Pa] | |||
| ==See also== | |||
| {{Wikisource1911Enc|Tube}} | |||
| {{colbegin}} | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| * ] | |||
| {{colend}} | |||
| ==References== | |||
| <references /> | |||
| ==External links== | |||
| * | |||
| ] | ] | ||
| ] | ] | ||
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