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== Structure and scoring == == Structure and scoring ==
] of the ] ] for a Requiem Mass, from the '']'']]
Duruflé structured the work in nine ]:<ref name="Gammie" /> Duruflé structured the work in nine ]:<ref name="Gammie" />
# ] (''Requiem aeternam'') # ] (''Requiem aeternam'')

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Requiem
by Maurice Duruflé
Beginning of the second movement, Kyrie in the organ version
OpusOp. 9
TextRequiem
LanguageLatin
Based onGregorian plainchant
DedicationTo the memory of his father
Movements9

The Requiem, Op. 9, is a setting of the Latin Requiem by Maurice Duruflé for a solo voice, mixed choir, and organ or orchestra with organ. The thematic material is mostly taken from the Mass for the Dead in Gregorian chant. The Requiem was published in 1948 by Durand.

History

Maurice Duruflé was commissioned to write a Requiem in 1942 collaborationist Vichy regime, He was still working on it in 1944 when the regime collapsed, and did not complete it until the year of publication. The composer dedicated the Requiem to the memory of his father.

He set the Latin text of the Requiem Mass, ommitting certain parts in the tradition of Gabriel Fauré's Requiem, structured in nine movement. At the time of the commission, he was working on an organ suite using themes from Gregorian chants. He incorporated his sketches for that work into the Requiem, which uses numerous themes from the Gregorian "Mass for the Dead." Nearly all the thematic material in the work comes from chant. Duruflé scored the work for a solo voice in the central movement Pie Jesu, and a mixed choir, accompanied by organ or orchestra.

The Reqioem was published in 1948 by the French publishing house Durand, first issued in a version for SATB choir and organ.

Structure and scoring

Incipit of the Gregorian chant introit for a Requiem Mass, from the Liber Usualis

Duruflé structured the work in nine movements:

  1. Introit (Requiem aeternam)
  2. Kyrie eleison
  3. Offertory (Domine Jesu Christe)
  4. Sanctus and Benedictus
  5. Pie Jesu
  6. Agnus Dei
  7. Communion (Lux aeterna)
  8. Libera me
  9. In Paradisum

The work is for SATB choir with brief mezzo-soprano and baritone solos. It exists in three versions: one for organ alone (with obbligato solo for cello); one for organ with string orchestra and optional trumpets, harp, and timpani; and one for organ and full orchestra.

Like many requiems, Duruflé's omits the Gradual and the Tract. The Dies irae text, perhaps the most famous portion of the Requiem Mass, is not set. Duruflé's omission of this text and inclusion of others (Pie Jesu, Libera me, In Paradisum, from the burial service, mirroring Fauré), makes the composition calmer and more meditative than some other settings. In the full score, the fifth movement, Pie Jesu, has the only solo for the mezzo-soprano; in addition, even in the "organ-only" version of the Requiem, there is an obbligato cello solo. The baritone soloist has parts in the third and eighth movements, "Domine Jesu Christe" and "Libera me." Duruflé left indications in the score that, for the baritone solos, it was preferable to have the choir sing the solos instead. This has resulted in various forces being used in different performances, some with both soloists, some with only the mezzo-soprano, and some (such as Robert Shaw's Telarc recording) using no soloists at all.

Instrumentation

The full orchestra version is scored for 3 flutes (2nd and 3rd doubling piccolo), 2 oboes (2nd doubling 2nd cor anglais), cor anglais, 2 clarinets, bass clarinet, 2 bassoons, 4 horns, 3 trumpets, 3 trombones, tuba, timpani, cymbals, bass drum, tamtam, celesta, harp, organ, and strings (violins, violas, cellos, and double basses).

The reduced orchestra version is scored for 3 trumpets, timpani, harp, organ, and strings (violins, violas, cellos, and double basses). The organ part used in the reduced version is different from the organ part used in the version for choir and organ.

Discography

References

  1. Frazier, James E. (2007). Chapter Sixteen: The Vichy Commissions / Chapter Seventeen: The Requiem. University Rochester Press. pp. 156–180. ISBN 9781580462273. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  2. ^ Gammie, David (2014). "Requiem, Op 9". Hyperion. Retrieved 3 August 2017.
  3. ^ Creasy, Barry. "Requiem – Maurice Duruflé (1902 - 1986)". Collegium Musicum of London. British Choirs on the Net. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
  4. Maurice Duruflé / Requiem / Choers à 4 Voix (S.A.T.B.). Durand. 1948.
  5. Coghlan, Alexandra (2016). "Duruflé Requiem". Gramophone. Retrieved 3 August 2017.

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