Antennae Galaxies: Difference between revisions

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	\| date=1988		\| date=1988
	\| publisher=Sky Publishing Corporation and Cambridge University Press		\| publisher=Sky Publishing Corporation and Cambridge University Press
	\| isbn=0-933346-51-4}}</ref>		\| isbn=978-0-933346-51-2}}</ref>
	\| epoch = ]		\| epoch = ]
	\| type = SB(s)m pec / SA(s)m pec<ref name="ned">{{cite web		\| type = SB(s)m pec / SA(s)m pec<ref name="ned">{{cite web
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	They are located 0.25° north of ] and 3.25° southwest of ].<ref name="o'meara">{{cite book \|title=The Caldwell Objects \|first=Stephen James \|last=O'Meara \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|year=2002 \|pages=240–43 \|isbn=978-0-521-82796-6 \| url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=3Hg6YHgx9nAC&pg=PA242}}</ref>		They are located 0.25° north of ] and 3.25° southwest of ].<ref name="o'meara">{{cite book \|title=The Caldwell Objects \|first=Stephen James \|last=O'Meara \|publisher=Cambridge University Press \|year=2002 \|pages=240–43 \|isbn=978-0-521-82796-6 \| url=https://books.google.com.au/books?id=3Hg6YHgx9nAC&pg=PA242}}</ref>

	The Antennae galaxies also contain a relatively young collection of massive globular clusters that were possibly formed as a result of the collision between the two galaxies.<ref>{{Cite journal\|title=van den Bergh, How Did Globular Clusters Form?\|journal=The Astrophysical Journal\|volume=559\|issue=2\|pages=~~L113\|url=http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/323754/fulltext/~~\|doi=10.1086/323754\|arxiv=astro-ph/0108298\|year=2001\|last1=Van Den Bergh\|first1=Sidney\|bibcode=2001ApJ...559L.113V}}</ref> The young age of these clusters is in contrast to the average age of most known globular clusters, around 12 billion years old, with the formation of the globulars likely originating from shockwaves, generated by the collision of the galaxies, compressing large, massive molecular clouds. The densest regions of the collapsing and compressing clouds are believed to be the birthplace of the clusters.		The Antennae galaxies also contain a relatively young collection of massive globular clusters that were possibly formed as a result of the collision between the two galaxies.<ref>{{Cite journal\|title=van den Bergh, How Did Globular Clusters Form?\|journal=The Astrophysical Journal\|volume=559\|issue=2\|pages=L113–L114\|doi=10.1086/323754\|arxiv=astro-ph/0108298\|year=2001\|last1=Van Den Bergh\|first1=Sidney\|bibcode=2001ApJ...559L.113V}}</ref> The young age of these clusters is in contrast to the average age of most known globular clusters, around 12 billion years old, with the formation of the globulars likely originating from shockwaves, generated by the collision of the galaxies, compressing large, massive molecular clouds. The densest regions of the collapsing and compressing clouds are believed to be the birthplace of the clusters.

	==Timeline==		==Timeline==

Revision as of 23:47, 14 February 2019

Antennae Galaxies
NGC 4038 (left) and NGC 4039 (right)
Observation data (J2000 epoch)
Constellation	Corvus
Right ascension	12 01 53.0 / 12 01 53.6
Declination	−18° 52′ 10″ / −18° 53′ 11″
Redshift	1642 ± 12 / 1641 ± 9 km/s
Distance	45 Mly / 65 Mly
Apparent magnitude (V)	11.2 / 11.1
Characteristics
Type	SB(s)m pec / SA(s)m pec
Size	500,000 ly (150 kpc)
Apparent size (V)	5′.2 × 3′.1 / 3′.1 × 1′.6
Notable features	Interacting galaxies
Other designations
Ringtail Galaxy, NGC 4038 / 4039, PGC 37967 / 37969, Arp 244, Caldwell 60/61, UGCA 264/265

The Antennae Galaxies, also known as NGC 4038/NGC 4039, are a pair of interacting galaxies in the constellation Corvus. They are currently going through a starburst phase, in which the collision of clouds of gas and dust, with entangled magnetic fields, causes rapid star formation. They were discovered by William Herschel in 1785.

General information

The Antennae Galaxies are undergoing a galactic collision. Located in the NGC 4038 group with five other galaxies, these two galaxies are known as the Antennae Galaxies because the two long tails of stars, gas and dust ejected from the galaxies as a result of the collision resemble an insect's antennae. The nuclei of the two galaxies are joining to become one giant galaxy. Most galaxies probably undergo at least one significant collision in their lifetimes. This is likely the future of our Milky Way when it collides with the Andromeda Galaxy.

Five supernovae have been discovered in NGC 4038: SN 1921A, SN 1974E, SN 2004GT, SN 2007sr and SN 2013dk.

A recent study finds that these interacting galaxies are less remote from the Milky Way than previously thought—at 45 million light-years instead of 65 million light-years.

They are located 0.25° north of 31 Crateris and 3.25° southwest of Gamma Corvi.

The Antennae galaxies also contain a relatively young collection of massive globular clusters that were possibly formed as a result of the collision between the two galaxies. The young age of these clusters is in contrast to the average age of most known globular clusters, around 12 billion years old, with the formation of the globulars likely originating from shockwaves, generated by the collision of the galaxies, compressing large, massive molecular clouds. The densest regions of the collapsing and compressing clouds are believed to be the birthplace of the clusters.

Timeline

About 1.2 billion years ago, the Antennae were two separate galaxies. NGC 4038 was a barred spiral galaxy and NGC 4039 was a spiral galaxy. Before the galaxies collided, NGC 4039 was larger than NGC 4038. 900 million years ago, the Antennae began to approach one another, looking similar to NGC 2207 and IC 2163. 600 million years ago, the Antennae passed through each other, looking like the Mice Galaxies. 300 million years ago, the Antennae's stars began to be released from both galaxies. Today the two streamers of ejected stars extend far beyond the original galaxies, resulting in the antennae shape.

Within 400 million years, the Antennae's nuclei will collide and become a single core with stars, gas, and dust around it. Observations and simulations of colliding galaxies suggest that the Antennae Galaxies will eventually form an elliptical galaxy.

X-ray source

Areas containing large amounts of neon, magnesium, and silicon were found when the Chandra X-ray Observatory analyzed the Antennae Galaxies. These elements are necessary in order for planets that may contain life to form. The clouds imaged contain 16 times as much magnesium and 24 times as much silicon as the Sun.

Image gallery

ESO's VLT observes the Antennae Galaxies.
Antennae Galaxies composite of ALMA and Hubble observations

References

R. W. Sinnott, ed. (1988). The Complete New General Catalogue and Index Catalogue of Nebulae and Star Clusters by J. L. E. Dreyer. Sky Publishing Corporation and Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-933346-51-2.
^ "NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database". Results for NGC 4038 / 4039. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
Astronomy Picture of the Day Archive (28 April 2017). "Exploring the Antennae". Retrieved 2018-05-01.
"Corvus". Universe Today. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
"List of Supernovae". IAU Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams. Retrieved 2015-08-22.
"The Antennae Galaxies Found To Be Closer To Us". Space Daily. 2008-05-12. Retrieved 2008-06-30.
O'Meara, Stephen James (2002). The Caldwell Objects. Cambridge University Press. pp. 240–43. ISBN 978-0-521-82796-6.
Van Den Bergh, Sidney (2001). "van den Bergh, How Did Globular Clusters Form?". The Astrophysical Journal. 559 (2): L113 – L114. arXiv:astro-ph/0108298. Bibcode:2001ApJ...559L.113V. doi:10.1086/323754.
J. E. Barnes; L. Hernquist (1992). "Dynamics of interacting galaxies". Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics. 30 (1): 705–742. Bibcode:1992ARA&A..30..705B. doi:10.1146/annurev.aa.30.090192.003421.

Notes

The quoted size was based on an assumed distance of 60 million ly although a more recent study gives a less remote distance of 45 million ly, giving consequently smaller values for the size.

External links

v t e Caldwell catalogue
List	C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7 C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 C17 C18 C19 C20 C21 C22 C23 C24 C25 C26 C27 C28 C29 C30 C31 C32 C33 C34 C35 C36 C37 C38 C39 C40 C41 C42 C43 C44 C45 C46 C47 C48 C49 C50 C51 C52 C53 C54 C55 C56 C57 C58 C59 C60 C61 C62 C63 C64 C65 C66 C67 C68 C69 C70 C71 C72 C73 C74 C75 C76 C77 C78 C79 C80 C81 C82 C83 C84 C85 C86 C87 C88 C89 C90 C91 C92 C93 C94 C95 C96 C97 C98 C99 C100 C101 C102 C103 C104 C105 C106 C107 C108 C109
See also	Messier Catalogue Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars New General Catalogue Index Catalogue Revised New General Catalogue Herschel 400 Catalogue
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