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Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty

Founded	November 1999
Founder	Greg Avery Heather Nicholson Natasha Dellemagne
Focus	Animal-rights campaign to close Huntingdon Life Sciences. Opposition to animal testing.
Location	UK and US
Origins	England
Method	Leaderless resistance Direct action
Website	shac.net

Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty (SHAC) was an international animal rights campaign to close down Huntingdon Life Sciences (HLS), Europe's largest contract animal-testing laboratory. SHAC ended its campaign in August 2014. HLS tests medical and non-medical substances on around 75,000 animals every year, from rats to primates. It has been the subject of several major leaks or undercover investigations by activists and reporters since 1989.

SHAC was started in November 1999 by three British animal rights activists—Greg Avery, Heather James, and Natasha Dellemagne—after video footage supposed to have been shot covertly inside HLS in 1997 by People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) showed HLS staff shaking, punching, and shouting at beagles in their care. The footage was broadcast by Channel 4 in the UK, the employees were dismissed and prosecuted, and HLS's licence to perform animal experiments was revoked for six months. PETA stopped its protests against the company after HLS threatened it with legal action, and SHAC took over as a leaderless resistance.

The campaign used tactics ranging from non-violent protest to the alleged firebombing of houses owned by executives associated with HLS's clients and investors. The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC), which monitors US domestic extremism, has described SHAC's modus operandi as "frankly terroristic tactics similar to those of anti-abortion extremists," and in 2005 an official with the FBI's counter-terrorism division referred to SHAC's activities in the United States as domestic terrorist threats.

In 2009 and 2010, 13 members of SHAC, including Avery, James, and Dellemagne, were jailed for between 15 months and eleven years on charges of conspiracy to blackmail or harm HLS and its suppliers.

Background

HLS tests household cleaners, pesticides, weedkillers, cosmetics, food additives, chemicals for use in industry, and drugs for use against Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, and cancer. It uses around 75,000 animals every year, including rats, rabbits, pigs, dogs, and primates (marmosets, macaques, and wild-caught baboons).

The company has been the subject of several undercover investigations since 1989. Sarah Kite of the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection (BUAV) secured a job and filmed inside HLS in 1989. Zoe Broughton did the same for Channel Four in 1996, as Michelle Rokke claimed to have done for PETA in 1997. Lucy Johnston for The Daily Express gained access in 2000. A diary kept by Kite, who worked undercover there for eight months, alleged that HLS workers routinely mishandled the animals, shouting at them, throwing them into their cages, and mocking them for having fits in response to toxicity tests. In 1997, Zoe Broughton came out with footage showing puppies being hit and shaken. A year later, Michelle Rokke allegedly obtained footage of the vivisection of a monkey in HLS in New Jersey, in which a technician expresses concern that the animal is inadequately anaesthetized. Between 2006 and 2008, an Animal Defenders International employee filmed undercover inside HLS after securing a position inside its primate toxicology unit in Cambridgeshire.

According to Mark Matfield of the Research Defence Society, a pro-animal testing lobby group in the UK, HLS lost a great deal of business after these investigations, primarily among the pharmaceutical industry. "There was an ingrained feeling among scientists and business people that this company had transgressed in a very serious way," he said.

Structure

SHAC UK

SHAC was founded in November 1999 by Greg Avery; his second wife, Natasha Avery (née Dellemagne); and his first wife, Heather Nicholson (née James). Avery and Nicholson had been involved in previous high-profile campaigns against facilities in the UK that bred animals for laboratories. In 1997, after a ten-month campaign, they caused the closure of Consort Kennels, which bred beagles for animal research. Later that year, they started Save the Hill Grove Cats against Hill Grove farm in Oxfordshire, which bred cats for laboratories. The farm closed after two years.

SHAC maintained a decentralized approach with no official central leadership, allowing activists throughout the UK and North America to act autonomously, though The Guardian described Avery in 2008 as the de facto leader. After Avery was jailed, another activist, Thomas Harris, ran the group in the UK until he was imprisoned in 2010. Before their convictions, Nicholson, Avery, and Dellemagne would publish reports on the SHAC website and by mail, and provide press information and interviews; in April 2004 they were reported to be living together rent-free in a cottage provided by a supporter, Virginia Jane Steele.

They would meet every three months to receive updates from colleagues in the United States and Europe. Sarah Whitehead, an experienced campaigner known in the group as "Mumsy", would lead younger members and carry up to five attacks in a night, according to the judge.

SHAC USA

SHAC USA was founded in 2004 by Kevin Jonas, sometimes spelled Kjonaas by the media, a political science graduate of the University of Minnesota, after he had spent two years working in the UK with Greg Avery. Prosecutors in the U.S. said that a house in Somerset, New Jersey — a few miles from a HLS laboratory — was the headquarters of SHAC USA; Jonas lived there with Lauren Gazzola, SHAC USA's campaign co-ordinator, and Jacob Conroy. According to Jonas, the "SHAC campaign" came to mean any action aimed at contributing to the demise of HLS, whether legal or not, while SHAC itself referred only to the incorporated group that ran a news and information service. Jonas writes that these distinctions were made in various legal proceedings. He told the Southern Poverty Law Center in 2002: "There's a very famous quote by John F. Kennedy. 'If you make peaceful revolution impossible, you make violent revolution inevitable.'" After he was imprisoned in 2006 for inciting harassment against HLS, Pamelyn Ferdin, a former child actor, became president of SHAC USA.

Methods

Secondary and tertiary targeting

SHAC's modus operandi is known as secondary and tertiary targeting. Activists engage in direct action—ranging from lawful protests to intimidation, harassment, and violent attacks—not only against HLS, its employees, and its employees' families, but also against secondary and tertiary targets such as HLS's business partners, and their business partners, insurers, caterers, cleaners, children's nursery schools, and office suppliers. A New York yacht club, for example, was covered in red paint because members of the club worked for Carr Securities, which traded in HLS shares. The campaign drove down HLS's profits, suppressed its share price, and made it difficult to find business and financial partners.

The SHAC website said it published names and addresses only so that people could protest within the law, but testimony to the British House of Commons in 2003 included excerpts from a document reported to have come from SHAC, which advised activists on tactics for protests outside targets' homes. These included throwing rape alarms in roof guttering at night, setting off fireworks, and ordering taxis and pizzas.

In 2001, HLS managing director in the UK, Brian Cass, was beaten outside his home by three masked men — animal rights activist David Blenkinsop was sentenced to three years in prison for the attack — and HLS marketing director Andrew Gay was attacked on his doorstep with a chemical spray to his eyes that left him temporarily blinded.

Shareholders

On 21 December 2000, HLS was dropped from the New York Stock Exchange because its market capitalization had fallen below NYSE limits, and on 29 March 2001, HLS lost both of its market makers and its place on the London Stock Exchange. Shortly after this, HLS moved its headquarters to the United States, incorporating as Life Sciences Research (LSR), and secured a $15m loan from investment bank Stephens, Inc, its largest shareholder. In September 2005, after the firebombing of the homes of a Canadian brokerage employee and a British pharmaceutical executive, the New York Stock Exchange asked LSR to delay moving its listing from the OTC Bulletin Board to the main exchange. LSR has since transferred its listing to the NYSE Arca electronic exchange. HLS is no longer a publicly traded company after being bought by CEO Andrew Baker.

In June 2005, Vancouver-based brokerage Canaccord Capital announced that it had dropped a client, Phytopharm PLC, in response to the May 2005 Animal Liberation Front (ALF) firebombing of a car belonging to Canaccord executive Michael Kendall. The ALF stated on its website that activists placed an incendiary device under the car, which was in Kendall's garage at home when it caught fire during the night. Kendall and his family went into hiding. Phytopharm was targeted, as were those doing business with it, because it had business links with HLS.

In May 2006, an anonymous group said it would be writing to every one of GlaxoSmithKline's 170,000 small investors warning them to sell their shares. The letters began arriving at investors' home addresses on 7 May 2006, asking that shares be sold within 14 days, and that the group be informed of the sale by e-mail via a Hotmail address. The number of letters sent was smaller than claimed; the BBC said at least 50 shareholders received the warning. Writing in The Sunday Telegraph the following week, British Prime Minister Tony Blair expressed support for animal experimentation in the face of an "appalling ... campaign of intimidation."

Ties to the ALF

The SHAC website features ALF news. Kevin Jonas — who took charge of SHAC UK while the Averys and James were jailed for six months in 2002 — declared his support for the ALF, and Robin Webb, spokesman for the ALF in the UK, attended and addressed SHAC conferences in the United States.

A posting on the website Bite Back on 7 September 2005 claimed the ALF had carried out an attack on the home of Paul Blackburn, corporate controller of GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), in Buckinghamshire, because GSK is a customer of HLS. The activists admitted to detonating a device containing two litres of fuel and four pounds of explosives on the doorstep of Blackburn's home. In 2006 the ALF warned that it was targeting HLS suppliers, and that year firebombed a car belonging to the finance director of Canaccord Capital, a brokerage firm. Members of SHAC said the company had acted as brokers for Phytopharm, which had used HLS for contract testing.

In December 2006, Donald Currie was jailed for 12 years in connection with fire bombing offenses against HLS customers; police described him as an "active bomber for the Animal Liberation Front."

A British police operation found that the core group of SHAC activists would compile private encrypted reports detailing the legal protests and an illegal blackmail campaign—the former attributed to SHAC, the latter claimed by the ALF or Animal Rights Militia. In 2008 and 2010 when 13 SHAC members, including the Averys and Nicholson, were convicted of conspiracy to blackmail, police said their actions were on behalf of the ALF; senior members of SHAC were regarded by police as key figures within the ALF, according to The Guardian. The members had sent incriminating emails describing their involvement in direct action, including one email sent to Bite Back in 2007 providing the details of an ALF attack the previous evening. SHAC spokespersons have denied any link between their campaign and the ALF.

The FBI linked SHAC with attacks claimed by the militant animal rights group, the Animal Liberation Brigade. They issued an arrest warrant for Daniel Andreas San Diego, who they described as being "involved with the Stop Huntington Animal Cruelty campaign", in connection with bomb attacks against two of HLS's clients in California. A wiretap of Kevin Jonas' telephone revealed San Diego had called him on the day of one of the bombings. San Diego was added to the FBI Most Wanted Terrorists List in 2009 and remains at large.

Convictions and legislation

Several companies targeted by SHAC in the UK obtained injunctions. These include HLS itself, Chiron UK, Phytopharm, Daiichi UK, Asahi Glass, Eisai, Yamanouchi Pharma, Sankyo Pharma, and BOC. The injunctions compelled SHAC to print the injunction on their website, so that SHAC's action targets were juxtaposed with a legal notification that there was a 50-yard exclusion zone around the homes of employees and places of business. Protest outside HLS itself was allowed to occur one day a week with a police presence. HLS tried but failed in June 2004 to obtain a permanent injunction against SHAC. SHAC's argument against the enforceability of such injunctions was that, despite having hundreds of supporters, a website, mailing address, telephone information hotline, mailing list, and bank account, it does not exist as a corporate or charitable body, and therefore cannot prevent its supporters from taking action against HLS.

SHAC's campaign prompted the introduction of sections 145–149 of the British Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005, which created new offences intended to protect animal-testing facilities, including prohibiting acts or threats intended to cause someone to terminate or not enter into a contract with such a facility. The first person to be convicted under the Act was Joseph Harris, a doctor of molecular biology, who attacked property owned by companies supplying materials to HLS; he received a three-year sentence. In February 2007, a number of SHAC supporters were charged with illegal street collecting without a licence. According to the Metropolitan Police, two stalls in London's Oxford Street collected over £80,000 a year. In March 2007, three activists were jailed under the Act for intimidating HLS suppliers; one supplier dropped its contract with HLS after being invaded by demonstrators wearing skull masks.

2006: SHAC 7 (U.S.)

In March 2006, a federal jury in Trenton, New Jersey, found six members of SHAC guilty of using their website to incite attacks on those who did business with HLS. Originally, seven individuals (the SHAC 7) were charged: Kevin Jonas (former president of Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty USA), Lauren Gazzola, Jacob Conroy, Joshua Harper, Andrew Stepanian, Darius Fullmer, and John McGee. McGee was later dropped from the case. They were charged with conspiracy to violate the Animal Enterprise Protection Act, in the first application of the 1992 statute. Jonas, Gazzola, Conroy, and Harper were charged with conspiracy to harass using a telecommunications device (sending black faxes), while Jonas, Gazzola, Conroy, and SHAC USA were charged with stalking via the internet. The defense of the SHAC 7 rested largely on the 1969 case Brandenburg v. Ohio, in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that political speech is legal unless it can be shown that a defendant has told specific individuals to commit specific, imminent acts of violence. They were sentenced on 3 March 2006, four of them to between three and six years, and ordered to pay joint restitution of $1,000,001.00.

In 2011, NPR reported that Andrew Stepanian of the SHAC 7 -- since released—had been imprisoned in the highly restrictive Communication Management Unit of the U.S. federal prison system.

2007: Operation Achilles (UK)

On 1 May 2007, a series of raids—Operation Achilles—took place against SHAC in Europe, involving 700 police officers in England, Amsterdam, and Belgium. Thirty-two people were arrested, including Greg and Natasha Avery, and Heather Nicholson, who were charged with blackmail, along with nine others. Prosecutors told jurors that a 2007 meeting between the defendants had been bugged by police, and revealed that SHAC supported illegal acts that were traced to attacks on people across Great Britain. The prosecution also alleged there was evidence of direct email links between SHAC, the Animal Liberation Front, and Animal Rights Militia. Der Spiegel wrote that as a result of the police operation the number of attacks on HLS and associated businesses declined drastically, although the day after the convictions new posts on SHAC's website indicated that the campaign would continue.

2008 onwards

In 2008, activists from various groups, including SHAC, targeted Highgate Rabbit Farm in Market Rasen, Lincolnshire, which sold rabbits and ferrets to HLS and other laboratories; the Close Highgate Farm campaign included an ALF raid in which 129 rabbits were removed and £100,000-worth of property damaged. In 2009, a new group, Militant Forces Against Huntingdon Life Sciences, emerged in Germany and Switzerland, targeting Bayer staff, a Novartis director, the CEO of Pfizer, and Highgate farm, among others.

In 2010, five more members of SHAC pleaded guilty to criminal charges. Sarah Whitehead, Nicole Vosper and Thomas Harris plead guilty to conspiracy to blackmail; Jason Mullan and Nicola Tapping plead guilty to breaching section 145 of SOCPA. They were all jailed for between six years and fifteen months. The Times reported that their activities included "posting hoax bombs to homes and offices, making threats of violence, daubing abusive graffiti on property and sending used tampons in the post." Harris' sentence was extended after he, Maria Neal and Christopher Potter also pleaded guilty to additional charges relating to attacks on branches of Barclays, including painting "ALF" on the buildings. At the time Barclays Asset Management was linked to HLS.

References

1. ^ "A controversial laboratory", BBC News, 18 January 2001.
2. "New bill clamps down on animal activist activity" Archived 12 July 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Drug Researcher, 17 November 2006.
3. *"From push to shove" Southern Poverty Law Center, Fall 2002.
4. Townsend, Mark. "Exposed: secrets of the animal organ lab", The Observer, 20 April 2003.
5. ^ "The First Investigation" Archived 27 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine; "It's a Dog's Life" Archived 27 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine (Zoe Broughton for Channel Four in 1996); "HLS busted again" Archived 27 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine (Michelle Rokke for PETA in 1997); and Johnstone, Lucy and Calvert, Jonathan. "Terrible despair of animals cut up in name of research" Archived 27 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine (Lucy Johnston for The Daily Express in 2000).
   • Also see Mann, Keith. From Dusk 'til Dawn: An insider's view of the growth of the Animal Liberation Movement. Puppy Pincher Press, 2007, pp. 198–199.
   • "Undercover video footage of HLS employees apparently dissecting a live monkey", filmed at the HLS Princeton Research Center, New Jersey, accessed 20 June 2009.
6. Alleyne, Richard. "Terror tactics that brought a company to its knees", The Daily Telegraph, 19 January 2001.
   • Also see "It's a Dog's Life", Countryside Undercover, Channel Four Television, 1997.
7. ^ Doward, Jamie and Townsend, Mark. "Beauty and the beasts", The Observer, 1 August 2004.
8. "From push to shove", Southern Poverty Law Group Intelligence Report, Fall 2002
9. Lewis, John E. "Statement of John Lewis", US Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works, 26 October 2005, accessed 17 January 2011.
10. ^ Evers, Marco. "Resisting the Animal Avengers", Part 1, Part 2, Der Spiegel, 19 November 2007.
11. ^ Weaver, Matthew. "Animal rights activists jailed for terrorising suppliers to Huntingdon Life Sciences", The Guardian, 25 October 2010.
12. "From push to shove" Southern Poverty Law Group Intelligence Report, Fall 2002.
    • Townsend, Mark. "Exposed: secrets of the animal organ lab", The Observer, 20 April 2003.
13. "Huntingdon Life Sciences Investigation", Animal Defenders International, 15 July 2009, accessed 17 January 2011.
    • "HLS Infiltrated by Undercover Investigation", indybay.org, accessed 17 January 2011.
    • Also see "Save the Primates", Animal Defenders International, shown at the European Parliament in February 2009, courtesy of YouTube, accessed 17 January 2011.
14. Rudacille, Deborah. The Scalpel and the Butterfly: The Conflict between Animal Research and Animal Protection. University of California Press, 2001, p. 286.
15. ^ Jonas, Kevin. "Bricks and Bullhorns" in Best, Steven and Nocella, Anthony J. (eds.) Terrorists or Freedom Fighters?, Lantern Books, 2004; see p. 271 for legal distinctions.
16. "Campaigns, protests and prison terms: how activists formed militant cell", The Guardian, 24 December 2008.
17. Doward, Jamie. "Sex and violence allegations split animal rights campaign", The Observer, 11 April 2004.
18. "Police bugged animal rights group", BBC News, 7 October 2008.
19. ^ Cook, John. "Thugs for Puppies", Salon, 7 February 2006.
20. "From Push to Shove", Southern Policy Law Center, Fall 2002.
21. "Childcare group warned of 'hell'", BBC News, 29 September 2005.
    • Also see ["Archived copy". Archived from the original on 1 August 2008. Retrieved 1 August 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works.
22. Lewis, John E. "Statement of John Lewis" Archived 1 August 2008 at the Wayback Machine, U.S. Senate Committee on Environment & Public Works, 26 October 2005, accessed 17 January 2011.
23. "Money talks", The Guardian, 1 June 2006.
    • "Lab firm ditched by share brokers", BBC News, 28 March 2001.
24. SHAC Disclaimer
25. House of Commons Hansard Debates, 19 March 2003.
26. "From push to shove", Southern Poverty Law Group Intelligence Report, Fall 2002.
27. "Huntingdon delays listing after attacks", The Guardian, 8 September 2005.
28. "LSR goes private in Lion Holdings takeover", Outsourcing, pharma.com, 1 December 2009.
29. Won, Shirley, and Zehr, Leonard. "When threats turn to firebombs, Canaccord cuts loose on client", The Globe and Mail, 24 June 2005.
30. "Animal rights activists tell drug firm's small investors to sell up or else", The Guardian, 9 May 2006.
31. Glaxo wins injunction over threat, 9 May 2006.
32. "Tony Blair: Time to act against animal rights protesters". 13 May 2006. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 26 January 2018.
33. Bomb attack on Glaxo executive, The Times, 28 September 2005
34. Laville, Sandra and Campbell, Duncan. "Animal rights extremists in arson spree", The Guardian, 25 June 2006.
35. Addley, Esther. "Animal Liberation Front bomber faces jail after admitting arson bids", The Guardian, 18 August 2006.
    • "Willing to maim in the name of animals", BBC News, 7 December 2006.
36. Cite error: The named reference TimesYeoman was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
37. Laville, Sandra. "Animal rights extremists still targeting lab", The Guardian, 24 December 2008.
    • Laville, Sandra. "From a Hampshire cottage, animal extremists plotted campaign of violence", The Guardian, 23 December 2008.
38. Doyle, Leonard. Animal rights activist added to FBI's most wanted terrorist list, The Telegraph, 24 April 2009.
39. "FBI's Most Wanted Terrorists List: Daniel Andreas San Diego". FBI. 21 April 2009. Retrieved 18 January 2011.
40. "Huntingdon told to prove animal rights group exists", The Daily Telegraph, 24 June 2004.
41. Tempest, Matthew. "Crackdown on animal rights extremists", The Guardian, 31 January 2005
42. "Serious Organised Crime and Police Bill", House of Commons, 2005.
43. "Animal rights protester is jailed", BBC News, 20 September 2006.
44. Smit, Martina. "21 'illegally' collected for animal rights terror", thisislocallondon.co.uk, 22 February 2007.
45. "Three 'violent' activists jailed", BBC News, 6 March 2007.
46. Kocieniewski, David. "Six Animal Rights Advocates Are Convicted of Terrorism", The New York Times, 3 March 2006.
47. "America's #1 Threat", Mother Jones, January/February 2006.
48. DATA & GRAPHICS: Population Of The Communications Management Units, Margot Williams and Alyson Hurt, NPR, 3 March 2011; retrieved 4 March 2011.
49. "Animal rights activists involved in bid to shut lab among 30 arrested in raids", The Guardian, 2 May 2007.
50. "Five deny animal rights blackmail ", BBC News, 6 October 2008.
51. "Animal activists still continuing campaign of threats and intimidation", The Daily Telegraph, 24 December 2008.
52. Animal rights activists in court, Market Rasen, 24 October 2008.
    • Rabbit farm raid accused 'impressionable' Archived 5 May 2013 at archive.today, This Is Lincolnshire, 1 May 2009.
    • "Rabbit breeder 'felt sick' at campaign", Lincolnshire Echo, 30 April 2009.
53. "Vous avez deux choix Monsieur Vasella", 20 minutes online, Switzerland, 24 August 2009.
    • Rogers, David. "Militant animal rights groups says behind Tyrol arson", Austrian Times, 6 August 2009.
    • Boyle, Catherine. "Extremists' attacks on Novartis chief intensify", The Times, 7 August 2009.
54. Bloxham, Andy and Bingham, John. Animal rights extremists sentenced for attacks on Barclays due to links to testing laboratory, The Daily Telegraph, 14 January 2011.

Further reading

External links

• SHAC website
• Huntingdon Life Sciences website
• Indymedia UK SHAC topic page
• The Shac 7
• The footage shot undercover inside HLS by PETA; see the same footage on YouTube.
• "Inside HLS", describes five undercover investigations into HLS between 1989 and 2001
• Diaries of Despair, Uncaged Campaigns, accessed 17 January 2011.
• "Hit 'Em Head On", SHAC, 9-minute video on YouTube, 2006.
• "Time for Action 3", SHAC, 4-minute video on YouTube, 2005.

Books and articles

• Bhattacharya, Shaoni. Scientists demand law against animal rights extremism, New Scientist, 22 April 2004.
• British Home Office. "Animal Welfare—Human Rights: protecting people from animal rights extremists", July 2004.
• Cox, Simon and Vadon, Richard. "How animal rights took on the world", BBC Radio 4, retrieved 18 June 2006.
• CrimethInc. Ex-Workers Collective (Fall 2006). "The SHAC Model: A Critical Assessment". Rolling Thunder (6): 11–28.
• Gibson, Ian. Statement by Dr. Ian Gibson (Norwich, North) Hansard, 19 March 2003.
• Robbins, John. "Red in Tooth and Law", The Lawyer, 16 August 2004.

v t e Animal testing
Main articles	Alternatives to animal testing Animal testing on invertebrates Animal testing on frogs Animal testing on non-human primates Animal testing on rabbits Animal testing on rodents Animal testing regulations History of animal testing History of model organisms IACUC Laboratory animal sources Pain and suffering in laboratory animals Testing cosmetics on animals Three Rs Toxicology testing
Testing on	Frogs Invertebrates Primates Rabbits Rodents Syrian hamsters
Issues	Animal rights Animal welfare Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act Biomedical Research Great ape research ban International primate trade Laboratory animal allergy Pain and suffering in laboratory animals
Controversial experiments	Britches Brown Dog affair Cambridge University primates Monkey Drug Trials Pit of despair Silver Spring monkeys Unnecessary Fuss
Companies	Charles River Laboratories Fortrea Inotiv Jackson Laboratory Nafovanny
Groups and campaigns	Anti-Vivisection Coalition Americans for Medical Progress AAAS AALAS Animal Defence and Anti-Vivisection Society Animal Free Research UK ALF Boyd Group Center for Alternatives to Animal Testing Cruelty Free International PETA ALF Foundation for Biomedical Research National Anti-Vivisection Society New England Anti-Vivisection Society Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine Primate Freedom Project Pro-Test SHAC SPEAK Speaking of Research Stop Sequani Animal Testing Research Defence Society Understanding Animal Research
Writers and activists	Colin Blakemore Carl Cohen Gill Langley Ingrid Newkirk Neal D. Barnard Jerry Vlasak Simon Festing Tipu Aziz
Legislation	Animal testing regulations Animal Experimentation Convention 1986 (Council of Europe) Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986 (UK) Animal Welfare Act 1999 (NZ) Animal Welfare Act of 1966 (US) Directive 2010/63/EU (EU)

• Use dmy dates from August 2012
• Animal rights movement
• Animal Liberation Front
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• Cruelty to animals
• Anti-vivisection movement