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Alberto Nisman
Nisman during an Infobae interview, November 2013
Born	Natalio Alberto Nisman (1963-12-05)5 December 1963 Buenos Aires, Argentina
Died	18 January 2015(2015-01-18) (aged 51) Buenos Aires, Argentina
Cause of death	Under Investigation (as of January 2019)
Resting place	La Tablada's Jewish cemetery
Nationality	Argentine
Occupation	Lawyer
Known for	Prosecutor of the AMIA bombing case

Natalio Alberto Nisman (5 December 1963 – 18 January 2015) was an Argentine lawyer who worked as a federal prosecutor, noted for being the chief investigator of the 1994 car bombing of the Jewish center in Buenos Aires, which killed 85 people, the worst terrorist attack in Argentina's history. On 18 January 2015, Nisman was found dead at his home in Buenos Aires, one day before he was scheduled to report on his findings, with supposedly incriminating evidence against high-ranking officials of the then-current Argentinian government including former president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner.

Nisman's death was innitially ruled as a suicide by a group of forensic experts appointed by Argentina's Supreme Court in 2015. However, in 2018, Nisman's death was determined to have been a homicide by a forensic group of Gendarmerie. Cristina Fernández de Kirchner was accused as the prime suspect of Nisman's alleged homicide, and is currently being prosecuted on conspiracy-to-commit-murder charges by a federal judge.

Biography

Early life and career

Alberto Nisman was born to a middle-class Jewish family in Buenos Aires. He started his career as a prosecutor in Morón, Buenos Aires. He was married to judge Sandra Arroyo Salgado, with whom he had two daughters. Nisman was a non-observant Jew.

He graduated from the University of Buenos Aires, and served as a law clerk at the National Tribunals Courthouse. He was later appointed prosecutor in the suburban Morón, Buenos Aires, district.

AMIA Special Prosecutor

Nisman was appointed Special Prosecutor in charge of the AMIA bombing investigation on 13 September 2004. The probe into the 1994 terrorist attack against the Asociación Mutual Israelita Argentina (AMIA) had been marked by judicial misconduct, and had reached an impasse. On October 25, 2006, Nisman formally accused the government of Iran of directing the AMIA bombing, and the Hezbollah militia of carrying it out. According to the prosecution, Argentina had been targeted by Iran after Buenos Aires' decision to suspend a nuclear technology transfer contract to Tehran. In November 2007, following the accusation, Interpol published the names of six individuals officially accused for their role in the terrorist attack. They were entered in the Interpol red notice list: Imad Fayez Moughnieh, Ali Fallahijan, Mohsen Rabbani, Ahmad Reza Asghari, Ahmad Vahidi and Mohsen Rezaee.

Nisman asked in 2008 for the detention of the former President Carlos Menem and Judge Juan José Galeano, who first presided over the AMIA case until his removal in 2004. WikiLeaks revealed that US diplomats considered that Nisman may have done this so as to be in good standing with President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner. He was considered a possible candidate for General Prosecutor of the Nation, after the resignation of Esteban Righi during the Boudougate scandal in 2012.

Santiago O'Donnell, a journalist and writer who published the books Argenleaks and Politileaks, both of which analyse the Wikileaks cable leak concerning Argentina's foreign and domestic policies, stated that during his investigation, he found clear and strong ties and "friendship" between Nisman, the CIA and the Embassy of Argentina in Washington, D.C.. According to O'Donnell, the cables revealed Nisman had received recommendation from the US embassy to not investigate the Syrian clues in the AMIA bombing and the local connection of the terrorist attack, and that he was instead to assume certain guilt of Iranian suspects, although no trial had been conducted.

Nisman rejected the 2013 memorandum of understanding signed with Iran to investigate the case. Two years later, he accused President Cristina Kirchner, Foreign Minister Héctor Timerman and other politicians of covering up Iranian suspects in the case. The report was largely based on wire tap reports of close allies of Kirchner alleged to be "clearly acting on orders from her" and others, including Mohsen Rabbani, a former cultural attaché at Iran's embassy in Buenos Aires.

The accusation was also based on his stated belief that the administration had petitioned Interpol to lift Red Notices against numerous Iranian officials during said negotiations. The Secretary-General of Interpol at the time, Ronald Noble, noted on 15 January 2015 that no such requests had been made; “on each occasion that you and I spoke about the Interpol red notices issued in connection to the AMIA case, you stated that Interpol should keep the red notices effective,” Noble wrote in an email addressed to Timerman. On the same day of Nisman's death, a recent interview with Noble was published by the newspaper Página/12; when asked about Nisman's belief and affirmation of the lifting of the Red Notices, Noble declared: "Prosecutor Nisman's assertion is false."

Federal Judge Daniel Rafecas dismissed the complaint, resubmitted to the courts by Federal Prosecutor Gerardo Pollicita, on 26 February. "The judge believes the minimum conditions to launch a criminal investigation have not been met, based on what the prosecutor presented," the Judicial Information Centre (CIJ) said in a statement. Rafecas noted in his ruling that "none of the two hypotheses of a crime put forward by prosecutor Pollicita in his writ stand up to the minimum level of scrutiny." Pollicita did not succeed Nisman as chief AMIA prosecutor; this office was headed as of 13 February by Sabrina Namer, Patricio Sabadini, Roberto Salum, and the prosecution task force coordinator, Juan Murray.

Death

Nisman was found dead at his home in Puerto Madero, Buenos Aires, on 18 January 2015 with a Bersa Thunder 22 handgun nearby just hours before he was due to explain his allegations to Congress, and six days after publishing the 288 page report. According to the autopsy, Nisman died the previous afternoon and had an entry bullet wound on the right temple with no exit wound. His body was found inside the bathroom and blocking the door, and there were no signs of forced entry or robbery in the apartment. Nonetheless, a locksmith who arrived at Nisman's apartment was quoted as stating that he found a hidden entrance to the apartment open upon his arrival.

Investigation

As of January 2019, the death of Nisman is under investigation by Federal Judge Emma Palmaghini and Special Prosecutor Viviana Fein. It is known that the death was a murder, as confirmed on 1 June 2018. Several items from the crime scene have been considered so far, attempting to clarify the circumstances of the event.

Nisman was found next to a Bersa gun, .22 caliber. It has been confirmed that it was the killing weapon, that there was a single shot, and that it was fired point blank to his head. Nisman had two registered guns, but this gun did not belong to him; it belonged to his assistant Diego Lagomarsino, who lent it to him. Of the other two guns, one was transferred in 2009, and the other has not been found. The paraffin test did not reveal any gunshot residue on Nisman's hands, suggesting that he may not have fired the gun himself. The results of such a test, however, may not be conclusive, as the gun involved is of small caliber and may leave no trace. His body did not have signs of physical attacks, and Fein commented that there were no items suggesting the presence of other people in the crime scene. Fein announced on 9 February, however, that DNA from a second person was found on a coffee cup in the kitchen sink.

It is still unknown whether Lagomarsino was the last person to see Nisman alive, and Fein is investigating the security tapes to clarify that point. Nisman's last phone calls are also under investigation. His bodyguards had not been present since the previous Friday, and returned that Sunday at noon. Although they received no reply from Nisman, who was dead, they did not report the lack of communication immediately or call 911, and refused the help of medics from the SAME (which deals with medical emergencies).

Nisman had already submitted his complaint and wiretap transcripts to Judge Ariel Lijo on 14 January. It was reported, both in the media and in comments to relatives, that he felt confident about his performance. Nisman had also written a grocery list for the following day, which was also found at the house. One of his last WhatsApp messages, for his relatives and friends, said "Estoy mejor que nunca y más temprano que tarde la verdad triunfa" (Template:Lang-es). Some who knew Nisman well, including Congresswoman Cornelia Schmidt-Liermann, said that he had been living under constant threats on his life since he began his investigation 10 years earlier.

Fein announced on 3 February 2015 that Nisman had drafted warrants for the arrest of President Cristina Fernández de Kirchner and Héctor Timerman, Argentina’s Foreign Minister, before his death. The 26 page document was found in the garbage in Nisman's apartment.

Senior Secretariat of Intelligence officer Antonio "Jaime" Stiusso, who conducted many of the wiretaps ordered by Nisman, had been dismissed in a December 2014 agency shakeup and had persuaded Nisman to dismiss his 10-man security detail days before his death. Stiuso presented himself on 18 February for questioning by Special Prosecutor Fein after initially evading the subpoenas. Facing unrelated charges of smuggling, he reportedly fled the country for neighboring Uruguay a week later in a black pickup registered to one of the companies allegedly involved in the smuggling operation.

In June 2015 a video was released of the crime scene investigation showing police allegedly tampering with evidence by neglecting certain precautionary measures.

The incident was first ruled as a suicide by a group of forensic experts appointed by Argentina's Supreme Court in 2015 (during Fernández de Kirchner's government), and then as a homicide by a forensic group of Gendarmerie (part of the country's police force and with no prior expertise in forensic examination of deceased persons) in 2018, under Macri's government. That same year Fernández de Kirchner was accused as the prime suspect of Nisman's alleged homicide, first by parts of Argentina's media who opposed her administration -as well as Macri and his political followers-, and is currently being prosecuted on conspiracy-to-commit-murder charges by a federal judge.

On January 31, 2019, the AMIA authorities asked their peers from the DAIA to desist from continuing the legal case against Senator and former President Cristina Kirchner for the Memorandum of understanding with Iran: "We believe that maintaining this complaint is detrimental to the community in general and affects in particular AMIA's specific management", said the Executive Committee of the Jewish mutual in a letter sent to the president of the DAIA, Jorge Knoblovits.

Private investigation

In early March 2015, a private investigation that was initiated by Nisman's family, which concluded that Nisman's death was not suicide but was an act of homicide. The report, which was performed by experts of Judge Arroyo Salgado, included photos of Nisman's body and was about 100 pages in length.

On December 21, 2018, Judge Arroyo Salgado resigned to be part of the Complaint in Nisman's death trial.

Reactions

Public protests took place following his death, accusing the Argentine government of corruption. Suspicions were raised by the rapidity with which the incident was officially declared a suicide. President Kirchner reversed her initial statement and declared on 22 January 2015 that she believed that it was not a case of suicide.

Nisman's death caused an international stir and captivated media attention throughout the world. A letter was delivered by historian Richard Gott and 29 other British journalists, artists, and intellectuals to the Argentine Embassy in London rejecting the "political use" of either the AMIA bombing or Nisman's death.

In the week following Nisman's death President Kirchner declared her determination to dissolve the Argentine Secretariat of Intelligence in favor of a Federal Intelligence Agency, an agency with new functions and closely controlled by the General Prosecutor's office.

Many Argentinians believe that it was CFK who ordered Nisman's death, possibly because he knew a dark truth about her. During the 2015 presidential election, it is commonly thought that this recent incident might have affected the public opinion, and made many people reconsider their options, before finally concluding that Cristina's party, the kirchnerist party, should not continue to be in power, and later that year President Mauricio Macri won the elections.

Controversies about Nisman's life

Alleged political contacts with the CIA, FBI and US Embassy

Santiago O'Donnell, an Argentine journalist and writer who published the books Argenleaks and Politileaks, both of which analyse the Wikileaks cable leak concerning Argentina's foreign and domestic policies, stated that during his investigation, he found clear and strong ties and "friendship" between Nisman, the CIA and the Embassy of Argentina in Washington, D.C.. According to O'Donnell, the cables revealed Nisman had received recommendation from the US embassy to not investigate the Syrian clues in the AMIA bombing and the local connection of the terrorist attack, and that he was instead to assume certain guilt of Iranian suspects, although no trial had been conducted.

Argentine journalist Facundo Pastor accused Nisman of having longstanding working relationship several USA security agencies, including the FBI. Pastor also states that in the light of his revelations it seems highly plausible that Nisman, instead of have been murdered by Argentina officials as has been widely assumed by the political opponents of Kirchner, committed suicide after all. His main argument for that position consists of the assumption that Nisman might have been purposely abandoned by the FBI and abstained from that agency's supossedly conclusive evidence against Kirchner, in the days leading up to his announcement of prosecuting Kirchner and Timerman. Pastor claims that Nisman might have been abandoned by his USA security contacts because the Obama administration shifted its political priorities from a severe anti-Iran policy towards a negotiated nuclear deal and more relaxed diplomatic ties with Iran as a consequence.

Some political analysts claim that there was a smear campaign against Nisman after his death, for his involvement as prosecutor in the AMIA bombing case.

Alleged money laundering and undeclared earnings

Following the emerging data in the judicial inquiry into the death of Nisman, the federal prosecutor Juan Zoni asked the judge of the same jurisdiction Rodolfo Canicoba Corral to summon a statement from some relatives or close friends of Nisman people. The order included the mother, Sara Garfunkel, her sister Sandra, former ITF AMIA Diego Lagomarsino, and the businessman Alejandro Picón. The prosecutor said the four defendants have been figureheads of Nisman and that Nisman's real estate was not justified according to the income he received while in office. According to prosecutor Zoni, among those assets that were appointed to third parties are:

• The Audi Q3 car used by Nisman, which was in the name of Palermopack, the company owned by Alejandro Picón.
• The undeclared account in Merrill Lynch bank (New York), with an amount of more than U$S 670,000 attributed to the name of Diego Lagomarsino (Nisman's employee), Sandra Nisman (his sister) and Sara Garfunkel (Nisman's mother).
• A trust for two departments with two parking garages, which are named after Sara Garfunkel; and two lots of sea farms (chacras) in Punta del Este which are also named after Sara Garfunkel.

Judge Canicoba Corral made the request and set dates for the declarations, but before they were carried out, the Federal Chamber ordered - at the request of Sara Garfunkel - that Canicoba Corral cease to attend the case and that Judge Claudio Bonadío [es] intervene. The reason for the withdrawal was an alleged partiality of the Judge Canicoba Corral, who had previously criticized Nisman and had made remarks in the media assuming Nisman's money laundering to be almost certain.

Diego Lagomarsino, the man who declared that he had given Alberto Nisman the gun from which the mortal shot came out, stated that every month he gave his boss 50 percent of his salary, against his will. He explained to the Justice that he gave the money to Nisman in his hand, in the department of Le Parc of the latter, and without witnesses. Lagomarsino also confirmed that he was co-owning with Nisman a bank account at the Merrill Lynch Bank of New York and that he made money transfers to pay the expenses of a field in Uruguay. The data on Nisman's estate were provided two months after the death, in a letter signed by Lagomarsino and his lawyers and presented to the prosecutor Viviana Fein.

Human Rights violations in La Tablada barracks

The 1989 attack on La Tablada barracks was an assault on the military barracks located in La Tablada, in the province of Buenos Aires, Argentina, by 40 members of Movimiento Todos por la Patria (MTP), an Argentine leftist urban guerrilla group commanded by former ERP leader Enrique Gorriarán Merlo. 39 people were killed and 60 injured by the time the Argentine Army retook the barracks. The MTP carried out the assault under the alleged pretense of preventing a military coup supposedly planned for the end of January 1989 by the Carapintadas, a group of far-right military officers opposed to the investigations concerning Argentina's last civil-military dictatorship (1976-1983) and its widespread Human Rights abuse, as well as the use of State terrorism against civilians.

In 1989, Gerardo Larrambebere (then Federal Judge of Morón district), appointed Nisman as the secretary in charge of the investigation on the allegations of forced disappearance of Iván Ruiz and José Díaz, two of the guerrilla members who participated during the fight on La Tablada barracks. Nisman filed the case due to "lack of evidence". In 1997, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights ruled that Ruíz y Díaz had been victims of crimes against humanity and that the Argentine State and its Juditial power had failed to comply with its duty to investigate and punish the people responsible. Twenty years later the case was reactivated and the then federal judge of Morón ordered the prosecution and capture of soldiers suspected of having committed the crimes.

On December 2018, during the third hearing of the trial for the human rights violations committed during the recovery of the La Tablada barracks in 1989, a surprising revelation occurred when two soldiers who had participated in the events claimed under oath that Iván Ruiz and José Díaz were captured alive, tortured and then disappeared by the Army. But one of them went further: César Ariel Quiroga, at the time the driver of an ambulance inside the Tablada barracks, reported that he was forced to sign a statement with facts that he did not see and which cleared the name of the military in the dissapearance of Ruiz and Díaz. That false testimonial bears the signature of Alberto Nisman, then secretary of the Morón court. During the 2018 trial, Quiroga thanked the court for the "opportunity" to speak up and then explained that in 1990, when he was 23 years old, he signed a testimonial statement before Nisman that "was not" true to what he had declared and that an "auditor of the Army", present in the Court of Gerardo Larrambebere had taken him aside before signing, and asked him to consent to the "official version so as not to damage the institution" (i.e. the Argentine Army). That statement was taken in August 1990, in the court that ran Larrambebere, with the secretariat of Nisman: "They gave me two sheets to sign, which they said it was a procedure I had to do in case someone claimed something", Quiroga explained, and he showed the copies that were delivered to him at that time, which are now part of the file and will be submitted to the expert's report, according to the president of Federal Court Nº4 of San Martín, Matías Alejandro Mancini. "I signed it because of my young age, because I had been in the institution for a short time, due to pressure and fear", Quiroga added.

See also

• List of unsolved deaths

References

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21. INTERPOL
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24. ^ "Nisman told me that Stiusso, who is the link to the CIA and the Mossad, gives him all the information" Radio Nacional Argentina Template:Es
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62. Alberto Nisman: Was prosecutor killed while investigating 1994 bombing of Jewish centre in Buenos Aires moonlighting for the FBI? By David Usborne 2015-10-22, The Independent
63. ‘A Crime Against Humanity’: Three Years Later, Relatives and Friends Reflect on AMIA Prosecutor Alberto Nisman’s Murder, by Ben Cohen 01-18-2018, Jewish & Israel News, Algemeiner.com
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65. «Sospechas de lavado de dinero: el empresario que le prestó el Audi a Nisman, cada vez más comprometido», por Delfino, Emilia (2015) 2015-06-28 Perfil (Buenos Aires) Template:Es
66. «Nisman y sus insólitas relaciones financieras», por Raúl Kollmann (2015) 2015-07-27 Página/12 (Buenos Aires) Template:Es
67. Citan a indagatoria a madre de Nisman y a Lagomarsino por lavado de dinero 2015-08-2, El Cronista Template:Es
68. Nisman: apartaron a Canicoba de la causa por lavado de dinero 2015-11-3, El Destape (Buenos Aires) Template:Es
69. Bonadio quedó a cargo de la investigación por el supuesto lavado de dinero contra familiares de Nisman 2015-12-27, El Cronista Template:Es
70. Lagomarsino testified before Justice that he regularly gave half of his salary to Nisman, by Nicolas Pizzi 2015-03-19, Clarín Template:Es
71. "Nisman y los desaparecidos de La Tablada". Pressenza International Press Agency. 2015-01-24.
72. Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (1997-11-18). "Informe dictado en el Caso 11.137 "Juan Carlos Abella y otros vs. Argentina"". Organización de Estados Americanos.
73. La Tablada: se reactiva la causa para saber si violaron DDHH de terroristas del ERP 10-08-2008, Infobae Template:Es
74. "Procesan a exmilitar acusado de ejecuciones en el copamiento del cuartel de La Tablada". CIJ. 2009-12-14.
75. ^ Página/12, "It is a cause of State terrorism" 12-15-2018, Página/12 Template:Es

External links

• Nisman's charges against the President and Foreign Minister Página/12 (PDF) Template:Es
• Archive: Página/12 - 13 January 2015, Nisman's charges against the President and Foreign Minister WebCite query result Template:Es
• Death of a Prosecutor The New Yorker
• Nisman's denunciation YouTube

• 1963 births
• 2015 deaths
• Argentine Jews
• Argentine people of German-Jewish descent
• Argentine prosecutors
• University of Buenos Aires alumni
• Deaths by firearm in Argentina
• People from Buenos Aires