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The '''Timurids''' (]: '''سلسلهٔ تیموریان''', ''Silsila-ye Tīmurīyān''), self-designated '''Gurkānī''' (]: '''گوركانى''') <span dir="ltr"> <ref name="baburnama">{{cite book | title=The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor |publisher=Modern Library Classics |id=ISBN 0375761373 |year=2002 |date=] |author=Zahir ud-Din Mohammad |editor=Thackston, Wheeler M. |accessdate=2006-11-10}}</ref><ref>Note: ''Gurkānī'' is the ] form of the Mongolian word ''kürügän'' , the title given to the dynasty's founder after his marriage into ]'s family <small>(Thackston, Wheeler M. ''The Baburnama: Memoirs of Babur, Prince and Emperor''. Modern Library Classics. ISBN 0375761373)</small></ref></span>, were a ] dynasty of originally ]<ref>''"Timur"'', The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition, 2001-05 Columbia University Press, ()</ref><ref>"Consolidation & expansion of the Indo-Timurids", in ], ()</ref> descent established by the ]n warlord ]. At its zenith, the Timurid Empire included the whole of ] and ], as well as large parts of ] and ].
{{Turkish_History_Brief}}

⚫ {{Iran}}
In the ], Timurid prince ], the ruler of ], invaded ] and founded the ] - the ''Timurids of India'' - who ruled the ] for 300 years.
]The '''Timurids''' was a ]<ref></ref> dynasty descended from the conqueror ] (Tamerlane), renowned for its brilliant revival of artistic and intellectual life in ] and ] (]), and later by ] in ] (]). The name is derived from the Mongolian word ''kürügän'' , the title given to the dynasty's founder after his marriage into ]'s family.


== History == == History ==
⚫ {{Iran}}
⚫ Timur conquered large parts of ] in modern day Central Asia and ] in modern day ] and ], from ] onwards with various alliances (] in ], and ] in ]), and was recognized as ruler over them in ]. Acting officially in the name of the Mongolian ] ulus, he subjugated ] and ] in the years that followed and began a campaign westwards in ]. By ] he had removed the Kartids from ] and advanced into mainland ] from ] (capture of ] in ], removal of the Muzaffarids from ] in ], and expulsion of the Jalayirids from ]). In ]/] he triumphed over the ] and enforced his sovereignty in the ], in ] subjugated what is today ] and northern ] and occupied ], in ]/] conquered ], ] and eastern Anatolia, in 1401 destroyed Baghdad and in ] triumphed over the Ottomans at ]. ]In addition, he transformed Samarqand into the ''Center of the World''.


⚫ Timur conquered large parts of ] in modern day Central Asia and ] in modern day ] and ], from ] onwards with various alliances (] in ], and ] in ]), and was recognized as ruler over them in ]. Acting officially in the name of the Mongolian ] ulus, he subjugated ] and ] in the years that followed and began a campaign westwards in ]. By ] he had removed the Kartids from ] and advanced into mainland ] from ] (capture of ] in ], removal of the Muzaffarids from ] in ], and expulsion of the Jalayirids from ]). In ]/] he triumphed over the ] and enforced his sovereignty in the ], in ] subjugated what is today ] and northern ] and occupied ], in ]/] conquered ], ] and eastern Anatolia, in 1401 destroyed Baghdad and in ] triumphed over the Ottomans at ]. In addition, he transformed Samarqand into the 'Center of the World'. Timurids are considered as one of the most powerful empires in ] and ], as it brought great cultural development in ], making it their capital.
⚫ After the end of the ] in ], the ] was later established in India by ] in ], who was a descendant of ] through his father and possibly a descendant of ] through his mother. The dynasty he established is commonly known as the ]. By the ], the Mughal Empire ruled most of India, but later declined during the ]. The Timurid Dynasty came to an end in ] after the Mughal Empire was dissolved by the ] and ] was exiled to ].<br><br><br><br>

{{stub-section}}
⚫ After the end of the ] in ], the ] was later established in India by ] in ], who was a descendant of ] through his father and possibly a descendant of ] through his mother. The dynasty he established is commonly known as the ]. By the ], the Mughal Empire ruled most of India, but later declined during the ]. The Timurid Dynasty came to an end in ] after the Mughal Empire was dissolved by the ] and ] was exiled to ].


== Culture == == Culture ==
⚫ Although the Timurids hailed from the ] tribe which was of Mongol origin, they had embraced ]<ref name="Britannica">"Timurids", in ], Online Edition, ()</ref> and ] culture<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | last = Lehmann | first = F. | encyclopedia = ] | title = Zaher ud-Din Babor - Founder of Mughal empire | url = http://www.iranica.com/newsite/search/searchpdf.isc?ReqStrPDFPath=/home/iranica/public_html/newsite/pdfarticles/v3_articles/babor_zahir-al-din_mohammad&OptStrLogFile=/home/iranica/public_html/newsite/logs/pdfdownload.html
⚫ | accessdate = 2006-11-07 | accessyear = 2006 | accessmonth = November | edition = Online | publisher = ] Center for Iranian (Persian) Studies | location = ] | pages = 320-323 | quote = ... His origin, milieu, training, and culture were steeped in Persian culture and so Babor was largely responsible for the fostering of this culture by his descendants, the Mughals of India, and for the expansion of Persian cultural infleunce in the Indian subcontinent, with brilliant literary, artistic, and historiographical results ...}}</ref><ref name="Columbia">{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = The Columbia Encyclopedia | title = Timurids | url = http://www.bartleby.com/65/ti/Timurids.html | edition = Sixth | publisher = ] | location = ] |accessdate=2006-11-08}}</ref> (see ], ]), converted to ] and resided in ] and ].


⚫ The Timurids had embraced ]<ref name="Britannica">"Early years of Babur", in ], Online Edition, ()</ref> and ] culture<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | last = Lehmann | first = F. | encyclopedia = ] | title = Zaher ud-Din Babor - Founder of Mughal empire | url = http://www.iranica.com/newsite/search/searchpdf.isc?ReqStrPDFPath=/home/iranica/public_html/newsite/pdfarticles/v3_articles/babor_zahir-al-din_mohammad&OptStrLogFile=/home/iranica/public_html/newsite/logs/pdfdownload.html
⚫ ===Literature===
⚫ | accessdate = 2006-11-07 | accessyear = 2006 | accessmonth = November | edition = Online | publisher = ] Center for Iranian (Persian) Studies | location = ] | pages = 320-323 | quote = ... His origin, milieu, training, and culture were steeped in Persian culture and so Babor was largely responsible for the fostering of this culture by his descendants, the Mughals of India, and for the expansion of Persian cultural infleunce in the Indian subcontinent, with brilliant literary, artistic, and historiographical results ...}}</ref><ref name="Columbia">{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = The Columbia Encyclopedia | title = Timurids | url = http://www.bartleby.com/65/ti/Timurids.html | edition = Sixth | publisher = ] | location = ] |accessdate=2006-11-08}}</ref> (see ], ]), converted to ] and resided in ] and ]. Under the domain of ], ] and ] became the center of the Timurid renaissance. Trading and artistic communities were brought into the capital city of Herat, where a library was founded. The schools of miniature painting at ], ], and Herat flourished under the Timurids. The Baysunqur workshops practiced leatherwork, bookbinding, calligraphy, and wood and jade carving. In metalwork, however, Timurid artistry never equaled that of earlier Iraqi schools.<ref></ref>
⚫ The Timurid era revived the Persian civilization in Central Asia after the desasterous invasion by ]<ref name="Columbia" />, and ] as well as the ], which was the traditional vernacular of the Timurid courts, flourished throughout their empire. ] and ] became centers of a renewed and artistically brilliant Persian culture<ref name="Britannica" />. Among the most important literary works of the Timurid era is the Persian biography of ], known as ''"Zafarnāma"'' (''' ظفرنامه'''), written by Sharaf ud-Dīn Alī Yazdī.


Throughout the second half of the 15th century, the western part of ] was divided into a number of rival principalities ruled by descendants of Timur, among which ] and ] were the most important. The courts of these rulers witnessed an extraordinary cultural florescence in literature, the arts, and architecture, with ], a dialect derived partly from ''Khakani'', the language spoken at the ] court (and a precursor of modern ]), emerging as a flexible vehicle for sophisticated literary expression. These Timurid epigones, however, were locked in unceasing rivalry with each other and were unable to combine against intruders from beyond their frontiers. By the close of the century, therefore, all the Timurid possessions in Central Asia had passed into the hands of the ].<ref></ref>
⚫ The Timurids also played a very important role in the history of ]. Based on the established Persian literary tradition, a national Turkic literature was developed, written in the ], the native tongue of the Timurid family. Chagatay poets such as ], ], and ] encouraged other Turkic-speaking poets to write in their own vernacular in addition to Arabic and Persian.

⚫ ===Literature===
⚫ The Timurids also played a very important role in the history of ]. The national Turkic literature was developed, written in the ], the native tongue of the Timurid family. Chagatay poets such as ], ], and ] encouraged other Turkic-speaking poets to write in their own vernacular in addition to Arabic and Persian.
The ], the autobiography of Bābur, as well as Mīr Alī Sher Nawā'ī's Chagatay poetry are among the best-known Turkic literary works and have fascinated and influenced many others world wide. The ], the autobiography of Bābur, as well as Mīr Alī Sher Nawā'ī's Chagatay poetry are among the best-known Turkic literary works and have fascinated and influenced many others world wide.

⚫ The Timurid era also revived the Persian civilization in Central Asia after the desasterous invasion by ]<ref name="Columbia" />, and Persian poetry as well as the Persian language - the traditional vernacular of the Timurid courts - flourished throughout their empire. ] and ], the two capitals of the empire, became centers of a renewed and artistically brilliant Persian culture<ref name="Britannica" />. Among the most important literary works of the Timurid era is the Persian biography of ], known as ''Zafarnāma'', written by Sharaf ud-Dīn Alī Yazdī.


===Architecture=== ===Architecture===
In the realm of architecture, the Timurids drew on and developed many ] traditions. Turquoise and blue tiles forming intricate linear and geometric patterns decorated the facades of buildings. Sometimes the interior was decorated similarly, with painting and stucco relief further enriching the effect.<ref></ref>


Timurid architecture is the pinnacle of ] in ]. Spectacular and stately edifices erected by ] and his successors in ] and ] helped to disseminate the influence of the ] school of art in ], thus giving rise to the celebrated ''Mughal'' (or ''Mongol'') school of architecture. Timurid architecture started with the ] in present-day ] and culminated in Timur's mausoleum ] in ]. The style is largely derived from ]. ] is a characteristic of all major Timurid structures, notably the ] in ], the ''Musallah'' complex in Herat, and the mosque of ] in ]. Double ]s of various shapes abound, and the outsides are perfused with brilliantly colors. Timurid architecture is the pinnacle of ] in ]. Spectacular and stately edifices erected by ] and his successors in ] and ] helped to disseminate the influence of the ] school of art in ], thus giving rise to the celebrated ''Mughal'' (or ''Mongol'') school of architecture. Timurid architecture started with the ] in present-day ] and culminated in Timur's mausoleum ]<ref></ref>in ]. ] is a characteristic of all major Timurid structures, notably the ] in ], the ''Musallah'' complex in Herat, and the mosque of ] in ]. Double ]s of various shapes abound, and the outsides are perfused with brilliantly colors.
{{main|Mughal architecture}} {{main|Mughal architecture}}
] in ] was a fusion of ] and ] elements<ref>"Mughal architecture", in ], Online Version, ()</ref>. The Mughal emperor ] constructed the royal city of , located 26 miles west of ], in the late ]s. The most famous example of Mughal architecture is the ], the "teardrop on eternity," completed in 1648 by the emperor ] in memory of his wife ] who died while giving birth to their 14th child. The extensive use of precious and semiprecious stones as inlay and the vast quantity of white marble required nearly bankrupted the empire. The Taj Mahal is completely symmetric other than the ] of ] which is placed off center in the crypt room below the main floor. This symmetry extended to the building of an entire mirror mosque in red sandstone to complement the Mecca-facing mosque place to the west of the main structure. Another structure built that showed great depth of Mughal influence was the ]. ] in ] was a fusion of ]<ref></ref> and ] elements. The Mughal emperor ] constructed the royal city of , located 26 miles west of ], in the late ]s. The most famous example of Mughal architecture is the ], the "teardrop on eternity," completed in 1648 by the emperor ] in memory of his wife ] who died while giving birth to their 14th child. The extensive use of precious and semiprecious stones as inlay and the vast quantity of white marble required nearly bankrupted the empire. The Taj Mahal is completely symmetric other than the ] of ] which is placed off center in the crypt room below the main floor. This symmetry extended to the building of an entire mirror mosque in red sandstone to complement the Mecca-facing mosque place to the west of the main structure. Another structure built that showed great depth of Mughal influence was the ].


==Rulers of Timurid Empire== ==Rulers of Timurid Empire==

Revision as of 18:57, 16 November 2006

Flag of the Timurid Empire according to the Catalan Atlas c.1375
Timurid continental map

Template:Turkish History Brief Template:Iran

Timurid continental map

The Timurids was a Turkic dynasty descended from the conqueror Timur (Tamerlane), renowned for its brilliant revival of artistic and intellectual life in Central Asia and Iran (Timurid Empire), and later by Babur in India (Mughal Empire). The name is derived from the Mongolian word kürügän , the title given to the dynasty's founder after his marriage into Genghis Khan's family.

History

Timur conquered large parts of Transoxiana in modern day Central Asia and Khorasan in modern day Iran and Afghanistan, from 1363 onwards with various alliances (Samarqand in 1366, and Balkh in 1369), and was recognized as ruler over them in 1370. Acting officially in the name of the Mongolian Chagatai ulus, he subjugated Transoxania and Khwarazm in the years that followed and began a campaign westwards in 1380. By 1389 he had removed the Kartids from Herat and advanced into mainland Persia from 1382 (capture of Isfahan in 1387, removal of the Muzaffarids from Shiraz in 1393, and expulsion of the Jalayirids from Baghdad). In 1394/95 he triumphed over the Golden Horde and enforced his sovereignty in the Caucasus, in 1398 subjugated what is today Pakistan and northern India and occupied Delhi, in 1400/01 conquered Aleppo, Damascus and eastern Anatolia, in 1401 destroyed Baghdad and in 1402 triumphed over the Ottomans at Ankara. In addition, he transformed Samarqand into the 'Center of the World'. Timurids are considered as one of the most powerful empires in Iran and Khorasan, as it brought great cultural development in Herat, making it their capital.

After the end of the Timurid Empire in 1506, the Mughal Empire was later established in India by Babur in 1526, who was a descendant of Timur through his father and possibly a descendant of Genghis Khan through his mother. The dynasty he established is commonly known as the Mughal Dynasty. By the 17th century, the Mughal Empire ruled most of India, but later declined during the 18th century. The Timurid Dynasty came to an end in 1857 after the Mughal Empire was dissolved by the British Empire and Bahadur Shah II was exiled to Burma.

Culture

The Timurids had embraced Turkic and Persian culture (see Turco-Mongol, Turco-Persian), converted to Islam and resided in Turkestan and Khorasan. Under the domain of Timur, Samarkand and Herat became the center of the Timurid renaissance. Trading and artistic communities were brought into the capital city of Herat, where a library was founded. The schools of miniature painting at Shiraz, Tabriz, and Herat flourished under the Timurids. The Baysunqur workshops practiced leatherwork, bookbinding, calligraphy, and wood and jade carving. In metalwork, however, Timurid artistry never equaled that of earlier Iraqi schools.

Throughout the second half of the 15th century, the western part of Central Asia was divided into a number of rival principalities ruled by descendants of Timur, among which Bukhara and Samarkand were the most important. The courts of these rulers witnessed an extraordinary cultural florescence in literature, the arts, and architecture, with Chagatai Turkish, a dialect derived partly from Khakani, the language spoken at the Karakhanid court (and a precursor of modern Uzbek), emerging as a flexible vehicle for sophisticated literary expression. These Timurid epigones, however, were locked in unceasing rivalry with each other and were unable to combine against intruders from beyond their frontiers. By the close of the century, therefore, all the Timurid possessions in Central Asia had passed into the hands of the Uzbeks.

Literature

The Timurids also played a very important role in the history of Turkic literature. The national Turkic literature was developed, written in the Chagatay language, the native tongue of the Timurid family. Chagatay poets such as Mīr Alī Sher Nawā'ī, Sultan Husayn Bāyqarā, and Zāher ud-Dīn Bābur encouraged other Turkic-speaking poets to write in their own vernacular in addition to Arabic and Persian. The Bāburnāma, the autobiography of Bābur, as well as Mīr Alī Sher Nawā'ī's Chagatay poetry are among the best-known Turkic literary works and have fascinated and influenced many others world wide.

The Timurid era also revived the Persian civilization in Central Asia after the desasterous invasion by Genghis Khan, and Persian poetry as well as the Persian language - the traditional vernacular of the Timurid courts - flourished throughout their empire. Herat and Samarqand, the two capitals of the empire, became centers of a renewed and artistically brilliant Persian culture. Among the most important literary works of the Timurid era is the Persian biography of Timur, known as Zafarnāma, written by Sharaf ud-Dīn Alī Yazdī.

Architecture

In the realm of architecture, the Timurids drew on and developed many Seljuq traditions. Turquoise and blue tiles forming intricate linear and geometric patterns decorated the facades of buildings. Sometimes the interior was decorated similarly, with painting and stucco relief further enriching the effect.

Timurid architecture is the pinnacle of Islamic art in Central Asia. Spectacular and stately edifices erected by Timur and his successors in Samarkand and Herat helped to disseminate the influence of the Ilkhanid school of art in India, thus giving rise to the celebrated Mughal (or Mongol) school of architecture. Timurid architecture started with the sanctuary of Ahmed Yasawi in present-day Kazakhstan and culminated in Timur's mausoleum Gur-e Amirin Samarkand. Axial symmetry is a characteristic of all major Timurid structures, notably the Shāh-e Zenda in Samarkand, the Musallah complex in Herat, and the mosque of Gowhar Shād in Mashhad. Double domes of various shapes abound, and the outsides are perfused with brilliantly colors.

Main article: Mughal architecture

Mughal architecture in India was a fusion of Seljuq and Indian elements. The Mughal emperor Akbar constructed the royal city of Fatehpur Sikri, located 26 miles west of Agra, in the late 1500s. The most famous example of Mughal architecture is the Taj Mahal, the "teardrop on eternity," completed in 1648 by the emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his wife Mumtaz Mahal who died while giving birth to their 14th child. The extensive use of precious and semiprecious stones as inlay and the vast quantity of white marble required nearly bankrupted the empire. The Taj Mahal is completely symmetric other than the sarcophagus of Shah Jahan which is placed off center in the crypt room below the main floor. This symmetry extended to the building of an entire mirror mosque in red sandstone to complement the Mecca-facing mosque place to the west of the main structure. Another structure built that showed great depth of Mughal influence was the Shalimar Gardens.

Rulers of Timurid Empire

Rulers of Mughal Empire

External links

Notes

  1. Encyclopædia Britannica
  2. ^ "Early years of Babur", in Encyclopædia Britannica, Online Edition, (LINK)
  3. Lehmann, F. "Zaher ud-Din Babor - Founder of Mughal empire". Encyclopaedia Iranica (Online ed.). New York City: Columbia University Center for Iranian (Persian) Studies. pp. 320–323. Retrieved 2006-11-07. ... His origin, milieu, training, and culture were steeped in Persian culture and so Babor was largely responsible for the fostering of this culture by his descendants, the Mughals of India, and for the expansion of Persian cultural infleunce in the Indian subcontinent, with brilliant literary, artistic, and historiographical results ... {{cite encyclopedia}}: Unknown parameter |accessmonth= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |accessyear= ignored (|access-date= suggested) (help)
  4. ^ "Timurids". The Columbia Encyclopedia (Sixth ed.). New York City: Columbia University. Retrieved 2006-11-08.
  5. Encyclopædia Britannica
  6. Encyclopædia Britannica
  7. Encyclopædia Britannica
  8. Encyclopædia Britannica
  9. Encyclopædia Britannica
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