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	\| pronunciation = {{IPA-all\|loriː}}		\| pronunciation = {{IPA-all\|loriː}}
	\| states = ]; a few villages in eastern ].<ref>{{e18\|lrc\|Northern Luri}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmQYAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA209\|title=Historical Dictionary of Iraq\|first1=Beth K.\|last1=Dougherty\|first2=Edmund A.\|last2=Ghareeb\|date=7 November 2013\|publisher=Scarecrow Press\|via=Google Books}}</ref>		\| states = ]; a few villages in eastern ].<ref>{{e18\|lrc\|Northern Luri}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmQYAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA209\|title=Historical Dictionary of Iraq\|first1=Beth K.\|last1=Dougherty\|first2=Edmund A.\|last2=Ghareeb\|date=7 November 2013\|publisher=Scarecrow Press\|via=Google Books}}</ref>
	\| region = Southern ]		\| region = Southern ]
	\| ethnicity = ]		\| ethnicity = ]
	\| speakers = over 4 millions<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Anonby\|first=Erik John\|date=July 2003\|title=Update on Luri: How many languages?\|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/update-on-luri-how-many-languages/EF8BBFADA50A13F59379F66DB2D71791\|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society\|language=en\|volume=13\|issue=2\|pages=171–197\|doi=10.1017/S1356186303003067\|issn=2051-2066\|quote=Luri is an Indo-Iranian language cluster with over four million speakers.}}</ref><br>circa 5 millions<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/lori-language-ii\|title=LORI LANGUAGE ii. Sociolinguistic Status – Encyclopaedia Iranica\|last=electricpulp.com\|website=www.iranicaonline.org\|language=en\|access-date=2018-08-20\|quote=In 2003, the Lori-speaking population in Iran was estimated at 4.2 million speakers, or about 6 percent of the national figure (Anonby, 2003b, p. 173). Given the nationwide growth in population since then, the number of Lori speakers in 2012 is likely closer to 5 million.}}</ref>		\| speakers = over 4 millions<ref>{{Cite journal\|last=Anonby\|first=Erik John\|date=July 2003\|title=Update on Luri: How many languages?\|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/update-on-luri-how-many-languages/EF8BBFADA50A13F59379F66DB2D71791\|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society\|language=en\|volume=13\|issue=2\|pages=171–197\|doi=10.1017/S1356186303003067\|issn=2051-2066\|quote=Luri is an Indo-Iranian language cluster with over four million speakers.}}</ref><br>circa 5 millions<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/lori-language-ii\|title=LORI LANGUAGE ii. Sociolinguistic Status – Encyclopaedia Iranica\|last=electricpulp.com\|website=www.iranicaonline.org\|language=en\|access-date=2018-08-20\|quote=In 2003, the Lori-speaking population in Iran was estimated at 4.2 million speakers, or about 6 percent of the national figure (Anonby, 2003b, p. 173). Given the nationwide growth in population since then, the number of Lori speakers in 2012 is likely closer to 5 million.}}</ref>
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	\| fam5 = ]		\| fam5 = ]
	\| dia1 = Central Luri (Minjai)		\| dia1 = Central Luri (Minjai)
	\| dia2 = ~~Feyli~~<ref name="Najm S. Mehdi 2001">Najm S. Mehdi, al-~~Fayli~~, Stockholm 2001.</ref><ref name="faylee.org">{{cite web\|url=http://~~faylee~~.org/articles/doc111.htm\|title=~~Faylee~~ Archive - الارشيف الفيلي\|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="jstor.org">{{Cite journal\|last=Black-Michaud\|first= J.\|year= 1974 \|title=An Ethnographic and Ecological Survey of Luristan, Western Persia: Modernization in a Nomadic Pastoral Society. Middle Eastern Studies, 10(2), 210–228 \|jstor= 4282526}}</ref><ref name="Shoup, J.A 2011. p.177">Shoup, J.A.2011.Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia.ABC-CLIO, Incorporated. p.177</ref>		\| dia2 = Luri<ref name="Najm S. Mehdi 2001">Najm S. Mehdi, al-Luri, Stockholm 2001.</ref><ref name="faylee.org">{{cite web\|url=http://luri.org/articles/doc111.htm\|title=Luri Archive - الارشيف الفيلي\|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="jstor.org">{{Cite journal\|last=Black-Michaud\|first= J.\|year= 1974 \|title=An Ethnographic and Ecological Survey of Luristan, Western Persia: Modernization in a Nomadic Pastoral Society. Middle Eastern Studies, 10(2), 210–228 \|jstor= 4282526}}</ref><ref name="Shoup, J.A 2011. p.177">Shoup, J.A.2011.Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia.ABC-CLIO, Incorporated. p.177</ref>
	\| dia3 = Bakhtiari		\| dia3 = Bakhtiari
	\| dia4 = Laki		\| dia4 = Laki
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	}}		}}

	'''Luri''' or '''Lurish''' (Luri: لۊری) is a Western ] language continuum spoken by the ] in Western Asia. The Luri dialects are descended from Middle Persian ~~(Pahlavi)~~. Luri forms five language groups ~~known as Feyli~~,<ref name="Najm S. Mehdi 2001"/><ref name="~~faylee~~.org"/><ref name="jstor.org"/><ref name="Shoup, J.A 2011. p.177"/> Central Luri, ],<ref name="Erik John Anonby 2003 pp 171-197">Erik John Anonby (2003). Update on Luri: How many languages?. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Third Series), 13, pp 171-197. doi:10.1017/S1356186303003067.</ref><ref name="R. Fazel 1984">G. R. Fazel, ‘Lur’, in Muslim Peoples: A World Ethnographic Survey, ed. R. V. Weekes (Westport, 1984),		'''Luri''' or '''Lurish''' (Luri: لۊری) is a Western ] language continuum spoken by the ] in Western Asia. The Luri dialects are descended from Middle Persian. Luri forms five language groups,<ref name="Najm S. Mehdi 2001"/><ref name="luri.org"/><ref name="jstor.org"/><ref name="Shoup, J.A 2011. p.177"/> Central Luri, ],<ref name="Erik John Anonby 2003 pp 171-197">Erik John Anonby (2003). Update on Luri: How many languages?. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Third Series), 13, pp 171-197. doi:10.1017/S1356186303003067.</ref><ref name="R. Fazel 1984">G. R. Fazel, ‘Lur’, in Muslim Peoples: A World Ethnographic Survey, ed. R. V. Weekes (Westport, 1984),
	pp. 446–447</ref> ]<ref name="B. Grimes 1996 p. 677">B. Grimes (ed.), ‘Luri’, in Ethnologue (13th edition) (Dallas, 1996), p. 677; M. Ruhlen, A Guide to the World's Languages (Stanford, 1991), p. 327.</ref><ref name="Farhang-e Laki 1978">H. Izadpan¯ah, Farhang-e Laki : in Persian, (Tehran, 1978).</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">بومیان دره مهرگان) تألیف رحیمی عثمانوندی)</ref><ref name="Farhang-e Lori 1964">H. Izadpan¯ah, Farhang-e Lori (Tehran, 1964).</ref> and Southern Luri.<ref name="Erik John Anonby 2003 pp 171-197"/><ref name="R. Fazel 1984"/>		pp. 446–447</ref> ]<ref name="B. Grimes 1996 p. 677">B. Grimes (ed.), ‘Luri’, in Ethnologue (13th edition) (Dallas, 1996), p. 677; M. Ruhlen, A Guide to the World's Languages (Stanford, 1991), p. 327.</ref><ref name="Farhang-e Laki 1978">H. Izadpan¯ah, Farhang-e Laki : in Persian, (Tehran, 1978).</ref><ref name="ReferenceB">بومیان دره مهرگان) تألیف رحیمی عثمانوندی)</ref><ref name="Farhang-e Lori 1964">H. Izadpan¯ah, Farhang-e Lori (Tehran, 1964).</ref> and Southern Luri.<ref name="Erik John Anonby 2003 pp 171-197"/><ref name="R. Fazel 1984"/>
	This language is spoken mainly by the ], ] and Southern Lurs (], ], ], ], ])<ref>{{cite book\|first=John \|last=Limbert\|title= The Origin and Appearance of The Kurds In Pre-Islamic Iran\|work= Iranian Studies\|jstor=4309997}}</ref> of ] and beyond.		This language is spoken mainly by the ], ] and Southern Lurs (], ], ], ], ])<ref>{{cite book\|first=John \|last=Limbert\|title= The Origin and Appearance of The Kurds In Pre-Islamic Iran\|work= Iranian Studies\|jstor=4309997}}</ref> of ] and beyond.

	]		]

Revision as of 19:05, 9 March 2019

"Luri" redirects here. For the town in France, see Luri, Haute-Corse. Not to be confused with Luri language (Nigeria).

Luri
لُری
Pronunciation	IPA: [loriː]
Native to	Iran; a few villages in eastern Iraq.
Region	Southern Luri
Ethnicity	Lurs
Native speakers	over 4 millions circa 5 millions
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Iranian Western Iranian Southwestern Luri
Dialects	Central Luri (Minjai) Luri Bakhtiari Laki Southern Luri larestani kumzari
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Variously: `lrc` – Northern Luri `bqi` – Bakhtiari `luz` – Southern Luri
Glottolog	`luri1252`
Luri languages. (Note: Iraqi distribution corresponds to that of Southern Kurdish.)

Luri or Lurish (Luri: لۊری) is a Western Iranian language continuum spoken by the Lurs in Western Asia. The Luri dialects are descended from Middle Persian. Luri forms five language groups, Central Luri, Bakhtiari, Laki and Southern Luri. This language is spoken mainly by the Lurs, Bakhtiari and Southern Lurs (Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, Mamasani, Sepidan, Bandar Ganaveh, Deylam) of Iran and beyond.

History

The Luri dialects are descended from Middle Persian (Pahlavi). They belong to the Persid or Southern Zagros group, and are lexically similar to modern Persian, differing mainly in phonology.

According to the Encyclopædia Iranica, "All Lori dialects closely resemble standard Persian and probably developed from a stage of Persian similar to that represented in Early New Persian texts written in Perso-Arabic script. The sole typical Lori feature not known in early New Persian or derivable from it is the inchoative marker (see below), though even this is found in Judeo-Persian texts". The Bakhtiāri dialect may be closer to Persian. There are two distinct languages, Greater Luri (Lor-e bozorg), a.k.a. Southern Luri (including Bakhtiari dialect), and Lesser Luri (Lor-e kuček), a.k.a. Northern Luri.

Speakers

Lur peoples of Iran are mainly in provinces of Lorestan, Ilam Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Fars province (especially Mamasani and Rostam), Khuzestan, Esfahan province and Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad and some of this people live in provinces as like as Hamadan province, Qom province, Qazvin province, Gilan province and Kerman province and Kermanshah Province. A Lur population, known locally as Feyli people, exists in eastern parts of Iraq.

Internal classification

The language is divided into five chief dialects, Feyli, Central Luri, Laki, Bakhtiari, and Southern Luri. Feyli is used by Feyli people in northern regions of Ilam, central regions of Kermanshah and significant parts of eastern Iraq in Diyala province (Khanaqin, Mendeli and Muqdadiyah cities) and Baghdad;. Central Luri is spoken in northern parts of Luri communities including eastern, central and northern parts of Luristan province, southern parts of Hamadan province mainly in Malayer, Nahavand and Tuyserkan counties, southern regions of Ilam province and southeastern parts of Markazi province. Laki is used in central and northwestern regions of Luristan, central and southern regions of Ilam and southern parts of Kermanshah. Bakhtiari is used by Bakhtiari people in South Luristan, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, significant regions in north and east of Khouzestan and western regions of Isfahan province. Finally, Southern Luri is spoken throughout Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province, and in western and central regions in Fars province, northern and western parts of Bushehr province and southeastern regions of Khouzestan. Several Luri communities are inhabited sporadically across the Iranian Plateau e.g. Khorasan (Beyranvand and Bakhtiari Luri descendants), Kerman, Guilan and Tehran provinces.

Phonology

Vowels

	Front	Back
Close	iː	uː
Close	ɪ	ʊ
Mid	ɛ	ɔ
Open	a~æ	ɑː

/a/ may also range to a higher /æ/ in the Northern dialect.

Consonants

		Labial	Dental/ Alveolar	Palato- alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Stop	voiceless	p	t			k	q	(ʔ)
Stop	voiced	b	d			ɡ	ɢ
Affricate	voiceless			t͡ʃ
Affricate	voiced			d͡ʒ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s	ʃ		(x)	χ	(h)
Fricative	voiced		z	ʒ		(ɣ)	ʁ
Nasal		m	n		ɲ
Tap/Flap			ɾ
Approximant		ʋ~v~w	l		j

/h/ mainly occurs as a glide to elongate short vowels (eg. /oh/; ). are allophones of a labiodental approximant /ʋ/. /ʁ/ occurs in Southern Luri. /ɲ/ as well as velar fricatives /x, ɣ/ as equivalent to uvular fricatives /χ, ʁ/, occur in Northern Luri. /ʔ/ occurs in Northern Luri, as well as in words borrowed from Farsi.

Vocabulary

In comparison with other Iranian languages, Luri has been less affected by foreign languages such as Arabic and Turkic. Nowadays, many ancient Iranian language characteristics are preserved and can be observed in Luri grammar and vocabulary. According to diverse regional and socio-ecological conditions and due to longtime social interrelations with adjacent ethnic groups especially Kurds and Persian people, different dialects of Luri, despite mainly common characteristics, have significant differences. The northern dialect tends to have more Kurdish loanwords inside and southern dialects (Bakhtiari and Southern Luri) have been more exposed to Persian loanwords.

English	Laki	Southern Luri	Minjai	Bakhtiari	Persian transcription	Persian	English
stone	berd/kıçık	berd/kuçuk	berd	berd	sang	سنگ	stone
black	sē	sē	sē/sia	šé/sia	siyah	سیاه	black
eye	čem	tye	češ	ti/tye/tye	čašm	چشم	eye
mother	da/daleke	da/dey	da/daleke	da/daye	mâdar	مادر	mother
nose	pet	nuft	pet	noft/neft/pet	bini	بینی	nose
bull	verza	verza	verza	pel	gāve nar	گاونر	bull
cow	manga	maga	maga	maga	gave made	گاو ماده	cow
Porcupine	jejŭle	cilé/cŭlé	jejŭ/jejŭle	čŭlé	taši	تشی	Porcupine
fire	agır/awır	teš	agır/teš	taš/agır	âtash	آتش	fire
let me	bìlam	bēlum	bílam	bēlom	be man ejaze bedeh (bezâr)	به من اجازه بده	let me
son/boy	kur	kur	kur	kur	pesar	پسر	son/boy
daughter	dōt	duwer/dōder	duxter	dōder	doxtar	دختر	daughter
men	piayēl	piayel	piaya	piayel	mardha	مردها	men
women	jenēl	zenel	zenia	zengel/zanyal	zanha	زنها	women
brain	mezg	mezg	mezg	mezg	maghz	مغز	brain
cat	pıšì	gulŭ	pıšì/gulŭ	gulŭ/gurbe	gorbeh	گربه	cat
dog	gemal	kutŭ/seg	gemal/sey	seg	sag	سگ	dog
duck	bet	bet	bet	bet	morghabi	مرغابی	duck

References

Northern Luri at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Dougherty, Beth K.; Ghareeb, Edmund A. (7 November 2013). "Historical Dictionary of Iraq". Scarecrow Press – via Google Books.
Anonby, Erik John (July 2003). "Update on Luri: How many languages?". Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society. 13 (2): 171–197. doi:10.1017/S1356186303003067. ISSN 2051-2066. Luri is an Indo-Iranian language cluster with over four million speakers.
electricpulp.com. "LORI LANGUAGE ii. Sociolinguistic Status – Encyclopaedia Iranica". www.iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 2018-08-20. In 2003, the Lori-speaking population in Iran was estimated at 4.2 million speakers, or about 6 percent of the national figure (Anonby, 2003b, p. 173). Given the nationwide growth in population since then, the number of Lori speakers in 2012 is likely closer to 5 million.
^ Najm S. Mehdi, al-Luri, Stockholm 2001.
"Luri Archive - الارشيف الفيلي".
^ Black-Michaud, J. (1974). "An Ethnographic and Ecological Survey of Luristan, Western Persia: Modernization in a Nomadic Pastoral Society. Middle Eastern Studies, 10(2), 210–228". JSTOR 4282526. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ Shoup, J.A.2011.Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia.ABC-CLIO, Incorporated. p.177
Cite error: The named reference luri.org was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Erik John Anonby (2003). Update on Luri: How many languages?. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Third Series), 13, pp 171-197. doi:10.1017/S1356186303003067.
^ G. R. Fazel, ‘Lur’, in Muslim Peoples: A World Ethnographic Survey, ed. R. V. Weekes (Westport, 1984), pp. 446–447
B. Grimes (ed.), ‘Luri’, in Ethnologue (13th edition) (Dallas, 1996), p. 677; M. Ruhlen, A Guide to the World's Languages (Stanford, 1991), p. 327.
H. Izadpan¯ah, Farhang-e Laki : in Persian, (Tehran, 1978).
بومیان دره مهرگان) تألیف رحیمی عثمانوندی)
H. Izadpan¯ah, Farhang-e Lori (Tehran, 1964).
Limbert, John. The Origin and Appearance of The Kurds In Pre-Islamic Iran. JSTOR 4309997. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
Erik John Anonby, "Update on Luri: How many languages?" // Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society (Third Series), volume 13, issue 02, Jul 2003, pp 171–197.
Don Stillo, "Isfahan-Provincial Dialects" in Encyclopædia Iranica. Excerpt: "While the modern SWI languages, for instance, Persian, Lori-Baḵtiāri and others, are derived directly from Old Persian through Middle Persian/Pahlavi".
^ Bakhtiari tribe and the Bakhtiari dialect , Encyclopædia Iranica.
^ electricpulp.com. "LORI LANGUAGE i. LORI DIALECTS – Encyclopaedia Iranica".
Kurdish language, Encyclopædia Iranica.
^ امان الهی بهاروند. اسکندر: قوم لر، انتشارات آگاه، تهران، ۱۳۷۴
Dougherty, Beth K.; Ghareeb, Edmund A. (7 November 2013). "Historical Dictionary of Iraq". Scarecrow Press – via Google Books.
"E. Anonby, LORI LANGUAGE ii. Sociolinguistic Status – Encyclopædia Iranica".
Anonby, Erik (2014). Bakhtiari Studies: Phonology, Text, Lexicon. Uppsala University.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Anonby, Erik (2002). A Phonology of Southern Luri.
Amanolahi; Thackston, Sekandar, Wheeler M. (1987). Tales from Luristan. Harvard Iranian Series, 4: Harvard University Press.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
"History and cultural relations - Lur". Everyculture.com. Retrieved 2015-09-21.

External links

Dryer, Matthew S.; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2013). "Lur". World Atlas of Language Structures Online. Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Lor
Bakhtiari tribe Lori dialect, Encyclopædia Iranica
Lurish language: How many languages? - By Erik John Anonby - The Royal Asiatic Society, 2003 - Printed in the UK

v t e Languages of Iran
Official language	Persian (Iranian)
Regional languages	Azerbaijani Achomi Kurdish Kurmanji Sorani Xwarin Laki Gorani Luri Gilaki Mazanderani Arabic Balochi Talysh Tati Qashqai Turkmen Semnani Khorasani Turkic
Minority languages	Armenian Assyrian Circassian Domari Georgian Hebrew Jadgali Zargari Romani Khalaj
Working languages	English French Russian
Sign languages	Persian Sign Language Qahveh Khaneh Sign Language

v t e Languages of Iraq
Official languages	Standard Arabic Mesopotamian Arabic (Main) Kurdish Sorani (Main) Kurmanji
Official minority languages	Neo-Aramaic Assyrian Neo-Aramaic Armenian Turkish Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects
Other minority languages	Gorani (Hawrami) Southern Kurdish (Xwarin) Persian Mandaic Neo-Mandaic Domari Hebrew Shabaki
Sign languages	Iraqi Sign Language Kurdish Sign Language

Iranian languages

History

Eastern

Pamir	Ishkashimi Khufi Munji Rushani Sanglechi Shughni Bartangi Khufi Oroshori Sarikoli Vanji Wakhi Yazghulami Yidgha
Others	Avestan Bactrian Khwarezmian Parachi Pashto Central Northern Southern Wanetsi Ormuri Sarghulami Scythian Alanian Ossetian Digor Iron Jassic Saka Sogdian Yaghnobi

Western

North	Ashtiani Balochi Makrani Daylami Fars Gilaki Gorani Gorgani Karingani Kurdish Kurmanji Sorani Xwarin Kordali Laki Mazanderani Tabaroid Median Old Azeri Parthian Semnani Lasgerdi Sangsari Semnani proper Sorkhei Talysh Tati Tatoid Zaza Zoroastrian Dari
South	Achomi Bashkardi Garmsiri Kuhmareyi Kumzari Luri Bakhtiari Pahlavani Persian Caucasian Tat Dari Hazaragi Tajik Old Persian Middle Persian

Others

Badeshi (unknown further classification)

Italics indicate extinct or historical languages.
Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left.

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