| Revision as of 13:29, 8 June 2019 editStan Tincon (talk | contribs)Extended confirmed users708 editsNo edit summary← Previous edit | Revision as of 08:29, 13 June 2019 edit undo89.228.40.173 (talk)No edit summaryNext edit → | ||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
| {{Infobox settlement | {{Infobox settlement | ||
| | name = Braniewo | | name = Braniewo | ||
| | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | |||
| | other_name = {{lang|de|Braunsberg in Ostpreußen}} | |||
| |color=#ffffff | |||
| | image_skyline = Braniewo - Colegium Hosianum.JPG | |||
| | photo1a = Braniewo - bazylika 2.jpg | |||
| | photo2a = Braniewo sankt sw krzyza klasztor.jpg | |||
| | photo2b = Braniewo Portowa 6 spichrz Mariacki.JPG | |||
| | photo3a = Braniewo - wieża bramna zamku biskupiego.jpg | |||
| | photo3b = Braniewo - kościół Św. Trójcy, ob. gr.-kat. (widok od frontu).jpg | |||
| | photo3c = 644365 Braniewo urząd miasta 03.JPG | |||
| | spacing = 2 | |||
| | border = 0 | |||
| | size = 266 | |||
| }} | |||
| | imagesize = 250px | | imagesize = 250px | ||
| | image_caption = {{hlist|From top, left to right: Saint Catherine Basilica|Holy Cross Sanctuary|Old granary|Remains of the ]|Holy Trinity church|Municipal office}} | |||
| ⚫ | |||
| | image_shield = POL Braniewo COA.svg | | image_shield = POL Braniewo COA.svg | ||
| | pushpin_map = Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship#Poland | | pushpin_map = Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship#Poland | ||
| Line 40: | Line 50: | ||
| | website = http://www.braniewo.pl/ }} | | website = http://www.braniewo.pl/ }} | ||
| '''Braniewo''' ({{IPAc-pl|b|r|a|'|ń|e1|w|o}}), ({{lang-de|Braunsberg in Ostpreußen}}, {{lang-la|Brunsberga}}, ]: ''Brus'', {{lang-lt|Prūsa}}), is a ] in |
'''Braniewo''' ({{IPAc-pl|b|r|a|'|ń|e1|w|o}}), ({{lang-de|Braunsberg in Ostpreußen}}, {{lang-la|Brunsberga}}, ]: ''Brus'', {{lang-lt|Prūsa}}), is a ] in northern ], in ], in the ], with a population of 18,068 (2004). It is the capital of ]. | ||
| Braniewo is the second biggest city of ] after ] and one of the historical centers of the region. | |||
| == Location == | == Location == | ||
| Line 46: | Line 58: | ||
| ==History== | ==History== | ||
| ===Middle Ages=== | |||
| ]]] | |||
| ⚫ | ])]] | ||
| According to the German geographer ] (1748-1812), the town originally was named Brunsberg after ] (1205–1281), bishop of |
According to the German geographer ] (1748-1812), the town originally was named Brunsberg after ] (1205–1281), bishop of ] in ], who accompanied King ] in 1254 and 1267 when the latter participated in the crusade of the ] against the ].<ref>Bruno von Schauenburg is also known as the founder of the village of ] in ], the German name of which also is ''Braunsberg''.</ref> It has also been suggested that the name ''Braunsberg'' might stem from ''Brusebergue'' ("camp of the Prussians"), but this notion is not documented. | ||
| In 1243 the settlement and the surrounding region of ] was given by the Teutonic Order to the newly created ] of ] (]), whose ] built his cathedral in the town and made it his chief residence. The city was granted ] based on those of ] in 1254, but in 1261 was destroyed and depopulated during the second of the ]. It was rebuilt in a new location in 1273 and settled by colonists from ]. In 1284 it was given a new town charter, again based on that of Lübeck. However, the next bishop, Heinrich Fleming (1278–1300), transferred the chapter from Braunsberg to Frauenburg (now ]). | In 1243 the settlement and the surrounding region of ] was given by the Teutonic Order to the newly created ] of ] (]), whose ] built his cathedral in the town and made it his chief residence. The city was granted ] based on those of ] in 1254, but in 1261 was destroyed and depopulated during the second of the ]. It was rebuilt in a new location in 1273 and settled by colonists from ]. In 1284 it was given a new town charter, again based on that of Lübeck. However, the next bishop, Heinrich Fleming (1278–1300), transferred the chapter from Braunsberg to Frauenburg (now ]). | ||
| In 1296 a ] abbey was built, and in 1342 a "new town" was added. As the most important trading and harbor city in Warmia, the town prospered as member of the ], which it remained until 1608. | In 1296 a ] abbey was built, and in 1342 a "new town" was added. As the most important trading and harbor city in Warmia, the town prospered as member of the ], which it remained until 1608. | ||
| It remained a part of the ] until 1466, when as a consequence of the ] ending the ], it came under jurisdiction of the ] as part of the new autonomous province of ]. | It remained a part of the ] until 1466, when as a consequence of the ] ending the ], it came under jurisdiction of the ] as part of the ] in the new autonomous province of ], later on also in the ] of Greater Poland. | ||
| ⚫ | After the secularization of the Teutonic Order in 1525, a large part of its residents converted to ] ]. Duke ], who had been grand master of the Order, sought to unite Warmia with Ducal Prussia, causing the Catholics of the town to swear allegiance to the king of Poland in return for aid against Protestant Prussia. In 1526 a Polish royal commission released Braunsberg burghers from the oath to the Polish king and handed the town back to ] ]. However, just like the entire area of Warmia, Braunsberg swore allegiance to the ]s of Warmia, who were subjects of the popes. Additionally, it had to denounce all Lutheran teachings and hand over Lutheran writings. Thereafter Warmia, though inhabited in part by ethnic Germans, remained predominantly Roman Catholic (even after it became part of ] in 1772). | ||
| ===Modern era=== | |||
| ⚫ | After the secularization of the Teutonic Order in 1525, a large part of its residents converted to ] ]. Duke ], who had been grand master of the Order, sought to unite Warmia with Ducal Prussia (a nearby vassal state of Poland), causing the Catholics of the town to swear allegiance to the king of Poland in return for aid against Protestant Prussia. In 1526 a Polish royal commission released Braunsberg burghers from the oath to the Polish king and handed the town back to ] ]. However, just like the entire area of Warmia, Braunsberg swore allegiance to the ]s of Warmia, who were subjects of the popes. Additionally, it had to denounce all Lutheran teachings and hand over Lutheran writings. Thereafter Warmia, though inhabited in part by ethnic Germans, remained predominantly Roman Catholic (even after the ], when it became part of ] in 1772). | ||
| ⚫ | ])]] | ||
| Braniewo was occupied by ] for about three years during the ] in the 16th century. In Warmia, Lutheran teachings again were suppressed when Prince-Bishop ] (1504-1579) brought in the ] and founded the ] ]. A priestly seminary was added in 1564. ] later added a papal mission seminary for northern and eastern European countries. ] (1552-1613), a native of Braunsberg (Braniewo), founded the ] Order of Sisters in the town, recognized by the church in 1583. The Jesuit theologian ] was instrumental in enlarging the Collegium Hosianum in the 1580s to counter the growing Protestant movement. | Braniewo was occupied by ] for about three years during the ] in the 16th century. In Warmia, Lutheran teachings again were suppressed when Prince-Bishop ] (1504-1579) brought in the ] and founded the ] ]. A priestly seminary was added in 1564. ] later added a papal mission seminary for northern and eastern European countries. ] (1552-1613), a native of Braunsberg (Braniewo), founded the ] Order of Sisters in the town, recognized by the church in 1583. The Jesuit theologian ] was instrumental in enlarging the Collegium Hosianum in the 1580s to counter the growing Protestant movement. | ||
| ] | |||
| The Polish, and mainly Catholic town was annexed by the mostly Protestant ] in 1772 during the ] and made part of the province of ] the following year. | |||
| ===19th and 20th centuries=== | |||
| ] train station |
] train station]] | ||
| Braunsberg obtained its first railway connection with the rest of the kingdom via the ] in 1852. In the early 20th century, the town was the leading academic center of East Prussia next to ]. In 1912 the ] college became the State Academy of Braunsberg (German: ''Staatliche Akademie Braunsberg''). Prior to World War II, the population of Braunsberg had grown to more than 21,000, of whom 59 percent were listed as Catholic and 29 percent Protestant. In Braniewo and surroundings a powerful Germanization movement, directed from Berlin, took place, which, among others, prohibited native Poles from speaking Polish under penalty of imprisonment, or forbade those who declared Polish nationality from owning land. This action largely contributed to the artificially inflated numbers of "Germans" in the area. | |||
| ⚫ | The Second World War turned much of the town into ruins. After three and a half years of savage warfare, Soviet forces began their assault on German land by attacking East Prussia on Jan. 13, 1945. Red Army formations reached the Vistula Lagoon |
||
| ⚫ | The Second World War turned much of the town into ruins. After three and a half years of savage warfare, Soviet forces began their assault on German land by attacking East Prussia on Jan. 13, 1945. Red Army formations reached the Vistula Lagoon north of Braunsberg on Jan. 26. In early February, German civilians began fleeing from Braunsberg across the ice of the frozen lagoon to the ], from which many journeyed to either ] or ], and managed to board German ships that made the perilous voyage westward. Braunsberg was captured by Soviet troops on March 20, 1945. | ||
| ] | |||
| {{multiple image|align = right|perrow = 2|total_width=350 | |||
| ⚫ | At the end of the war and thereafter, those German residents who had not fled or been killed were ] to what remained of Germany. Pending a final peace conference with Germany, the town was placed under Polish administration under the ]. Since a peace conference never took place, the town effectively passed to Poland. | ||
| | image1 = Braniewo zespół murów obronnych wieża.JPG | |||
| As a result, the town, that had been settled by German-speakers for centuries was thereby voided of its native population and was gradually repopulated by Polish settlers, some of whom came from areas of eastern Poland ]. Heavy fighting and wanton destruction afterwards had left the town about 80 percent destroyed, including much of its historic town center, largely consumed by fire. | |||
| | image2 = 20100704 Braniewo, church 2, 1.jpg | |||
| | image3 = Braniewo Sądowa 1.JPG | |||
| | image4 = Braniewo Kościuszki 108-007.JPG | |||
| | image5 = Braniewo 012.jpg | |||
| | image6 = Braniewo - kościół ewangelicki ob. rzym.-kat. św. Antoniego.jpg | |||
| | footer = Historic architecture of Braniewo (examples), from top, left to right: defensive walls and towers, Holy Cross Sanctuary, court building, old granary, Monastery of Saint Catherine, Saint Anthony church | |||
| }} | |||
| ⚫ | At the end of the war and thereafter, those German residents who had not fled or been killed were ] to what remained of Germany. Pending a final peace conference with Germany, the town was placed under Polish administration under the ]. Since a peace conference never took place, the town effectively passed to Poland, being gradually repopulated by Polish settlers, many of whom came from areas of eastern Poland ]. Heavy fighting and wanton destruction afterwards had left the town about 80 percent destroyed, including much of its historic town center, largely consumed by fire. | ||
| In 2001 the St. Catherine Church, built in 1346, destroyed in 1945, and rebuilt after 1979, was declared a Basilica Minor. This Gothic Hall church was built on a site which had held a previous wooden Church of St. Catherine since 1280. Prince-Bishop ] of Warmia (1447–1512) had added extensively to the original building. | In 2001 the St. Catherine Church, built in 1346, destroyed in 1945, and rebuilt after 1979, was declared a Basilica Minor. This Gothic Hall church was built on a site which had held a previous wooden Church of St. Catherine since 1280. Prince-Bishop ] of Warmia (1447–1512) had added extensively to the original building. | ||
| Line 88: | Line 111: | ||
| |} | |} | ||
| ==Political timeline== | ===Political timeline=== | ||
| *1240 first mentioned as part of the ] of the ] | *1240 first mentioned as part of the ] of the ] | ||
| *1254 ] rights granted | *1254 ] rights granted | ||
| *1454 incorporation to the ], upon the request of the ] | |||
| *1466 ]: |
*1466 ]: recognized as part of Poland, administratively part of the ] in the province of ], after 1569 in the ] of Greater Poland | ||
| *1772 ] of Poland: became part of the ] | *1772 ]: became part of the ] | ||
| *1871 ] founded: the town automatically part of it | *1871 ] founded: the town automatically part of it | ||
| *1945 Occupation by ] ], ]. | *1945 Occupation by ] ], ]. | ||
| ==Notable residents== | ==Notable residents== | ||
| ⚫ | ] and defensive walls]] | ||
| * ] (1504–1579), prince-bishop |
* ] (1504–1579), Polish Catholic cardinal, prince-bishop, founder of the ] | ||
| * ] (1522–1613), charity pioneer. | * ] (1522–1613), Polish Catholic nun, charity pioneer. | ||
| * ] (1591–1657), Polish missionary, martyr and Catholic saint. | |||
| * ] (1810–1878), German politician and general. | * ] (1810–1878), German politician and general. | ||
| * ] (1815–1897), German mathematician. | * ] (1815–1897), German mathematician. | ||
| * ] (1828–1868), German newspaper correspondent and soldier. | * ] (1828–1868), German newspaper correspondent and soldier. | ||
| * ] (1852–1918), German historian | * ] (1852–1918), German historian | ||
| * ] (1857–1928) |
* ] (1857–1928), Austrian astronomer. | ||
| * ] (1910-1995), German civil engineer, inventor and computer pioneer. | * ] (1910-1995), German civil engineer, inventor and computer pioneer. | ||
| * ] (1924–2006), German politician (Christian Democratic Union). | * ] (1924–2006), German politician (Christian Democratic Union). | ||
Revision as of 08:29, 13 June 2019
Place in Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, Poland| Braniewo | |
|---|---|
    .jpg) 
| |
 Coat of arms | |
  BraniewoShow map of Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship BraniewoShow map of Poland | |
| Coordinates: 54°23′N 19°50′E / 54.383°N 19.833°E / 54.383; 19.833 | |
| Country |  Poland |
| Voivodeship |  Warmian-Masurian |
| County | Braniewo County |
| Gmina | Braniewo (urban gmina) |
| Established | 13th century |
| Town rights | 1284 |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Monika Trzcińska |
| Area | |
| • Total | 12.36 km (4.77 sq mi) |
| Population | |
| • Total | 17,875 |
| • Density | 1,400/km (3,700/sq mi) |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 14-500 |
| Area code | +48 55 |
| Car plates | NBR |
| Climate | Dfb |
| Website | http://www.braniewo.pl/ |
Braniewo (), (Template:Lang-de, Template:Lang-la, Old Prussian: Brus, Template:Lang-lt), is a town in northern Poland, in Warmia, in the Warmian-Masurian Voivodeship, with a population of 18,068 (2004). It is the capital of Braniewo County.
Braniewo is the second biggest city of Warmia after Olsztyn and one of the historical centers of the region.
Location
Braniewo lies on the Pasłęka River about 5 km from the Vistula Lagoon, about 35 km northeast of Elbląg and 55 km (34 mi) southwest of Kaliningrad. The Polish border with Russia's Kaliningrad Oblast lies 6 km north, and may be reached from Braniewo via National Highway (Droga Krajowa) 54.
History
Middle Ages
.jpg)
According to the German geographer Johann Friedrich Goldbeck (1748-1812), the town originally was named Brunsberg after Bruno von Schauenburg (1205–1281), bishop of Olomouc in Moravia, who accompanied King Ottokar II of Bohemia in 1254 and 1267 when the latter participated in the crusade of the Teutonic Knights against the Old Prussians. It has also been suggested that the name Braunsberg might stem from Brusebergue ("camp of the Prussians"), but this notion is not documented.
In 1243 the settlement and the surrounding region of Warmia was given by the Teutonic Order to the newly created Diocese of Ermland (Bishopric of Warmia), whose bishop built his cathedral in the town and made it his chief residence. The city was granted town privileges based on those of Lübeck in 1254, but in 1261 was destroyed and depopulated during the second of the Prussian Uprisings. It was rebuilt in a new location in 1273 and settled by colonists from Lübeck. In 1284 it was given a new town charter, again based on that of Lübeck. However, the next bishop, Heinrich Fleming (1278–1300), transferred the chapter from Braunsberg to Frauenburg (now Frombork).
In 1296 a Franciscan abbey was built, and in 1342 a "new town" was added. As the most important trading and harbor city in Warmia, the town prospered as member of the Hanseatic League, which it remained until 1608. It remained a part of the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights until 1466, when as a consequence of the Second Peace of Thorn ending the Thirteen Years' War, it came under jurisdiction of the Kingdom of Poland as part of the Prince-Bishopric of Warmia in the new autonomous province of Royal Prussia, later on also in the province of Greater Poland.
Modern era
After the secularization of the Teutonic Order in 1525, a large part of its residents converted to Lutheran Protestantism. Duke Albert, who had been grand master of the Order, sought to unite Warmia with Ducal Prussia (a nearby vassal state of Poland), causing the Catholics of the town to swear allegiance to the king of Poland in return for aid against Protestant Prussia. In 1526 a Polish royal commission released Braunsberg burghers from the oath to the Polish king and handed the town back to Prince-Bishop Mauritius Ferber. However, just like the entire area of Warmia, Braunsberg swore allegiance to the Prince-Bishops of Warmia, who were subjects of the popes. Additionally, it had to denounce all Lutheran teachings and hand over Lutheran writings. Thereafter Warmia, though inhabited in part by ethnic Germans, remained predominantly Roman Catholic (even after the Partitions of Poland, when it became part of Prussia in 1772).
Braniewo was occupied by Sweden for about three years during the Livonian War in the 16th century. In Warmia, Lutheran teachings again were suppressed when Prince-Bishop Stanislaus Hosius (1504-1579) brought in the Jesuits and founded the Collegium Hosianum school. A priestly seminary was added in 1564. Pope Gregory XIII later added a papal mission seminary for northern and eastern European countries. Regina Protmann (1552-1613), a native of Braunsberg (Braniewo), founded the Saint Catherine Order of Sisters in the town, recognized by the church in 1583. The Jesuit theologian Antonius Possevinus was instrumental in enlarging the Collegium Hosianum in the 1580s to counter the growing Protestant movement.
The Polish, and mainly Catholic town was annexed by the mostly Protestant Kingdom of Prussia in 1772 during the First Partition of Poland and made part of the province of East Prussia the following year.
19th and 20th centuries
Braunsberg obtained its first railway connection with the rest of the kingdom via the Prussian Eastern Railway in 1852. In the early 20th century, the town was the leading academic center of East Prussia next to Königsberg. In 1912 the Jesuit college became the State Academy of Braunsberg (German: Staatliche Akademie Braunsberg). Prior to World War II, the population of Braunsberg had grown to more than 21,000, of whom 59 percent were listed as Catholic and 29 percent Protestant. In Braniewo and surroundings a powerful Germanization movement, directed from Berlin, took place, which, among others, prohibited native Poles from speaking Polish under penalty of imprisonment, or forbade those who declared Polish nationality from owning land. This action largely contributed to the artificially inflated numbers of "Germans" in the area.
The Second World War turned much of the town into ruins. After three and a half years of savage warfare, Soviet forces began their assault on German land by attacking East Prussia on Jan. 13, 1945. Red Army formations reached the Vistula Lagoon north of Braunsberg on Jan. 26. In early February, German civilians began fleeing from Braunsberg across the ice of the frozen lagoon to the Vistula Spit, from which many journeyed to either Gdańsk or Baltiysk, and managed to board German ships that made the perilous voyage westward. Braunsberg was captured by Soviet troops on March 20, 1945.
Historic architecture of Braniewo (examples), from top, left to right: defensive walls and towers, Holy Cross Sanctuary, court building, old granary, Monastery of Saint Catherine, Saint Anthony church
At the end of the war and thereafter, those German residents who had not fled or been killed were expelled to what remained of Germany. Pending a final peace conference with Germany, the town was placed under Polish administration under the Potsdam Agreement. Since a peace conference never took place, the town effectively passed to Poland, being gradually repopulated by Polish settlers, many of whom came from areas of eastern Poland annexed by the Soviet Union. Heavy fighting and wanton destruction afterwards had left the town about 80 percent destroyed, including much of its historic town center, largely consumed by fire.
In 2001 the St. Catherine Church, built in 1346, destroyed in 1945, and rebuilt after 1979, was declared a Basilica Minor. This Gothic Hall church was built on a site which had held a previous wooden Church of St. Catherine since 1280. Prince-Bishop Lucas Watzenrode of Warmia (1447–1512) had added extensively to the original building.
Number of inhabitants by year
| Year | Number |
|---|---|
| 1782 | 4,370 |
| 1831 | 7,144 |
| 1900 | 12,497 |
| 1925 | 13,900 |
| 1939 | 21,142 |
| 2004 | 18,068 |
Political timeline
- 1240 first mentioned as part of the Monastic State of the Teutonic Order
- 1254 Lübeck law rights granted
- 1454 incorporation to the Kingdom of Poland, upon the request of the Prussian Confederation
- 1466 Second Peace of Thorn (1466): recognized as part of Poland, administratively part of the Prince-Bishopric of Warmia in the province of Royal Prussia, after 1569 in the province of Greater Poland
- 1772 First Partition of Poland: became part of the Kingdom of Prussia
- 1871 German Empire founded: the town automatically part of it
- 1945 Occupation by Soviet Red Army, then became part of Poland.
Notable residents
- Stanislaus Hosius (1504–1579), Polish Catholic cardinal, prince-bishop, founder of the Collegium Hosianum
- Regina Protmann (1522–1613), Polish Catholic nun, charity pioneer.
- Andrew Bobola (1591–1657), Polish missionary, martyr and Catholic saint.
- August Willich (1810–1878), German politician and general.
- Karl Weierstrass (1815–1897), German mathematician.
- Gustavus von Tempsky (1828–1868), German newspaper correspondent and soldier.
- Elimar Klebs (1852–1918), German historian
- Samuel Oppenheim (1857–1928), Austrian astronomer.
- Konrad Zuse (1910-1995), German civil engineer, inventor and computer pioneer.
- Rainer Barzel (1924–2006), German politician (Christian Democratic Union).
- Hartmut Bagger (born 1938), postwar German general (Bundeswehr).
- Bartosz Białkowski (born 1987), Polish footballer (soccer player) on several British teams.
International relations
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in PolandTwin towns — sister cities
Braniewo is twinned with:
References
- Bruno von Schauenburg is also known as the founder of the village of Brušperk in Bohemia, the German name of which also is Braunsberg.
External links
- Municipal website Template:Pl icon
- City business page Template:Pl icon
- History of Braniewo Template:Pl icon
- Local community website Template:Pl icon
- Map of Braniewo Template:Pl icon
- Street plan Template:Pl icon
- Braunsberg/Ostpreussen Kreisgemeinschaft Template:De icon
- Braunsberg im Wandel der Jahrhunderte Template:De icon
54°23′N 19°49′E / 54.383°N 19.817°E / 54.383; 19.817
| Gminas of Braniewo County | ||
|---|---|---|
| Seat |
|  |
| Urban-rural gminas | ||
| Rural gminas | ||