Misplaced Pages

Revision as of 21:13, 26 June 2019

Yazīd ibn Mu‘awiya
Caliph
Arab-Sasanian Drachm of Yazid I
2nd Caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate
Reign	26 April 680 – 12 November 683
Predecessor	Mu'awiya I
Successor	Mu'awiya II
Born	646 (25 AH) Mecca (present-day Saudi Arabia)
Died	12 November 683 (14 Rabi ul-Awwal 64 AH)
Spouse	Umm Khalid Fakhita bint Abi Hisham Umm Kulthum bint Abd Allah bin Amir
Issue	Mu'awiya II Khaled Atikah
Names Yazīd ibn Mu‘awiya ibn Abī Sufyān يزيد بن معاوية بن أبي سفيان
House	Sufyanid
Dynasty	Umayyad
Father	Mu'awiya I
Mother	Maisun bint Bahdal
Religion	Islam

Yazīd ibn Mu‘āwiya (Template:Lang-ar; 646 – 12 November 683), commonly known as Yazid I, was the second caliph of the Umayyad caliphate. He ruled for three years from 680 until his death in 683. His appointment was the first hereditary succession in Islamic history and his caliphate was marked by the death of Muhammad's grandson Husayn ibn Ali and the start of the crisis known as the Second Fitna.

His nomination in 676 (56 AH) by Muawiya was opposed by several prominent Muslims from Hejaz. Following his accession, after Muawiya's death in 680, Husayn and Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr refused to recognize him and fled to sanctuary in Mecca. When Husayn was on his way to Kufa to lead a revolt against Yazid, he was killed with his small band of supporters by Yazid's forces in the Battle of Karbala. The killing of Husayn led to resentment in Hejaz, where Ibn al-Zubayr centered his opposition to the rule of Yazid, and was supported by many people in Mecca and Medina. After failed attempts to regain the confidence of Ibn al-Zubayr and the people of Hejaz through diplomacy, Yazid sent an army to end the rebellion. The army defeated the Medinese in the Battle of al-Harrah in August 683 and the city was given over to three days of pillage. Later, siege was laid to Mecca, which lasted for several weeks. The siege ended with the death of Yazid in November 683 and the empire fell to civil war.

Yazid is considered an illegitimate ruler and a tyrant by many Muslims due to his hereditary succession, the death of Husayn and the attack on the city of Medina by his forces. Modern historians present a milder view of him, and consider him a capable ruler, albeit less successful than his father.

Early life

Yazid was born in Syria in 646 to Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan, then governor of Syria under Caliph Uthman (r. 644–656), and Maysun, the daughter of Bahdal ibn Unayf, a chieftain of the powerful Banu Kalb tribe. Yazid grew up with his maternal Kalbite tribesmen. Though during his youth he spent his springs in the desert with his Bedouin kin, for the remainder of the year he was in the company of the Greek and native Syrian courtiers of his father, who became caliph in 661. Yazid led several campaigns against the Byzantine Empire and in 670 participated in an attack on Constantinople. He also led the hajj (the annual Muslim pilgrimage to Mecca) on several occasions.

Nomination as caliph

By the end of the first Islamic civil war (August 661), Muawiya became sole ruler of the Caliphate as a result of a peace treaty with Hasan ibn Ali, who had controlled most of the Caliphate following the murder of his father Ali a few months earlier. The terms of the treaty stipulated that Muawiya would not nominate a successor. However, in 676, Muawiya nominated Yazid as his heir. Muawiya and the shura (consultation) declared for Yazid in Damascus, where the former had summoned influential people from all provinces to the capital and convinced them one way or another. Muawiya ordered Marwan ibn al-Hakam, then the governor of Medina, to inform the people of Medina of Muawiya's decision. Marwan faced resistance to this announcement, especially from Husayn ibn Ali, Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr, Abd Allah ibn Umar and Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr. Muawiya went to Medina and pressed the four dissenters to accede, but they fled to Mecca. Muawiya followed and threatened some of them with death, but they still refused to support him. Nonetheless, he was successful in convincing the people of Mecca that the four had pledged their allegiance, and received allegiance for Yazid. On his way back to Damascus, he secured allegiance from the people of Medina as well. Yazid's opponents were silent thereafter. German orientalist Julius Wellhausen doubts the story, while Bernard Lewis writes that the homage was arranged with a mix of diplomacy and bribes and, to a lesser extent, by force.

Before dying, Muawiya left Yazid a will, instructing him on matters of governing the empire. He advised him to beware of Husayn and Ibn al-Zubayr, and predicted that the people of Iraq would entice Husayn into rebellion and then abandon him. Yazid was further advised to treat Husayn with caution and not to spill his blood, since he was the grandson of Muhammad. Ibn al-Zubayr, on the other hand, was to be treated harshly, unless he came to terms. Muawiya also advised him to treat the people of the Hejaz well.

Reign

Oaths of allegiance

Upon his accession, Yazid requested and received oaths of allegiance from the governors of the Caliphate's provinces. He wrote to his cousin, the governor of Medina, Walid ibn Utba ibn Abu Sufyan, informing him of the death of Muawiya and instructing him to secure allegiance from Husayn ibn Ali, Ibn al-Zubayr and Ibn Umar. The instructions contained in the letter were:

Seize Husayn, Abdullah ibn Umar, and Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr to give the oath of allegiance. Act so fiercely that they have no chance to do anything before giving the oath of allegiance. Peace be with you.

Walid sought the advice of Marwan on the matter. Marwan suggested that Ibn al-Zubayr and Husayn should be forced to pay allegiance as they were dangerous, while Ibn Umar should be left alone as he posed no threat. Husayn answered Walid's summon, while Ibn al-Zubayr did not. When Husayn met Walid and Marwan in a semi-private meeting, he was informed of Muawiya's death and Yazid's accession to the caliphate. When asked for his pledge of allegiance to Yazid, Husayn responded that giving his allegiance in private would be insufficient, such a thing should be given in public. Walid agreed, but Marwan interrupted demanding that Husayn be detained until he pledged allegiance. At this, Marwan was scolded by Husayn who then exited unharmed. Husayn had his armed retinue waiting nearby in case the authorities attempted to apprehend him. Immediately following Husayn's exit, Marwan admonished Walid, who in turn rebutted Marwan, justifying his refusal to harm Husayn by stating "On the Day of Resurrection a man who is for the blood of Al-Husayn little in the scale of God". Ibn al-Zubayr left for Mecca that night. In the morning Walid sent eighty horsemen after him, but he escaped. Husayn too left for Mecca shortly after, without having sworn allegiance to Yazid. Dissatisfied with this failure, Yazid replaced Walid with Amr ibn Said. Unlike Husayn and Ibn al-Zubayr, Ibn Umar, Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakr and Abd Allah ibn Abbas, who had also previously denounced Muawiya's nomination of Yazid, now paid allegiance to him.

Incident of Karbala

In Mecca Husayn received letters from pro-Alid Kufans, inviting him to lead them in revolt against Yazid. Husayn subsequently sent his cousin Muslim ibn Aqil to assess the situation in the city. He also sent letters to Basra, but his messenger was handed over to the governor Ubayd Allah ibn Ziyad and killed. Ibn Aqil informed Husayn of the large-scale support he found in Kufa, signaling that the latter should enter the city. Yazid ordered Ibn Ziyad to move to Kufa and execute or imprison Ibn Aqil. Ibn Ziyad brutally suppressed the rebellion and killed Ibn Aqil.

Encouraged by Ibn Aqil's letter, Husayn left for Kufa, ignoring warnings from Ibn Umar, Ibn al-Zubayr and Ibn Abbas that the Kufans could not be trusted. On the way to the city, he received the news of Ibn Aqil's death and that the Kufans had changed sides. Nonetheless, Husayn and his companions continued towards Kufa and Ibn Ziyad sent some 4,000 men to counter them. His troops forced them to camp in the desert of Karbala. In the ensuing hostilities on 10 October 680, Husayn and 72 of his male companions were killed, while Husayn's family were taken prisoner. This event caused widespread outcry among the Muslims and the image of Yazid suffered greatly. It also helped crystallize opposition to Yazid into an anti-Umayyad movement based on Alid aspirations, and contributed to the development of Shi'ite identity.

Revolt of Abd Allah ibn al-Zubayr

Ibn al-Zubayr started secretly taking oaths of allegiance in Mecca. Upon hearing of this, Yazid sent a silver chain to Ibn al-Zubayr with the intention of pacifying him, but it was refused. Yazid then sent a force led by Ibn al-Zubayr's own brother Amr, who was at odds with Ibn al-Zubayr, to arrest him. This force was defeated and Amr was killed. After Husayn's death at Karbala, Ibn al-Zubayr's influence reached Medina and Kufa. To counter the growing influence of Ibn al-Zubayr in Medina, Yazid invited notables of the city to Damascus and tried to win them over with gifts and presents. The notables were unpersuaded, and on their return to Medina narrated tales of his lavish lifestyle and practices considered by many to be impious, including drinking wine, hunting with hounds, and his love for music. The Medinese renounced their allegiance to Yazid upon hearing these details and expelled the governor and all Umayyads residing in the city. Yazid sent an army of 12,000 men under the command of Muslim ibn Uqba to reconquer Hejaz. By the end of August 683 Ibn Uqba approached Medina and gave the Medinese three days to reconsider, but was refused. When the ultimatum ended, a battle started in which the Medinese were defeated. After plundering the city for three days and forcing the rebels to renew their allegiance, the Syrian army headed for Mecca to subdue Ibn al-Zubayr. According to one account, the city was not plundered, only the leaders of the rebellion were executed. Ibn Uqba died on the way to Mecca and command passed to Husayn ibn Numayr al-Sakuni, who laid siege to Mecca in September 683. The siege lasted for several weeks, during which the Kaaba caught fire. Yazid's sudden death in November 683 ended the campaign and threw the caliphate into disarray and civil war. Ibn al-Zubayr declared himself caliph and Iraq and Egypt came under his rule.

Foreign campaigns

On the foreign front, Yazid discontinued Muawiya's policy of raids against the Byzantine Empire and focused on stabilizing his borders. Islands in the Sea of Marmara were abandoned. Syrian district of Hims was split and the new district of Qinnasrin was formed. He reappointed Uqba ibn Nafi as governor of Ifriqiya, whom Muawiya had deposed. In 681, Uqba launched a large-scale expedition into western Africa. Defeating the Berbers and the Byzantines, Uqba reached as far as the Atlantic coast and captured Tangier and Volubilis. Despite his successes, he was unable to establish a permanent hold on these territories. On his return eastward, he was ambushed and killed by a Berber-Byzantine force, resulting in the loss of the conquered territories.

Death and succession

Yazid died on 12 November 683 at Huwwarin, aged between 35 and 39. His son Muawiya II, whom he had nominated, became caliph. His control was limited to just some parts of Syria however, and he died after a few months from an unknown illness. Some early sources state that Muawiya II abdicated before his death. In any case, Marwan ibn Hakam became caliph afterwards and the Sufyanid caliphate came to an end.

Legacy

Yazid is considered an evil figure by many Muslims, especially by Shi'ites. He was the first person in the history of the caliphate to be nominated as heir based on a blood relationship, and this became a tradition afterwards. He is considered a tyrant who was responsible for three major crimes during his caliphate: the death of Husayn ibn Ali and his followers at the Battle of Karbala, considered a massacre; the aftermath of the Battle of al-Harrah, in which the troops of Yazid's general, Muslim ibn Uqba, pillaged the town of Medina; and the burning of the Kaaba during the siege of Mecca, which was blamed on Yazid's commander Husayn ibn Numayr. Moreover, because of his habits of drinking, dancing and hunting, and keeping pet animals such as dogs and monkeys, he is considered to have been impious and unworthy of leading the Muslim community.

Despite his reputation in religious circles, academic historians generally portray a more favourable view of Yazid. According to Jullius Wellhausen, Yazid was a mild ruler, who resorted to violence only when necessary, and was not a tyrant that religious tradition portrays him to be. Michael Jan de Goeje describes him as "a peace-loving, generous prince". According to G. R. Hawting, he tried to continue the diplomatic policies of his father. But, unlike Muawiya, he was not successful in winning over the opposition with gifts and bribes. In the view of Bernard Lewis, Yazid was a capable ruler but was overly criticized by later Arab historians.

Notes

1. His year of birth is uncertain. Reports vary from 22 AH to 30 AH
2. Pro-Alids or Alid partisans were political supporters of Ali, and later his descendants.

References

1. Humphreys 1990, p. 13.
2. ^ de Goeje 1911, p. 30.
3. ^ Howard 1991, p. 226.
4. Wellhausen 1927, p. 222.
5. ^ Hawting 2002, pp. 309–311.
6. ^ Goldschmidt Jr. & Al-Marashi 2019, p. 53.
7. Sprengling 1939, pp. 182, 193–194. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSprengling1939 (help)
8. Sprengling 1939, p. 194. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSprengling1939 (help)
9. Morony 1996, p. 183.
10. Madelung 1997, p. 322.
11. ^ Lewis 2002, p. 67.
12. Wellhausen 1927, pp. 141–145.
13. Lammens 1921, pp. 5–6.
14. ^ Wellhausen 1927, pp. 145–146.
15. Howard 1991, pp. 2–3.
16. Howard 1991, pp. 3–7.
17. Donner 2010, p. 177.
18. ^ Madelung, Wilferd. "Hosayn b. ali". Encyclopædia Iranica. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
19. ^ Daftary 1992, p. 50.
20. Donner 2010, p. 179.
21. ^ Lewis 2002, p. 68.
22. Wellhausen 1927, p. 148.
23. Donner 2010, p. 180.
24. de Goeje 1911, p. 29.
25. ^ Wellhausen 1927, pp. 152–156.
26. Donner 2010, pp. 180–181.
27. Donner 2010, pp. 181–182.
28. Kennedy 2004, p. 90.
29. Christides 2000, p. 790.
30. Wellhausen 1927, pp. 168–169.
31. Hawting 2000, p. 47.
32. Kennedy 2016, p. 40.
33. Wellhausen 1927, p. 168.

Sources

• Christides, Vassilios (2000). "'Ukba b. Nāfi'". In Bearman, P. J.; Bianquis, Thierry; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. J.; Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 10 (Second ed.). Leiden: BRILL. pp. 789–790. ISBN 90-04-11211-1. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

• Daftary, Farhad (1992). The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-42974-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• de Goeje, Michael Jan (1911). "Caliphate" . In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 5 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Donner, Fred M. (2010). Muhammad and the Believers, at the Origins of Islam. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-05097-6. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Goldschmidt Jr., Arthur; Al-Marashi, Ibrahim (2019). A Concise History of the Middle East. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-138-62397-2. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Hawting, Gerald R. (2000). The First Dynasty of Islam: The Umayyad Caliphate AD 661-750. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-55059-3. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Hawting, Gerald R. (2002). "Yazid (I) b. Mu'awiya". In Bearman, P. J.; Bianquis, Thierry; Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E. J.; Heinrichs, W. P. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 11 (Second ed.). Leiden: BRILL. ISBN 90-04-12756-9. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Howard, I. K., ed. (1991). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XIX: The Caliphate of Yazid b. Mu'awiyah A.D. 680-683/A.H. 60-64. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780791400401. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Humphreys, R. Stephen, ed. (1990). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume 15: The Crisis of the Early Caliphate: The Reign of ʿUthmān, A.D. 644–656/A.H. 24–35. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-0154-5. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Kennedy, Hugh N. (2004). The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century (Second ed.). Harlow: Pearson-Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-40525-7. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Kennedy, Hugh N. (2016). Caliphate: The History of an Idea. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 9780465094394. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Lammens, Henri (1921). Le Califat de Yazid Ier (in French). Beirut: Imprimerie Catholique Beyrouth. OCLC 474534621. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Lewis, Bernard (2002). Arabs in History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-164716-1. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Madelung, Wilferd (1997). The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-64696-0. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Morony, M. G., ed. (1996). The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XVIII: Between Civil Wars: The Caliphate of Muʿāwiyah, 661–680 A.D./A.H. 40–60. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. ISBN 9780873959339. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
• Wellhausen, Julius (1927). The Arab Kingdom and its Fall. Translated by Margaret Graham Weir. Calcutta: University of Calcutta. OCLC 752790641. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)

External links

• Works by Yazid I at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)

v t e Umayyad dynasty
Family tree Media
Caliphs of Damascus (661–750)	Mu'awiya I Yazid I Mu'awiya II Marwan I Abd al-Malik Al-Walid I Sulayman Umar Yazid II Hisham Al-Walid II Yazid III Ibrahim Marwan II
Emirs of Córdoba (756–929)	Abd al-Rahman I Hisham I Al-Hakam I Abd ar-Rahman II Muhammad I al-Mundhir Abdullah Abd al-Rahman III
Caliphs of Córdoba (929–1031)	Abd al-Rahman III Al-Hakam II Hisham II Muhammad II Sulayman Hisham II Sulayman Abd Allah al-Mu'ayti Abd al-Rahman IV Ali ibn Hammud al-Nasir Al-Qasim al-Ma'mun ibn Hammud Yahya ibn Ali al-Mu'tali Al-Qasim al-Ma'mun ibn Hammud Abd al-Rahman V Muhammad III Yahya ibn Ali al-Mu'tali Hisham III
indicates Hammudid usurpers

• 647 births
• 683 deaths
• 7th-century Umayyad caliphs
• People of the Second Fitna