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| == Reign as caliph == | == Reign as caliph == | ||
| When Umar succeeded to the caliphate, he had to call on God and rely on the help of the jinn to get rid of his political enemy Sa'd b. Ubada(Madelung, Succession p 78) which seems a prefect ending for the event of Sakifa when Umar and his followers jumped upon Sa'd to teach him a lesson if not to kill him for daring to challenge the sole right of Quraysh to rule.(Madelung, Succession p 33) | |||
| During `Umar's reign, the Islamic empire grew at an unprecedented rate, taking ] and parts of ] from the ] (effectively ending that empire), and taking ], ], ], ] and ] from the ]. Many of these conquests followed watershed battles on both the western and eastern fronts. The ], fought near ] in ], saw a Muslim army of 20,000 defeat a Byzantine force estimated to number 70,000, permanently ending Byzantine rule south of Asia Minor. Another small Muslim army achieved victory over a larger force in the ] (''c.'' ]), near the banks of the ]. During the course of the battle, Muslim general ] routed the Sassanid army and achieved the death of the famed Persian general ]. | During `Umar's reign, the Islamic empire grew at an unprecedented rate, taking ] and parts of ] from the ] (effectively ending that empire), and taking ], ], ], ] and ] from the ]. Many of these conquests followed watershed battles on both the western and eastern fronts. The ], fought near ] in ], saw a Muslim army of 20,000 defeat a Byzantine force estimated to number 70,000, permanently ending Byzantine rule south of Asia Minor. Another small Muslim army achieved victory over a larger force in the ] (''c.'' ]), near the banks of the ]. During the course of the battle, Muslim general ] routed the Sassanid army and achieved the death of the famed Persian general ]. | ||
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`Umar ibn al-Khattāb (in Arabic, عمر بن الخطاب) (c. 581 – November 3, 644), sometimes referred by Sunni Muslims as `Umar al-Farūq (Umar the Distinguisher (between Truth and Falsehood)), also known in English as Omar or Umar, was from the Banu Adi clan of the Quraysh tribe. He was a companion of the Prophet Muhammad and became the second Caliph (634 – 644) following the death of Abu Bakr, the first Caliph.
Early life
`Umar was born in Mecca. His father was Khattab ibn Nufayl, and he is said to have belonged to a middle class family. He was literate, which by some accounts is considered to be uncommon in those times, and he was also well known for his physical strength, being a champion wrestler. Drinking was very common among the Quraish. Some accounts say that during the pre-Islamic days, Umar drank wine. After Umar became a Muslim, it is reported that he never touched alcohol.
Conversion to Islam
When Muhammad first declared his message of Islam, `Umar resolved to defend the traditional religion of the Quraish (regarded by Muslims as idolatry). `Umar was most adamant in opposing Muhammad and very prominent in persecuting the Muslims. According to an early story, recounted in Ibn Ishaq's Sīrah, `Umar resolved to assassinate Muhammad. A Muslim he met on the way told him to set his own house in order first, as his sister and her husband had converted to Islam. `Umar went to her house and found her reciting verses of the Qur'an. He became infuriated and hit her. When he saw her bleeding, he was sorry for what he had done and in order to please her he said he would read the sura, Ta-Ha, that she had been reading. He was so struck by the sūrah that he accepted Islam that day.
After that, Muslims believe that he was as determined and impetuous in defending Islam as he had been in persecuting it. Shias have a lesser view of Umar, for more information see below, 'Shia View'.
Life in Medina
`Umar was part of the first emigration (Hijrah) to Yathrib (renamed Medīnat an-Nabī, or simply Medina shortly thereafter) in 622. He was present at the battles of Badr, Uhud, Khaybar, and the raid on Syria, as well as many other engagements. He was one of Muhammad's close companions. In 625, `Umar's daughter Hafsah was married to Muhammad. Muhammad's household was not always peaceful; his wives quarreled over his favors and took sides against each other. `Umar was much displeased when he heard this, and according to the story, scolded her thus:
- "Hafsa, the (news) has reached me that you cause God's Messenger (may peace be upon him) trouble. You know that God's Messenger (may peace be upon him) does not love you, and had I not been (your father) he would have divorced you." (On hearing this) she wept bitterly. ()
Shi'a say that this demonstrates his harshness; Sunni say that this shows that he put loyalty to Muhammad over the closest family ties. And authentic Hadith quote that 'Umar said those words because he was mis-informed that the "Prophet has divorced all his wives", as there has been a quarrel between the Prophet's wives and that Hafsa was involved in the quarrel. Since 'Umar loved the Prophet more than his own family, he was angered when he came to know all this and said those words under the influence of his anger. But later, the Prophet himself cleared to 'Umar that he had not planned to divorce his wives. So, the matter was closed then and there.
The death of Muhammad
After an illness of lasting several weeks, Muhammad died at noon on Monday June 8, 632 (12th Rabi ul-Awwal, AH 10), in the city of Medina, at the age of sixty-three. Upon hearing the news, Umar, the devoted disciple, couldn't accept the reality that the Messenger of God passed away. He insisted that the prophet was absent from his body but would return. ] had been absent from Medina; upon being told of Muhammad's death, he returned post-haste. He found the muslim community in a state of sadness and sorrow. After going to the house of the Prophet to confirm the news, Abu bakr is reported to have come out to the muslim community and gave his famous speech which included:
- "If anyone worshipped Muhammad, let them know that Muhammad is dead, but if anyone worshipped God, then let them know that God is living and cannot die."
Abū Bakr then recited these words from the Qur'an: "Muhammad is but a messenger; messengers (the like of whom) have passed away before him. If, then, he dies or is killed, will you turn back on your heel?" Hearing this from Abu Bakr, the most senior disciple of Muhammad, Umar then fell down on his knees in great sense of sorrow and acceptance of the reality. Sunni Muslims say that this denial of Muhammad's death was occasioned by his deep love for Muhammad.
Caliphate of Abu Bakr
Abu Bakr, supported by Umar and other sahaba in a shura, took power after Muhammad after he had asked the Ansar to elect Umar or Abu 'Ubaida bin Al-Jarrah.(see Sahih Bukhari 5:57:19). There had been a debate between the Ansar and Abu Bakr that there should be two leaders, but Abu Bakr convinced them saying they, Al Ansar, were always great advisors during the time of the Prophet and the leader should come from amongst the Quraish tribe if the rest of the Arab tribes were to be kept unified. During Abū Bakr's short reign as caliph, `Umar was one of his chief advisors. Abū Bakr appointed `Umar as his successor prior to his death in 634. He was confirmed in the office thereafter.
Reign as caliph
When Umar succeeded to the caliphate, he had to call on God and rely on the help of the jinn to get rid of his political enemy Sa'd b. Ubada(Madelung, Succession p 78) which seems a prefect ending for the event of Sakifa when Umar and his followers jumped upon Sa'd to teach him a lesson if not to kill him for daring to challenge the sole right of Quraysh to rule.(Madelung, Succession p 33)
During `Umar's reign, the Islamic empire grew at an unprecedented rate, taking Mesopotamia and parts of Persia from the Sassanids (effectively ending that empire), and taking Egypt, Palestine, Syria, North Africa and Armenia from the Byzantines. Many of these conquests followed watershed battles on both the western and eastern fronts. The Battle of Yarmūk, fought near Damascus in 636, saw a Muslim army of 20,000 defeat a Byzantine force estimated to number 70,000, permanently ending Byzantine rule south of Asia Minor. Another small Muslim army achieved victory over a larger force in the Battle of al-Qādisiyyah (c. 636), near the banks of the Euphrates River. During the course of the battle, Muslim general Sa'ad bin Abu Waqqas routed the Sassanid army and achieved the death of the famed Persian general Rostam Farrokhzād.
In 637, after a prolonged siege of Jerusalem, the Muslims took the city. A famous story tells of Umar arriving in Jerusalem walking beside his camel upon which his servant was sitting. `Umar was given the key to the city by the Patriarch of Jerusalem, Sophronius, and was invited to pray at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. Historically, The reason behind this welcoming reception from Sophronius was that -according to the biblical prophecies known to the Christian church in Jerusalem at that time- he learned of a time when a poor -but just and powerful- man will come riding a donkey (because of his extremely austere lifestyle) along with his right hand after a prolonged battle in Jerusalem (this description perfectly matched the image of `Umar at the time of his arrival) and will actually prove to be a protector and an ally to the Christians of Jerusalem. In agreement with these prophecies, Umar -out of respect to the Christians of Jerusalem- chose to pray some distance from the Church, so as not to endanger its status as a Christian temple.
However, Jerusalem had probably surrendered at least a year before, and that divergent accounts of Umar's stay in Jerusalem may be related tostages in the Islamisation of the city's holy places. A text, existing in a number of versions, in which Umar receives the submission of the inhabitants of Jerusalem to the Muslims and formally sets out the rights and obligations of both parties, became known as the Pact or Covenant of Umar (Ahd Umar), a foundational text of the dhimma. Much of the Pact has been shown to have originated in later times; here, as elsewhere, developments extending over generations have been concentrated into idealised pictures associated with the revered figure of the second caliph. For indeed, Umar's caliphate has traditionally been regarded as the time in which nearly all the major political institutions of Islam had their origin, which cannot have been so in every instance (G.LeviDellaVida and M.Bonner, Encyclopaedia of Islam).
Fifty-five years later, the Dome of the Rock was constructed on the site where he prayed. For one version of `Umar's speech to the people after the surrender of Jerusalem, see .
`Umar undertook many administrative reforms and closely oversaw public policy, establishing an advanced administration for newly conquered lands, including several new ministries and bureaucracies, as well as ordering a census of all the Muslim territories. During his reign, the garrison cities (amsar) of Basra and Kufa were founded or expanded. In 638, he extended and renovated the Grand Mosque in Mecca and the Mosque of the Prophet in Medina. He also began the process of codifying Islamic law. Umar also ordered the expulsion of the Christian and Jewish communities of Najran and Khaybar and forbade non-Muslims to reside in the Hijaz for longer than three days. (G.L eviDellaVida and M. Bonner, EI and Madelung, The Succession to Muhammad p 74)
Umar was known for his simple, austere lifestyle. Rather than adopt the pomp and display affected by the rulers of the time, he continued to live much as he had when Muslims were poor and persecuted. In the year 17 of the Hijra, the fourth year of the caliphate of 'Umar, he decreed that the years of the Islamic era should be counted from the year of the Hijra.
Death
`Umar died in 644, the victim of an assassin's dagger. `Umar's killer (Abu-Lu'lu'ah) was a nonmuslim Persian slave who is said to have held a personal grudge against Umar; he stabbed the Caliph six times as `Umar led the dawn prayers in the Masjid al Nabawi mosque in Medina. `Umar died two days later, and was buried alongside Muhammad and Abū Bakr. Uthman ibn Affan was elected as his successor, by a group of prominent Muslims appointed by `Umar before his death.
Sunni view
Sunnis remember Umar as a strong leader, an excellent jurist, a progressive statesman, and the second of the rightly-guided Caliphs. He did not seek advancement for his own family, but rather sought to advance the interests of the Muslim community, the ummah. One hadith, or oral tradition, credited by Sunnis says that at the time of his death he was asked if he would like to nominate his son `Abd-Allah bin `Umar as caliph to which he replied: "One is enough from the Khattab (Umar's) family."
Some Sunnis take a more nuanced view of Umar. They note that even amongst the early Muslims, he had a reputation for strict militancy and conformity and was even accused by contemporaries of being harsh.
Non-Muslim view
Non-Muslim scholars generally treat Umar as a pivotal figure in the history of Islam, since it was under his aegis that the Muslims expanded outwards from the Syro-Arabian steppe to conquer the great powers of the time, the Sassanid and Byzantine empires. They analyze his decisions primarily in military and political terms, and are less concerned with the religious or character judgments that interest Muslims.
Farūqī
The family names Farūqī (alternative spellings, Faruqi, Farooqui, Farooqi, Faruqi, etc.) and El-Umari are used by families claiming descent from `Umar.
See also
- The first four Sunni Caliphs and the Sunnah
- Historiography of early Islam
- Rashidun
- Abu Bakr (1st Rashidun)
- Umar ibn al-Khattab (2nd Rashidun)
- Uthman ibn Affan (3rd Rashidun)
- Ali ibn Abi Talib (4th Rashidun)
- Sahaba
- Shia view of Umar bin al-Khattab
- Succession to Muhammad
Notes
References
- Donner, Fred, The Early Islamic Conquests, Princeton University Press, 1981
- Guillaume, A., The Life of Muhammad, Oxford University Press, 1955
- Madelung, Wilferd, The Succession to Muhammad, Cambridge University Press, 1997
- "G.LeviDellaVida and M.Bonner "Umar" in Encyclopedia of Islam CD-ROM Edition v. 1.0, Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden, The Netherlands 1999"
External links
- www.al-farook.com A site dedicated to Umar
- Family tree of Umar bin al-Khattab
- Al Farooq - The Life of Umar The Great By Shams-Ul-Ulama Allama Shibli Nomani
- Excerpt from The History of the Khalifahs by Jalal ad-Din as-Suyuti
- Sirah of Amirul Muminin Umar Bin Khattab (r.a.a.) by Shaykh Sayyed Muhammad bin Yahya Al-Husayni Al-Ninowy.
- Umar bin al-Khattab, the Second Khalifa of the Muslims A critical review of Umar's reign
| Preceded byAbū Bakr | Caliph 634-644 |
Succeeded by`Uthmān |